1,721,177 research outputs found
Monitoring Trade Costs in Southeast Asia
Full text linkThis paper develops an Index of Trade Costs for ASEAN Member Countries, 1990-2007 based on the gap between cif and fob values of ASEAN exports to Australia. The cif/fob gap is a commonly used aggregate measure of trade costs, and Australia is a useful benchmark for ASEAN countries because it is a large trading partner whose major ports of entry are roughly equidistant from the ASEAN countries. The case for using this Index as a measure of trade costs is set out in the first section. The second section examines the raw data for the ASEAN countries. The third section reports econometric analysis of the cif/fob measure to better understand why trade costs vary across countries and to compare the ASEAN members' record to the global average during the period 1990-2007. The final section presents the two versions of the Index, discusses some reservations to using the cif/fob measure of trade costs, and suggests how the Index could be upgraded, maintained and extended.Trade costs; ASEAN.
Im Geiste Jean Monnets: Rezension zu "The Economic Integration of Europe" von Richard Pomfret
Full text linkRichard Pomfret: The Economic Integration of Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2021. 978-0-674-24413-
The economic integration of Europe/ Richard Pomfret.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index."Richard Pomfret documents European integration since WWII, showing that today's European Union is the product less of master planning than of responses to political and economic challenges. Nevertheless, the EU emerges as a world-historic achievement in cross-border cooperation, with a bright but challenging future"--A brief history of European union -- The customs union; setting European integration in motion (1957-82) -- Deep integration: creation of the European Union (1982-93) -- Deeper and wider: from Maastricht to Lisbon (1993-2007) -- Post-Lisbon challenges and responses (2007-19) -- The EU in the 2020s.1 online resource (xi, 255 pages)
Coordinating Aid for Regional Cooperation Projects: The Experience of Central Asia
Full text linkFor the Central Asian countries the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to economic disintegration as old coordination mechanisms disappeared and new national borders appeared. This paper analyses why it has been difficult to coordinate aid for regional cooperation projects (eg. on the Aral Sea or trade facilitation) whose economic benefits appear positive. Bilateral aid flows to Central Asia have been dominated by geopolitical rather than economic considerations, and have been at best narrowly national in focus and at worst regionally divisive. Regional organizations composed of Central Asian countries and various neighbours have also competed rather than cooperated, so that the most plausible source of coordinated aid for regional cooperation projects is the multilateral agencies. A key role for aid donors is to provide technical assistance in analysing and explaining benefits, and how these affect various interests. Initial advantages which multilateral agencies had as impartial providers of technical advice were undermined in 1992-3 when the IMF’s strong position in favour of retaining the ruble turned out to be mistaken advice. In the 1990s aid directed to the Aral Sea problem produced few benefits because, despite the magnitude of the gross benefits from reversing the desiccation, littoral countries see differential benefits and costs; pure win-win situations are more likely from regional cooperation in trade facilitation. Subsequently the multilateral agencies have had a better focus, sharing priorities in the destination of aid and agreeing on a functional division of labour, but this has not yet translated into effective assistance for regional cooperation.
Using Energy Resources to Diversify the Economy: Agricultural Price Distortions in Kazakhstan
Full text linkThe agricultural sector in Kazakhstan experienced declining output throughout the 1990s, partly because relative prices shifted from being distorted in favor of farmers to being distorted against them. After the end of the decade public policy shifted towards support for (or less discrimination against) agriculture, boosted by a billion-dollar Agriculture and Food Program for 2003-5, which was made possible by booming oil revenues. This paper provides estimates of producer support for the main agricultural products in Kazakhstan, and analyses the consequences of shifts in farm support policy. Methodologically, the paper's primary concerns are how to capture the direction and magnitude of price distortions, how to interpret the measures, and what are the policy implications.Kazakhstan, diversification, agriculture
The Impact of Federation on Australia's Trade Flows
Full text linkIn 1901, six Australian states joined together in political and economic union, creating an internal free trade area and adopting a common external tariff. This paper investigates the impact of federation on Australia's internal and international trade flows by studying changes in the "border effect" over this time. This is possible because Australian states reported intra-Australian trade prior to 1901 and for eight years after federation. The results indicate that federation itself produced little change in Australia's trade patterns, but that the border effect increased substantially between 1906 and 1909 when the protectionist Lyne Tariff was imposed.
Central Asia after Two Decades of Independence
Full text linkAfter becoming independent in 1991, the five Central Asian countries pursued differing transition paths from the defunct central planning. This paper analyses the connection between economic policies and performance during the 1990s and 2000s. Performance over the two decades has been determined by resource endowments rather than by policy. International relations, which were predicted to centre on a new Great Game among external powers, have been more muted than anticipated, centring on geopolitics and pipelines, and with a consequence of hampering desirable economic cooperation within Central Asia. Prospects for significant change in the near future are limited because by the end of the 1990s the window of opportunity for policy initiatives had shut and entrenched political regimes had no incentive to sponsor major reforms.
Energy Security in the EU and Beyond
Full text linkPast episodes of energy insecurity have been fleeting and the fears have been assuaged by market forces or technical change. This paper analyses the nature of the EU's current energy security problems, emphasising the increased importance of natural gas and high level of dependence on Russian supplies through a small number of pipelines. Building alternative pipeline routes is expensive and with finite reserves in any gas field pipelines may be mutually exclusive; especially since China has entered the market for Central Asian gas, new non-Russian pipelines to the EU may not be economically feasible. However, global gas reserves are large, and high energy prices in the 2000s encouraged investment in alternative delivery modes, notable liquefied natural gas (LNG). As a spot market for LNG emerges EU energy-importing countries may face volatile prices, but will not be exposed to insecurity of supply.natural gas, pipelines, energy security
The Role of Multilateral and Regional Trade Disciplines in the Central Asian Countries
No full textTrade Directorate Document TD/TC/WP(2004)19 prepared for the OECD Regional Trade Forum on Economic and Trade Implications of the WTO Accession by the Working Party of the Trade Committee. Richard Pomfret is named as the main author
Exploiting Energy and Mineral Resources in Central Asia, Azerbaijan and Mongolia
Full text linkRecent literature has focussed on institutional degradation and revenue volatility as major sources of a resource curse. Formerly centrally planned countries may be especially vulnerable due to their mutating institutions and macropolicy inexperience. This paper examines these issues through case studies of six former Soviet republics and Mongolia. The principal focus is on the methods of involving foreign partners in exploration and exploitation of natural resources and, to a lesser extent, on the use of revenues during resource booms. The consequences of alternative resource ownership patterns are difficult to model due to path dependency and the significance of the conjuncture of circumstances. Kazakhstan in the 1990s was a prime example of rent-seeking institutional degradation, but an exceptionally positive conjuncture in the 2000s (soaring oil prices, large oil and gas discoveries, and new pipelines) triggered institutional and policy evolution. Uzbekistan, by contrast, had less resource-rent-driven institutional degradation in the 1990s, but stagnated in the 2000s. Turkmenistan and Mongolia highlight the missed opportunities from not involving foreign partners, while Azerbaijan and the Kyrgyz Republic illustrate the less predictable outcomes following quick deals with foreign investors. Institutions matter, but the case studies suggest more complex relationships than revealed by simple correlations between indicators of institutional quality or of ownership patterns.oil, gas, minerals, Central Asia, resource curse
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