1,588 research outputs found
Asymmetric organocatalysis on a technical scale: current status and future challenges
No full textGröger H. Asymmetric organocatalysis on a technical scale: current status and future challenges. In: Reetz MT, List B, Jaroch S, Weinmann H, Schering Stiftung, eds. Organocatalysis. Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium Proceedings, 2007-2. Vol 2007,2. Berlin u.a.: Springer; 2008: 227-258
Whistleblowing in Italy : rights and protections for employees
No full textThis paper examines the whistleblowing in the Italian legal system. In the lack ofproper rules on such a phenomenon (quite uncommon in the Italian social reality, also due to cultural reasons) except for the civil servants, the paper goes on analysing, on the one hand, the provision applicable to the civil servants (i.e. art. 54 of the Legislative Decree no. 165/2001), and on the other hand, the instruments provided for by the Italian legal system as general principles, which can be applied by the judge in order to protect the whistleblowers in the private sector (in particular the rules against retaliatory and discriminatory acts and mobbing). The Author stresses that the recalled protection, although effective (also after the so-called 'Monti's reform', id est the Law No. 92/2012), could be not sufficient both because of the allocation of the burden of proof, and because it is applicable to the employees and only partially (as the Author explains in the last paragraph) to the whistleblowing in the context of self-employment. Then the paper analyses the balancing performed by the Italian caselaw between the right to information and the right of criticism, on one side, and the right to secrecy set forth by law in respect of business facts and information, and the personality rights granted to the employer by the Constitution,on the other side. Finally the paper deals with the applicable procedures, introduced by disciplinary codes, also according to the Legislative Decree No. 231/2001, and the problems related to internal reporting systems, in particular the balancing between the needs for the whistleblower's protection and the positive law in the matter of protection of the privacy of the person to whom the complaint relates according to the Legislative Decree No. 196/2003
L'obbligo di ripescaggio nel licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo di tipo economico alla luce del Jobs Act
No full textIl contributo si interroga sul ruolo che, in seguito alle ultime riforme del lavoro, ha assunto il cd. ripescaggio all’interno del licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo di tipo economico. Nella prima parte del saggio, l’esame dei più recenti orientamenti della giurisprudenza, in particolare di quella sull’onere della prova, conduce alla conclusione che il ripescaggio è parte integrante del gmo posto dall’art. 3, l. 604/1966 inteso quale limite interno (o causale) dell’atto di licenziamento, in quanto costituisce il nesso causale negativofra riorganizzazione disposta dal datore e mansioni del lavoratore. Il significato così assunto dal gmo, pur costituendo certo un limite “minimale” dell’atto di licenziamento, risulta comunque conforme ai principi costituzionali, eurounitari e internazionali, secondo l’interpretazione consolidatasi fino ad oggi. La seconda parte del lavoro analizza come la nuova disciplina dello ius variandi (art. 2103 c.c. come modificato dall’art. 3, d.lgs. 81/2015) impatta sulla struttura e sull’ampiezza del ripescaggio. Partendo dal presupposto che il nuovo testo dell’art. 2103 c.c. amplia il debito del lavoratore, includendovi tutte le mansioni appartenenti al medesimo livello di inquadramento rispetto alle mansioni di assunzione (1 co.) e le mansioni del livello immediatamente inferiore (co. 2) – l’A. giunge alla conclusione che il ripescaggio costituisce oggi oggetto di un vero e proprio onere e si estende a tutte le mansioni che integrano il debito di lavoro. Il datore di lavoro infatti ha l’onere, a pena di ingiustificatezza del licenziamento, di cooperare all’adempimento del lavoratore e, dunque, di adibire il lavoratore, nell’esercizio del proprio potere direttivo, ad una delle mansioni dovute, dello stesso livello o del livello immediatamente inferiore rispetto alle mansioni di assunzione. Il mancato rispetto del ripescaggio, così trasformato dall’art. 2103 nuovo testo c.c., è poi corredato da un successivo ed autonomo obbligo di formazione, che grava sul datore di lavoro. Infine, a corollario del ragionamento, l’A. ritiene che il “fatto giuridico” la cui “manifesta insussistenza” dà luogo, ai sensi dell’art. 18, co. 5, St. lav. alla tutela reintegratoria attenuata includa anche il mancato rispetto del ripescaggio, nell’accezione risultante dal combinato disposto dell’art. 3 l. 604/1966 e art. 2103 nuovo testo c.cTHE DUTY OF «REPECHAGE» IN THE DISMISSAL FOR OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC REASONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE JOBS ACT REFORM.
The essay focuses on the role of repêchage in the definition of the dismissal for objective economic reasons after the recent Italian labour law reforms. In the first part of the essay, moving from the analysis of the case-law, especially the one concerning the burden of proof, the author highlights that repêchage is part of the definition of dismissal for objective economic reasons as provided for by Art. 3 Law no. 604/1966, as it represents the causal link between the reorganization of the firm and the workers’ skills. This is in line with both the Italian Constitution and the principles at supranational and international level. In the second part of the essay, the author analyses how the new text of Art. no. 2103 c.c. (as reformed by delegated decree no. 81/2015) affects the duty of repêchage. According to the author, the new art. 2103, broadening the range of tasks the employee can be assigned to in the workplace, has also broadened the notion of repêchage. In her conclusive remarks, she argues that an employer’s failure to fulfil the duty of repêchage, should lead to the reinstatement of the employee under art. 18, co. 5, St. la
Il controllo a distanza dell’attività dei lavoratori dopo il “Jobs Act” (art. 23 D.Lgs. 151/2015) : spunti per un dibattito
No full textL’introduzione mira a offrire una panoramica del nuovo art. 4 St.lav., in materia di potere di controllo del datore di lavoro, recentemente modificato dall’ultima riforma del lavoro (c.d. Jobs Act).
In particolare, dopo una sommaria esposizione delle ragioni sottostanti la nuova norma, volte ad adeguare il potere di controllo del datore di lavoro all’evoluzione dei dispositivi tecnologici presenti sul luogo di lavoro, l’Autrice individua e si sofferma, in una prospettiva critica, sulle eterogenee e complesse questioni interpretative poste dalla novella.The introduction aims at giving an overview of the new article 4 of the
Worker’s Statute (Law no. 300/1970), concerning the employer’s monitoring
powers, as recently reformed by the latest Italian Labour Reform (the so called
Jobs Act).
In particular, after a brief explanation of the rationale underlying the new
rule, in order to make the employer’s control power compatible with the
improvement of technological tools in the workplace, the Author critically lists
and takes into consideration the heterogeneous and complicated interpretative
issues raised by the brand new reform
Dyotropic Rearrangements and Related σ-σ Exchange Processes
No full textDyotropic rearrangements have been defined as a new class of pericyclic valence isomerizations in which two σ-bonds migrate intramolecularly. Reactions in which the two migrating groups interchange their positions have been designated as type I. Those of type II involve migration to new bonding sites in a manner that avoids positional exchange. Because the simultaneous cleavage of two bonds—although not rare—is generally considered to be a high-energy process, dyotropic reactions are not expected to occur as generally as sigma tropic shifts. Also, multistep processes must be considered in each case. Reactions are most likely to occur if the R groups are known to have a high migratory aptitude in sigma tropic rearrangements. Because silyl and germyl groups undergo extremely rapid metallotropic shifts, it is reasonable to begin investigations using these functions. To date the most detailed studies have been carried out with organosilicon compounds. The presence of heteroatom appears to be necessary. The σ–σ exchange reactions, irrespective of the mechanism, involve far-reaching molecular transformations and are of potential synthetic interest
Primary and secondary orbital effects in dyotropic rearrangements
No full textA new class of orbital symmetry controlled reactions which involve the simultaneous migration of two σ-bonds is discussed. Analysis of the stereochemical fate of the migrating groups in thermal and photochemical shifts, based on the Woodward-Hoffmann roles and supported by MINDO/2 calculations, is presented
Ayaanella M.T. Khan & Anis 2017, gen. nov.
No full textAyaanella M.T. Khan & Anis gen. nov. (Figs 1–10) Type species. Ayaanella globugaster M.T. Khan & Anis sp. nov. Description. Female. Head (Fig. 1); antennal torulus placed slightly above lower margin of eye; malar space dark, as long as or shorter than eye width; ocelli arranged in obtuse triangle; mandible (Fig. 2) 4-dentate, third tooth shorter, and a concavity between third and fourth teeth; maxillary palp (Fig. 3) unsegmented, swollen basally, with one seta at apex. Antennal formula 1, 1, (2), 2, 3; antenna (Figs 5–8) with 2 anelli (Figs 7, 8: A1 and A2); funicle 2 segmented, segments asymmetrical, with PLS, F2 broader than long; clava 3-segmented with very long setae and PLS. Mesosoma with pronotum medially divided into two plates; mid lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum each with 2 pairs (2+2) setae; side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta along anterolateral corner and axilla; propodeal margin almost straight posteriorly and about as long as metanotum medially; posterior two-thirds of mesoscutum, and scutellum with longitudinally cellulate sculpture, anterior one-third of mesoscutum with polygonal cells. Fore wing hyaline with venation extending to slightly less than half wing length; costal cell very narrow; marginal vein longer than premarginal or stigmal veins; premarginal vein broader than marginal vein; RS1 absent [except two or three setae below stigmal vein]; disc moderately densely setose with setae arranged in rows. Legs with tarsal formula 3-3-3. Metasoma longer than mesosoma; ovipositor short, extending from TV of gaster and hardly exserted. Male. Unknown. Etymology. The genus is named after the son of the second author (SBA), Ayaan + ‘-ella’ Latin suffix added to generic name.Published as part of Khan, Mohd Talib & Anis, Shoeba Binte, 2017, A new genus of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India, pp. 165-168 in Zootaxa 4344 (1) on pages 165-166, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/104236
- …
