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Nutrition of laying hens in small flocks
Get PDFPrehrana kokoši je eden izmed glavnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na zdravje kokoši, proizvodnost, dolgoživost in na kakovost jajc. Živali lahko krmimo s popolno krmno mešanico ali pa dopolnilno krmno mešanico, vendar moramo poznati, koliko energije in hranljivih snovi kokoš potrebuje oziroma kakšna je njihova vsebnost v posameznih krmilih. Kokoši v manjših rejah imajo pogosto možnost izpusta kjer zaužijejo tudi pašo. Kljub paši pa je pomembno nesnicam zagotoviti uravnoteženo prehrano, kar pomeni da jim ponudimo več različnih krmil, s čimer jim zagotovimo dovolj energije, vse potrebne hranljive snovi in tudi minerale. V diplomskem delu nas je zanimalo ali so kokoši nesnice na naši domači kmetiji, kjer redimo manjše število kokoši, oskrbljene z vsemi potrebnimi hranljivimi snovmi. Iz osnovnih krmil, ki jih imamo na kmetiji in jih najpogosteje krmimo kokošim nesnicam, smo izračunali krmno mešanico. Na podlagi izračuna smo ugotovili, da kokošim v krmni mešanici primanjkuje beljakovin in tudi aminokislin, slabo pa so preskrbljene tudi s fosforjem. Za uravnoteženo prehrano kokoši nesnic na naši kmetiji bi morali dodati več beljakovinskih krmil npr. več sojinih tropin ali koruznega glutena, tudi sintetične esencialne aminokisline ter vir fosforja, npr. monokalcijev fosfat.Nutrition is one of the main factors that affect the health of hens, their performance and longevity and, above all, the quality of their eggs. The animals can be fed with complete feed or complementary feedhowever, it is essential to know how much energy and nutrients a hen needs or what is the energy and nutrient content of certain feed. Hens in small flocks can have option of releasing, where green grazing is also consumed. Despite grazing, it is important for laying hens to have a balanced diet, which means we offer them several different feeds to provide them with enough energy, all the nutrients and minerals they need. In the paper we were interested in smaller number of laying hens on our home farm, whether they are supplied with all the nutrients they need. From the basic feeds that we have on the farm we have compound feed. Based on our calculation we found that the chickens have lacked of protein and amino acids in their feed and also poorly supplied with phosphorus. For the balanced diet of laying hens, more protein feeds should be added e.g. more soybeans or corn gluten as well as synthetic essential amino acids and a source of phosphorus e.g. monocalcium phosphate
The effect of different antioxidants on health and gut morphology of broilers under heat stress conditions
Get PDFRazlični okoljski dejavniki vplivajo na zdravje in proizvodne rezultate pitovnih piščancev, vendar eden glavnih je vročinski stres, ki sproža oksidacijske procese v telesu živali. Antioksidanti so glavni zaviralci oksidacije v telesu. Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je bil preučiti dodatke vitaminov E, C in Se, ter njihove kombinacije na zdravje živali in histološko zgradbo prebavil. Zanimalo nas je tudi, ali v pogojih vročinskega stresa priporočila po vitaminih in mineralih NRC zadoščajo za pokrivanje potreb po antioksidantih v primerjavi s priporočili za piščance ross 308. V prehranski poskus je bilo vključenih 120 dan starih piščancev, ki so bili razdeljeni v 6 poskusnih skupin (NRC, Ross, VitE, VitC, Se in ECSe). Tekom poskusa smo spremljali pogin živali, zauživanje in izkoriščanje krme ter priraste. Na liniji klanja smo živalim odvzeli vzorce krvi, tankega, slepega in debelega črevesa in njihovo vsebino. Izmerili smo aktivnost jetrnih encimov, viskoznost in pH vsebine takega črevesa, koncentracijo hlapnih maščobnih kislin v tankem in slepem črevesu ter histološko zgradbo prebavil. Rezultati so pokazali, da dodatek vitaminov E, C in elementa Se ter njihove kombinacije ni vplival na histološke spremembe prebavil. Količine dodanih vitaminov in mineralov po priporočilih NRC in Ross so zadostovale za pokrivanje potreb pitovnih piščancev tudi v pogojih vročinskega stresa.Various environmental factors affect the health and production results of broilers, but one of the main factors is heat stress, which triggers oxidative processes in the animal`s body. Antioxidants are the main inhibitors of oxidation in the body. The main goal of the master`s thesis was to study the supplements of vitamins E, C Se and their combination in different concentrations on animal health and histological structure of the gastrointestinal tract. We were interested if under heat stress conditions, the NRC recommendations were sufficient to cover the antioxidant needs compared to the recommendations for Ross 308 chickens. The experiment included 120-day-old broilers, which were divided into 6 experimental groups (NRC, Ross, VitE, VitE, Se, and ECSe). During the experiment, we monitored mortality rate, feed consumption and conversion ratio, and weight gain. At the end of the experiment, we analysed the samples from blood serum, intestine, cecum and colon and their contents. Liver enzyme activity, intestinal viscosity, pH, SCFA concentration, and intestinal morphometric changes were measured. The results showed that feed supplementation with vitamin E, C, Se and their combination had no effect on histological changes of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a sufficient concentration of the studied vitamins and minerals in the recommended feed mixes of NRC and Ross, which covered the needs of broilers even under heat stress conditions
The effect of olive leaves and cake in feed mixtures on oxidative status of broilers
Get PDFV oljčni industriji nastane veliko stranskih proizvodov, predvsem listov in tropin. Oljčni listi in tropine vsebujejo energijo in hranila, ki jih lahko uporabimo v prehrani perutnine, poleg tega so tudi pomemben vir polifenolov in vitamina E, ki lahko kot antioksidanta pozitivno vplivata na oksidativni status pitovnih piščancev. Prav tako z ugodno maščobno kislinsko sestavo listov in tropin vplivamo na le-to v mesu. Glavni namen raziskave je bil preučiti vpliv oljčnih listov in tropin v krmnih mešanicah na oksidativni status pitovnih piščancev in maščobno kislinsko sestavo mesa. V poskus, ki je trajal 42 dni, smo vključili 120 enodnevnih piščancev moškega spola provenience ross 308, ki smo jih razdelili v 5 skupin po 24 živali. Piščance smo do 21. dneva krmili s popolno krmno mešanico štarter, od 21. do 42. dneva pa s poskusnimi krmnimi mešanicami finišer brez ali z dodatkom različnih koncentracij (5 % ali 10 %) oljčnih listov ali tropin. Rezultati niso pokazali vpliva na telesno maso, deleže organov in abdominalne maščobe glede na telesno maso pred klanjem ter na koncentracijo jetrnih encimov (GGT, AST in ALT) v krvnem serumu. Dodatek 10 % listov je vplival na zmanjšanje koncentracije α-tokoferola v prsni mišici. Vplivov na koncentracijo MDA nismo ugotovili, je pa dodatek 5 % listov vplival na zmanjšanje ACW v krvnem serumu. Dodatka v različnih koncentracijah nista imeli pomembnega vpliva na maščobno kislinsko sestavo tako prsne kot stegenske mišice.Many by-products are produced in the olive industry, especially leaves and cake. Both olive leaves and cake contain energy and nutrients that can be used in poultry feed and are also an important source of polyphenol and vitamin E, which can as antioxidants positively affect the oxidative status of broilers. Furthermore, favourable fatty acid composition of olive leaves and cake affects the fatty acid composition of the meat. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of olive leaves and cake in feed mixture on the oxidative status of broilers and on fatty acid composition in meat. The experiment lasted 42 days and involved 120 day-old male chicks of ross 308 provenance. Broilers were divided into 5 groups consisted of 24 animals each. The chicks were fed with complete chick starter feed up to the day 21, and from day 21 to 42 they were fed with experimental finisher feed with or without the addition of different concentrations (5 % or 10 %) of olive leaves and cake. The results showed no effects on body weight, organ percentage, and abdominal fat percentage, or on the concentration of liver enzymes (GGT, AST, and ALT) in the blood serum. The addition of 10 % of the leaves had the effect of reducing the concentration of α-tocopherol in the breast muscle. No effects on MDA concentration were found, however, the addition of 5 % of the leaves resulted in a decrease in ACW in the blood serum. The additives at different concentrations had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of both breast and thigh muscles
Effect of insoluble fiber and heat stress on digestive development of broiler chickens
No full textEden od pomembnih dejavnikov dobrega počutja živali je temperatura. Če je le-ta previsoka, lahko pride do vročinskega stresa. Vročinski stres lahko povzroči slabše priraste, negativno vpliva na zauživanje krme in povzroči celo pogin živali. Z dodajanjem netopne prehranske vlaknine v krmo bi lahko pri mlajših živalih, v času razvoja prebavil, povečali kapaciteto prebavil, predvsem mlinčka, povečali površino črevesja in s tem ohranili dobre rezultate prireje. Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je bil spremljati vpliv prehranskega programiranja, dodajanja netopne vlaknine, na prirejo, zauživanje in razvoj prebavil pitovnih piščancev rejenih v različnih obdobjih krmljenja po programu in v različnih pogojih reje, termonevtralnih ali v vročem okolju. V prehranski poskus je bilo vključeno 360 dan starih pitovnih piščancev, ki so bili razdeljeni v 3 poskusne skupine, glede na prehransko strategijo, z dodatkom 20 % netopne prehranske vlaknine (nPV-20), v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino brez dodatka (nVP-0) v drugi fazi poskusa. V tretji fazi poskusa (od 27. dne) so bili piščanci izpostavljeni različnim pogojem reje ter 3 faznemu krmljenju, polovici živali skupine nPV-20 smo krmili krmo brez dodatka (nVP-20-0), ali do konca poskusa nadaljevali s krmljenjem z dodatkom (nPV-20-20), v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino. V masi živali smo izmerili razlike do 33. dne poskusa pri čemer so bili piščanci brez dodane vlaknine težji. V tretjem obdobju, na dan klanja, na 41. dan, nismo zabeležili razlik v masi med skupinami. V zadnjem obdobju poskusa so piščanci v pogojih vročinskega stresa zaužili več krme, a jo tudi slabše izkoriščali. Piščanci izpostavljeni vročinskemu stresu so imeli lažja polna prebavila, skupina brez nPV pa je imela najlažja prazna prebavila v primerjavi s skupinami krmljenimi z dodano nPV. Dolžina slepih čreves je bila daljša v skupini z dodatkom nPV, v obeh pogojih reje. Zaključimo lahko, da prehransko programiranje z nPV, v času razvoja prebavil, pozitivno vpliva na kapaciteto prebavil, posledično živali zaužijejo več krme in ohranijo dobre rezultate prireje tudi v pogojih vročinskega stresa.An important factor for animal welfare is temperature, because if it is too hot, heat stress can occur. Heat stress can lead to poorer growth performance, have a negative impact on feed intake and even lead to the death of the animals. The addition of insoluble dietary fiber to the feed could increase the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach in younger animals at the time of gastrointestinal development, increase the surface area of the intestine and ensure good production results. The main objective of the MSc thesis was to investigate the effects of dietary programming, i.e. the addition of insoluble fiber, on the production, intake and gastrointestinal development of broiler chickens reared in different feeding periods and rearing conditions, i.e. thermoneutral or in a warm environment, depending on the programme. The nutritional study included 360-day-old broilers divided into three experimental groups according to the nutritional strategy, supplemented with 20 % insoluble fibre (nPV-20) compared to a control group without supplementation (nPV-0) in the second phase of the study. In the third phase of the study (from day 27), the broilers were exposed to different housing conditions and a 3-phase feeding schedule, with half of the birds in the nPV-20 group receiving a diet without supplementation (nPV-20-0) or continuing to receive supplemented diet (nPV-20-20) until the end of experiment, compared to the control group. We measured the differences in the animal weight of the animals until day 33 of the study, the broilers without fibre supplementation were heavier. In the third phase, on the day of slaughter, day 41, no weight differences were observed between the groups. In the last phase of the study, under heat stress conditions, the broilers consumed more feed, but also utilised it less efficiently. The broilers exposed to heat stress had a lighter full gastrointestinal tract, and the group without nPV supplement had the lightest empty tract compared to the groups fed with nPV supplement. The length of the cecum was longer in the nPV-fed groups, under both rearing conditions. In conclusion, feeding nPV during gastrointestinal tract development has a positive effect on gastrointestinal capacity, resulting in animals consuming more feed and maintaining good production performance even under heat stress
The influence of olive leaves and pulp on antioxidative status of laying hens and oxidative stability of eggs
Get PDFEffects of dietary supplementation with selenium, vitamins E, C and polyphenols on oxidative status of broilers
Get PDFEffects of dietary supplementation with vitamin C, E, selenium and plant polyphenols on oxidative stability of broiler meat
Get PDFV raziskavi smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšen vpliv imajo dodatki vitamina E, vitamina C, selena (Se) in njihove kombinacije ter rastlinskih polifenolov (Farmatan BCO) na oksidativno stabilnost (OS) piščančjega mesa. V poskus smo vključili 600 pitovnih piščancev provenience Ross 308. Od 21. dne smo živalim dodali v krmo 5 % lanenega olja in jih razdelili v 6 skupin: kontrolna skupina brez dodatka (K), skupina E (200 IU vitamina E/kg), C (250 mg vitamina C/kg), Se (0,20 mg Se/kg), ECSe (250 IU vitamina E/kg, 250 mg vitamina C/kg ter 0,20 mg Se/kg), Fa (500 mg Farmatana BCO/kg). Vplive dodatkov na OS smo merili s koncentracijo malondialdehida (MDA), vitamina E, v vodi topnih antioksidantov (ACW), Se in maščobnokislinsko sestavo (MKS) v sveži, shranjeni (3 mesece pri -20 oC) in/ali kuhani prsni mišičnini. Ugotovili smo, da je kombinacija dodatkov (ECSe) zmanjšala dnevno zauživanje krme. Vitamin E je uspešno zaviral lipidno oksidacijo (E in ECSe), njegova vsebnost pa se je v prsni mišičnini povišala (E in ECSe). Dodatek vitamina C v krmo ni vplival na potek lipidne oksidacije. Z dodatkom Se v krmo se je povišala tudi njegova vsebnost v prsni mišičnini (Se in ECSe). Dodatki niso pomembno vplivali na MKS prsne mišičnine z vidika prehrane ljudi.In our research effects of dietary supplementation with vitamins E and C, selenium (Se), their combination, and plant polyphenols (Farmatan BCO) on oxidative stability (OS) in broiler meat were investigated. In experiment we have included 600 Ross 308 broilers. From the 21st day of the experiment we enriched broiler’s diet with 5 % linseed oil and assigned the animals to 6 groups: control group without supplementation (K), group E (200 IU vitamin E/kg), C (250 mg vitamin C/kg), Se (0,20 mg Se/kg), ECSe (250 IU vitamin E/kg, 250 mg vitamin C/kg and 0,20 mg Se/kg) and Fa (500 mg Farmatan BCO/kg). The effects of supplements on OS was measured using levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin E, water soluble antioxidants (ACW), Se, and fatty acid composition in fresh, frozen (3 months at -20 oC) and/or cooked breast muscles. Based on our results we can conclude that the combination of supplements (ECSe) decreased feed intake. Vitamin E efficiently inhibited lipid oxidation (E and ECSe), it’s concentration in broiler breast meat (E and ECSe) was increased. Dietary supplement of vitamin C didn`t have an impact on lipid oxidation. Se levels in broiler breast meat were increased with dietary supplementation (Se and ECSe). Dietary supplements did not have effect on fatty acid profile of broiler breast meat in terms of human nutrition
Effect of dietary vitamin E, hops and tannin supplementation in pigs diet on quality of cured ham using different salting times
Get PDFS prehrano prašičev lahko vplivamo na maščobnokislinsko sestavo mesa in mesnih izdelkov, zato je dodajanje antioksidantov v krmo pomemben dejavnik za zaščito mesa in mesnih izdelkov pred oksidacijskim kvarjenjem. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv dodatkov vitamina E, hmelja in tanina v krmo prašičev pitancev na kakovost različno soljenih pršutov. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 41 prašičev (20 kastratov in 21 svinjk), ki so bili razdeljeni v 4 skupine, ki so v krmni mešanici dobivale različne dodatke: skupina Kontrola (kontrolna skupina brez dodatka), skupina Vit E dodatek vitamina E (150 mg/kg α-tokoferil acetata), skupina Hmelj dodatek hmelja (0,4 % zmletih hmeljevih storžkov) in skupina Tanin (dodatek 3 % preparata s tanini bogatega ekstrakta lesa sladkega kostanja). Po zakolu prašičev smo obe zadnji stegni pripravili za predelavo v pršut. Desna stegna smo solili 18 dni, medtem ko smo leva stegna, z namenom zmanjšanja soli v pršutu, solili le 10 dni. Pršut smo zorili 17 mesecev. V vzorcih smo določali vsebnost SS (suhe snovi), α-tokoferola, ACL (antioksidativno kapaciteto v maščobah topnih antioksidantov), MDA (malondialdehid), in MKS (maščobnokislinsko sestavo). V koncentraciji SS, ACL in MDA, med skupinami ni bilo razlik. Statistično značilne razlike v primerjavi z ostalimi skupinami, smo izmerili v koncentraciji α-tokoferola v skupini Vit E. Pri MKS ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik. Različna količina soli ni imela vpliva na nobenega od merjenih parametrov.By changing the pig’s diet, we can influence the fatty acid composition of the meat and meat products and by adding antioxidants we can protect animals from oxidative deterioration. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin E, hops and tannin on the quality of cured ham using different salting times. 41 pigs (20 barrows and 21 gilts) were included in the research, which were separated into four groups according to the different nutrition supplements: Control group (with no supplements), group Vit E with vitamin E as supplement (150 mg/kg α-Tocopheryl acetate), group Hmelj with hops as supplement (0.4% ground hops) and group Tanin with tannin as supplement (3% chestnut tannin). After the pigs were slaughtered, we prepared both hind legs to be made into cured ham. The right hind leg was salted for 18 days, while the left hind leg for only 10 days as we tried to reduce the amount of salt in the cured ham. We aged the cured ham for 17 months. The analysis of the samples determined the concentration of SS (dry matter), α-Tocopherol, ACL (lipid-soluble antioxidants capacity), MDA (malondialdehyde), and MKS (fatty acid composition). The concentrations of SS, ACL and MDA between groups showed no differences. Statistically significant differences in comparison with other groups were detected in the concentration of α-Tocopherol in the group where the pigs received vitamin E as the supplement. The statistical significant differences warn’t noted in the MKS concentrations between groups. The different amounts of salt had no impact on any of the measured parameters
Effect of olive leaves and olive pulp in feed mixed on bone mineralisation of broiler chickens
Get PDFV raziskavi smo želeli ugotoviti ali uporaba oljčnih listov in tropin v krmnih mešanicah vpliva na proizvodne lastnosti in na mineralizacijo kosti pitovnih piščancev. V poskus smo vključili 120 en dan starih pitovnih piščancev ross 308 in jih do 21. dneva krmili s krmno mešanico štarter. Po 21. dnevu smo živali krmili s krmno mešanico finišer in jih razdelili na 5 poskusnih skupin (24 živali na skupino): kontrolna skupina brez dodanih oljčnih listov in tropin v krmni mešanici (FIN KONT), skupina z dodatkom 5 % oljčnih listov (FIN+5 % listi), skupina z dodatkom 10 % oljčnih listov (FIN+10 % listi), skupina z dodatkom 5 % oljčnih tropin (FIN+5 % tropine) in skupina z dodatkom 10 % oljčnih tropin (FIN+10 % tropine) v kilogramu krmne mešanice finišer. Po končanem poskusu smo živali žrtvovali (5 živali na skupino) in jim odvzeli vzorce kosti (stegnenica, golenica, nadlahtnica). Kostem smo izmerili fizikalne lastnosti ter vsebnost mineralov v surovem pepelu (SP). Uporaba oljčnih listov ali oljčnih tropin ni vplivala na proizvodne lastnosti, fizikalne lastnosti kosti in vsebnost SP. V vsebnosti mineralov v kosteh smo statistične razlike izmerili pri vsebnosti Mg v stegnenici v skupini FIN+ 10 % listi, v vsebnosti Cu v stegnenici v skupini FIN+5 % listi, v vsebnosti Zn v golenici v skupini FIN+10 % oljčnih listov in FIN+10 % oljčnih tropin in v vsebnosti Cu v nadlahtnici v skupini FIN+5 % oljčnih listov in FIN+10 % oljčnih listov v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino. Vsebnost mineralov se v kosteh ni zmanjšala. Na podlagi rezultatov lahko oljčne liste in tropine uporabljamo kot varno in naravno krmilo za pitovne piščance v koncentracijah 5 in 10 %.The aim of the research was to determine if the use of olive leaves and olive pulp in feed mixtures affects performance traits and bone mineralisation in broiler chickens. 120 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were included in the experiment. They were fed with the feed mixture starter until day 21. After day 21, the animals were fed with the feed mixture finisher and divided into five experimental groups (24 animals per group in total): the control group without olive leaves and pulp mixed in the feed mixture (FIN CONT), the group with 5% of olive leaves (FIN+5 % leaves), the group with 10% of olive leaves (FIN+10% leaves), the group with 5% of olive pulp (FIN+5% pulp) and the group with 10% of olive pulp (FIN+10% pulp) per kilogram of feed mixture. After the nutritional experiment, five animals from each replication were randomly selected and slaughtered. A sample of three bones (femur, tibia, humerus) was taken from each animal. The physical properties and the mineral content in ash were measured in the laboratory. The use of olive leaves and olive pulp did not affect performance traits, physical properties and ash contents. In comparison to the control group, the statistical differences in mineral content were measured in Mg content in femur in the FIN+10% leaves group, Cu content in femur in the FIN+5% leaves group, Zn content in tibia in FIN+10% leaves and FIN+10% pulp groups and Cu content in humerus in FIN+5 % leaves and FIN+10% leaves groups. The mineral content in bones did not decrease. Based on the results, olive leaves and pulp can be used as safe and natural feed ingredients for broiler chickens in 5 and 10% concentrations
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