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Educational section: risk analysis in surgical oncology-part I: concepts and tools
No full textAll clinical procedures invoke risk. Many interventions in cancer management carry a particularly high element of risk, expressed through morbidity and premature death. Formal risk analysis is a discipline which is fundamental to engineering, to finance, to the airline industry and many other sectors of public life. Clinical risk analysis involves risk prediction, risk management and risk avoidance. Risk analysis is rarely invoked or taught in the clinical sciences, and management appraisals on individual patients almost never include a formal estimate of risk. Clinical decisions tend to be guided by qualitative judgements, and by the personality interactions of patients and clinicians. A formal evaluation of risk on a case by case and procedural basis might reduce morbidity and cost in surgical oncology practice. This article introduces the concepts, the spectrum and history of risk analysis and the tools for risk prediction
The 20th century: The maelstrom of progress
No full text'The last decades of the 19th century were occupied with the detailed study of the morphology of tumours, the separation of the varieties of disease, the elucidation of histogenesis and the writing of the natural history of malignant diseases. The twentieth century opens as the experimental era.... It seems likely to become noteworthy as the period of specific aetiological investigations which promise to widely separate many neoplastic diseases formerly held to be closely related. It may, thereby, prove to be the era of successful therapeutics and prophylaxis'.</p
Beyond the second millennium
No full text«This is not the end, nor even the beginning of the end, but it is certainly the end of the beginning.» - Winston S. Churchil
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