169 research outputs found
What is the strategic feasibility of NFC mobile payments in the Netherlands? How the individual strategies of stakeholders affect the NFC mobile payment ecosystem as a whole
No full textIn this report the strategic feasibility of NFC mobile payments services in the Netherlands has been assessed. Near Field Communications (NFC) is the enabling technology for proximity mobile payments, which forms the focus of this research. The primary goal was to assess the influence of strategies of individual organizations on the NFC ecosystem as a whole, since collaboration between different stakeholder groups is required in order to deliver an NFC mobile payment service to consumers. As a result, the strategic feasibility has been defined. During this qualitative research grounded theory has been applied in order to find and understand the relevant concepts that define whether NFC mobile payments are feasible in the Dutch market. The research question of this report is: “What is the strategic feasibility of NFC mobile payments in the Netherlands and how do strategies of individual organisations involved affect the NFC ecosystem as a whole?” NB: This version can only be used by participants of this research. Distribution is only allowed after approval of the host institution of the graduate student. Please contact the author of this report.Management of TechnologyInformation & Communication TechnologyTechnology, Policy and Managemen
Adapting TCP/IP protocol to a Time-Slotted NFC Channel present in a Wireless Power Environment
No full textKitchen is becoming a hotbed for innovation in the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution. Many kitchen appliances are being connected to the Internet to facilitate `smart-cooking'. The appliances are becoming cordless too, i.e., they are being powered by the inductive power sources which are integrated into the kitchen counter-tops. The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) has proposed standards for smart-cooking in cordless kitchens by enabling communication using the near field communication (NFC) protocol between the appliance and the power transmitter. In order to keep the appliances safe as well as reduce the cost of the appliances, it is required that the NFC channel should be exploited to enable Internet connectivity in the appliances. However, due to practical constraints, the NFC channel is time-slotted. Furthermore, this NFC channel has low data rates and high latencies. These constraints make it highly challenging to enable Internet connectivity for these resource-constrained cooking appliances for IoT applications.This thesis explores different ways of providing Internet connectivity to the cordless kitchen appliances using the time-slotted NFC channel. Two architectures are proposed based on this method, namely the Proxy and the Bridge architectures. In the proxy architecture, the cordless appliances implement only the application layer and tunnel the application data through the NFC channel which will then be used by the power source to create TCP/IP packets for the appliance. In the bridge architecture, the appliances implement all the layers of the TCP/IP network stack. All the TCP/IP traffic is sent through the NFC channel and the power source acts as an intermediate hop. These architectures are evaluated in detail to determine the best-suited architecture. The thesis concludes that the bridge architecture, although heavy on the appliances, truly creates an IoT-enabled appliance, and therefore adopts it.While it is proposed to send the complete TCP/IP packets to go over the NFCchannel, the impact on the performance of the protocols needs to be investigated, specifically the TCP as it is the most used protocol for IoT applications. The performance of the TCP will be affected due to several reasons: (a) the time-slotted NFC channel; (b) low data rates on the NFC; (c) delays in accessing the NFC channel, and (d) no control over the network stack of the other TCP end-point. Furthermore, the behavior of the TCP in such resource-constrained channels aggravate the problems as spurious retransmissions get triggered. This work presents important challenges that need to be solved in order to enable the TCP to work smoothly in the time-slotted NFC channels. Two major performance problems that occur in such an environment are identified, viz., spurious retransmissions and packet drops at the NFC interface. The existence of the problems are verified with an experimental setup of the cordless kitchen and solutions are presented to these challenges: (a) determine the optimal retransmission timeout and the heuristic, and (b) avoid packet drops due to small inter-packet delay on the NFC channel. Next, a detailed parametric analysis of the other TCP parameters such as contention window size and maximum segment size of the TCP packets is performed.From the evaluation, it is found that the proposed solutions can almost completely eliminate spurious retransmissions. With these solutions up to 38% reduction in the system latency is achieved at an NFC bit rate of 11.2 kbps and up to 53% at 24 kbps in the time-slotted mode. By implementing these solutions and choosing the right parameter values for the TCP, it is possible to seamlessly adapt and use the TCP for the time-slotted and resource-constrained NFC channel, and enable a truly IoT-based cooking experience for the smart cordless kitchens
Perspektywy rozwoju mobilnych płatności NFC na rynku polskim
No full textThe purpose of the paper is to assess the perspectives of the NFC mobile payments development in the retail transactions performed in the physical POS. The article presents the classification of mo- bile payment and determines the role of the NFC technology. The state of the NFC mobile payments development and the contactless acceptance network in Poland has been presented. The author assessed the prospects of NFC mobile payments, based on the results of survey study covering card issuers, acquirers and telecoms. The problem of the business model for NFC mobile wallets and barriers to the development of this technology for the Polish market were analysed.Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polski
Designable Visual Markers for Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
No full textVisual markers are graphic symbols designed to be easily recognised by machines. They are traditionally used to track goods, but there is increasing interest in their application to mobile human-computer interaction (HCI). By scanning a visual marker through a camera phone, users can retrieve localised information and access mobile services. In particular the dissertation examines the application of visual markers to physical tagging: practices of association of digital information with physical items. One missed opportunity in current visual marker systems is that the markers themselves cannot be visually designed; they are not expressive to humans, and thus fail to convey information before being scanned. To address this limitation, this dissertation introduces the idea of designable markers, visual markers that are both machine-readable and visually communicative to humans, and presents an investigation of the ways in which they can support mobile human-computer interaction. The application of designable visual markers to the creation of mobile interfaces is explored through a variety of methods: through formal usability experiments, through the creation and analysis of example designs, as well as through the qualitative analysis of two field trials. All three approaches were enabled by the engineering and development of d-touch, an actual recognition system that supports designable visual markers and by its integration in a variety of applications and experimental probes. D-touch is based on image topology, and its markers are defined in terms of constraints on the nesting of dark and light regions. The constraints imposed by d-touch are flexible enough to allow novice users to create markers which are visually expressive and at the same time machine readable. A user study demonstrates how such system enables people to design their own functional visual markers, determining their aesthetic qualities and what they visually communicate to others. A desktop application to support users in the creation of valid markers, the d-touch analyser, is presented and its usefulness is demonstrated through the same study. A formal usability experiment comparing five variations of marker-based interfaces on keypad and touch-screen phones shows that all of them allow users to reliably select targets within, on average, less than 4 seconds. Participants of the experiment reported a strong preference for interfaces that involve only marker scanning, compared to those that require a combination of marker scanning and key-presses or touch selections. Example designs of mobile interface generated by the author as well as others are presented to expose how the d-touch recognition system can be integrated in mobile applications. The examples illustrate a variety of ways in which markers can be used to augment printed materials such as cards, books and product packages, adding to them interactive capabilities. The examples show also different approaches to marker design, ranging from simple and recognisable iconic design, to symbols that integrate cues about the interactive functionality, to making them invisible by hiding them in existing graphics. Finally, the dissertation reports and analyses two field trials conducted to study what practices of physical tagging can emerge from, and be supported by, the use of markers. The trials were centred around the use of uWiki, a functional prototype based on d-touch, that allows users to associate digital content to markers printed on physical tags that can be affixed to objects or buildings. Observations show that a variety of practices emerge around the use of this technology, indicating that they provide a rich medium that has potential to attract the interest of real users. Though the results of this work are preliminary, they serve to demonstrate the range of potential for the future of such systems
Implementation and Analysis of a Practical NFC Relay Attack Example
No full textNFC(near field communication) technology is a kind of technology to provide close RFID communication channel on mobile devices. Peer-to-Peer applications based on mobile equipment rely on NFC. The NFC system is facing a security problem that it is susceptible to a relay attack. This paper discusses the realization of relay attack on a legitimate peer-to-peer NFC. The attackers use mobile phones with the NFC function of the Android platform, and install the programs on the mobile phones, can finish the attack. While these attack programs only need to call the public NFC protocol API, without illegal intrusion to device memory. On this foundation, how the existing NFC protocol to avoid the above attack is discussed.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000324691100032&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701Computer Science, Theory & MethodsEngineering, Electrical & ElectronicInstruments & InstrumentationCPCI-S(ISTP)
A Secure and Efficient Key Authentication using Bilinear Pairing for NFC Mobile Payment Service
No full textNear Field Communication (NFC) is widely used as a contactless communication technology in mobile phones for mobile payments. However, achieving payment security is challenging due to the authentication between the NFC-enabled mobile phone users and the merchants. Attackers can use the vulnerabilities of card payment transactions to compromise the NFC communication message and then transmit the wrong payment information to the communicators. An efficiency key authentication scheme is proposed to help NFC-enabled mobile payment communication using bilinear pairing. The proposed scheme can furnish a secure environment for NFC mobile payments by providing unlinkability and unforgeability functions to prevent attack scenarios. © 2017, The Author(s)
Mobile NFC Services: Adoption Factors and a Typology of Business Models
No full textThe integration of Near Field Communication (NFC) into mobile devices has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation and a strong enabler of a wide range of new mobile applications and services. Yet, despite this great potential, the widespread adoption of mobile NFC services remains restrained. This chapter investigates the success factors that are contributing towards the proliferation of mobile NFC services. It also presents an in-depth analysis of the key hurdles standing in the way of full NFC commercialization, with the caveat that disagreement about the proper business model among the key ecosystem players is currently the major adoption restraint. The chapter articulates the vision of a cooperative model that can enable the sharing of services, infrastructure, cost, and revenues among various NFC ecosystem players. The author also adopts a four-tier classification approach to categorize NFC business models into a number of typologies. Some recommendations for future research are also provided
NFC-enabled Android Smartphone Application Development to Hide 4 Digits Passcode for Access Control System
No full textAbstractAndroid is a name of the Google's mobile operating system (OS) which is largely used around the world. A few years ago, Google released first mobile application for mobile payment system over NFC-enabled Android smartphone. Many researchers then have started their work so far on NFC mobile phone to take its advantage in real implementation, especially, to replace both of existing physical keys and access cards. After Host-based Card Emulation (HCE) was released in Android 4.4, Android phone can be used as an emulated card that, in most previous works, was done on Peer-2-Peer mode and Read/Write mode. The purpose of this work is to develop an Android application that can emulate as NFC card through HCE and manage the passcodes to replace pressing on keypad in (4 digits passcode) access control system
A Near Field Communication (NFC) – Enabled System in Smart Posters for University Application
No full textThis project involves the exploration and use of Near Field Communication (NFC) in the Education field. The goal is to design a new application for the use of NFC in the pretext of a university environment. This has been done by exploring the current application of NFC in the Education sector and looking into new possibilities for this upcoming technology. Upon research, the author is interested in the process of producing a tag that will contain URLs of references for smart posters. Through showing the capabilities of NFC in the form of a new application, this research proves the possibility of the expansion and successful application of NFC in the near future for the Education sector
ANDROID SECURE DEPLOYMENT & NFC BASED E-LIBRARY IMPLEMENTATION
No full textThis thesis communicates a new approach for the future Library system using secure NFC technology. Today we can use NFC and Android based mobile phones to build modern library system in which user will instead of standing in the queue can directly borrow and return books. The NFC technology which will use in this thesis is capable of storing small amount of information. This storage will be used for maintaining the books records. Although the NFC works in close proximity but still there are possibilities of attacks. Due to contact less communication the victim cannot notice the attacks. There are different types of attacks which can occur including modification of data and listening to the communication by unknown user. Therefore in this thesis the author will look into how one can protect the system from these kinds of at-tacks. The motivation behind the thesis is to introduce scalable cloud based infrastructure as a backbone Library. Current systems using bar code technology are not secure. Therefore an infrastructure needs to be built which includes cloud based server for key distribution and data storage. Furthermore, this thesis includes a study of the encryption and decryption schemes for close proximity communications. A new novel algorithm has been introduced and implemented as an encryption scheme for this thesis work. The Huffman scheme has been modified and 16 bit keys have been used for the key exchange. The new approach is compared with the existing techniques and found that it is reliable as compared to other techniques
- …
