305,809 research outputs found
Multi-modal discrimination learning in humans: evidence for configural theory
No full textHuman contingency learning was used to compare the predictions of configural and elemental theories. In three experiments, participants were required to learn which indicators were associated with an increase in core temperature of a fictitious nuclear plant. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the rate at which a triple-element stimulus (ABC) could be discriminated from either single-element stimuli (A, B, and C) or double-element stimuli (AB, BC, and AC). Experiment 1 used visual stimuli, whilst Experiment 2 used visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. In both experiments the participants took longer to discriminate the triple-element stimulus from the more similar double-element stimuli than from the less similar single-element stimuli. Experiment 3 tested for summation with stimuli from either single or multiple modalities and summation was found only in the latter. Thus the pattern of results seen in Experiments 1 and 2 was not dependent on whether the stimuli were single- or multi-modal nor was it dependent on whether the stimuli could elicit summation. This pattern of results is consistent with the predictions of Pearce’s (1987) configural theory
Dataset supporting the University of Southampton Doctoral Thesis "The benefits of nostalgia within spatial environments for people with and without Alzheimer’s disease" Empirical paper II "Nostalgia assuages spatial anxiety"
No full textDataset supporting the University of Southampton Doctoral Thesis "The benefits of nostalgia within spatial environments for people with and without Alzheimer’s disease." This dataset supports Empirical Paper II, "Nostalgia assuages spatial anxiety."
The data comprises 3 experiments, presented in excel files.
The experiments files and analysis scripts are available for download at the:
Oliver, A., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Parker, M. O., Wood, A., & Redhead, E. (2024, February 13). Nostalgia Assuages Spatial Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ET7AZ
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Dataset supporting the University of Southampton Doctoral Thesis "The benefits of nostalgia within spatial environments for people with and without Alzheimer’s disease" Empirical paper I "Induction of spatial anxiety in a virtual navigation environment"
No full textThis dataset is supporting the University of Southampton Doctoral Thesis "The benefits of nostalgia within spatial environments for people with and without Alzheimer’s disease".
This dataset supports Empirical paper I, "Induction of Spatial Anxiety in a Virtual Navigation Environment." The spatial anxiety induction procedure is available for free use. The software package and instruction manual can be downloaded on the following site, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UQ4V7
When using the route-learning task, please cite:
Oliver. A., Wildschut, T., Parker, M. O., Wood, A. P., & Redhead, E. (2022). Induction of Spatial Anxiety in a Virtual Navigation Environment. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01979-1
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Relationship between dog owner behaviour and dog attachment security in the strange situation
No full textThe aim of this study was to determine if owner behavior predicted dog attachment security in Ainsworth et al., 1978 M.S. Ainsworth, M.C. Belhar, E. Waters and S. Wall, Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ (1978).Ainsworth et al. (1978) Strange Situation Test. Fifty-two owners/dogs participated in 8 x 3 minute episodes: dog/owner; dog/owner/stranger; dog/stranger; dog alone; and reunions dog/owner. Data was collected through continuous time sampling of owner behavior (talking to dog, touching dog, responding to attention seeking and command giving) and dog attachment behavior (secure base effects, proximity seeking, comfort seeking, distress, and latency to play/explore). Four dogs clusters (k-means Cluster Analysis) resulted: Secure (n = 16) (moderate greeting duration, low distress behaviors when alone, moderate comfort seeking from owner, ability to rebound quickly to play and explore); Insecure/Anxious (n = 10) (high activity, high distress, low comfort seeking); Insecure/Passive (n = 16) (high levels of distress, high comfort seeking, low activity levels), and Avoidant (n = 9) (low responsiveness to owners, low greeting duration, low distress and low comfort seeking). Between group ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections revealed significant differences for owner talk (F(3,47) = 3.64, p = .02) and owner touch (F(3,47) = 5.16, p = .01). Owners of Avoidant dogs (M = 16.88, SD = 4.55) talked to them significantly more than dogs in the Insecure/Passive (M = 11.70, SD = 2.67) or Anxious clusters (M = 13.26, SD = 3.19), but petted them significantly less (M = 11.35, SD = 6.03). Passive dogs were petted significantly more (M = 17.73, SD = 3.59). The results suggest that attachment insecurity is associated with low levels of owner talk and high levels of touch, and a weak owner/dog bond characterized by dog avoidance, by high owner talk and low owner touch. Attachment security is characterized by moderate owner talk and low touch. These results could be used to moderate owner behavior during stressful events such as veterinary examination to reduce dog insecurity
Control of rodent and human spatial navigation by room and apparatus cues
No full textA growing body of literature indicates that rats prefer to navigate in the direction of a goal in the environment (directional responding) rather than to the precise location of the goal (place navigation). This paper provides a brief review of this literature with an emphasis on recent findings in the Morris water task. Four experiments designed to extend this work to humans in a computerized, virtual Morris water task are also described. Special emphasis is devoted to how directional responding and place navigation are influenced by room and apparatus cues, and how these cues control distinct components of navigation to a goal.Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that humans, like rats, perform directional responses when cues from the apparatus are present, while Experiment 3 demonstrates that place navigation predominates when apparatus cues are eliminated. In Experiment 4, an eyetracking system measured gaze location in the virtual environment dynamically as participants navigated from a start point to the goal.Participants primarily looked at room cues during the early segment of each trial, but primarily focused on the apparatus as the trial progressed, suggesting distinct, sequential stimulus functions. Implications for computational modeling of navigation in the Morris water task and related tasks are discussed
Training engagement and the development of behaviour problems in the dog: a longitudinal study
No full textCanine behaviour problems have serious welfare implications for dog and owner. Canine behavioural development can be divided into eight stages. Of these, the first year is most critical as it is the period when most social and environmental learning occurs, learned behaviour patterns become established and problem behaviours are most likely to become apparent (Lund et al, 1996). Whilst experiences during the socialisation period are of great importance, dogs may regress and become fearful if exposure to socio-environmental stimuli is not maintained (Dehasse, 1994; Fox, 1978) as both social and environmental learning continue throughout the juvenile period and adolescence. There is evidence of second phase of heightened sensitivity to fear arousing stimuli at the age of 6 months, around the onset of sexual maturity (Fox, 1972; Serpell and Jagoe, 1995), known as the ‘secondary sensitive’ or ‘secondary socialisation’ period. As with the onset of sexual maturity, the exact timing of this phase is variable between breeds and individuals. It may be that some do not go through this ‘secondary sensitive period’ until later adolescence or that it lasts for a greater or lesser part of the adolescent period (Dehasse, 1994; McBride et al. 1995).The present longitudinal study investigated the relationship between behaviour and early experience and management, including training engagement throughout the first year (Thompson et al, in prep.).51 owners completed questionnaires at the time of first vaccination (A), 6 months (B), 9 months (C) and 12 months (D) of age. Behaviour was assessed using the Canine Behaviour and Research Questionnaire (Hsu and Serpell, 2003), and responses produced scores on 6 subscales which had been validated by the current authors for this age group (<1 year).Results showed that dogs attending ‘puppy socialisation/training classes’ or ‘puppy parties/socialisation groups’ prior to 6 months of age had significantly lower total problem behaviour scores than dogs attending other training formats or receiving no training. Dogs attending ‘young dogs classes’ between 6 and 9 months of age also showed a significant reduction in total problem behaviour. Six C-BARQ subscales were used: attachment/attention seeking (AAS); non-social fear (NSF); dog-directed aggression or fear (DDAF); owner directed aggression (ODA); stranger-directed fear (SDF) and separation-related problems (SRP). Analysis revealed differential effects of both the age at which the dog was trained and the type and methods of training used. In summary, results indicate that professional training is beneficial in reducing the incidence of problems behaviour and is most effective when engaged in prior to 6 months of age. Furthermore, class formats providing a combination of obedience training, troubleshooting advice and intra-specific socialisation are most effective in producing well balanced dogs.<br/
Relationship between dog owner frightening behaviour and dog attachment security
No full textThe popularity of television dog trainers, who often use inhumane methods employing violence in behaviour modification, is worrying for many human/animal bond and welfare scientists. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to determine if owner frightening behaviour (FR) (Hesse & Main, 1996) predicted dog attachment security in Ainsworth et al.’s (1978) Strange Situation Test. Owner frightening behaviour (FR) is comprised of threatening, frightened, dissociative or disorganised behaviours. Owner (n = 52) FR behaviour frequencies (number of instances) and dog attachment behaviours (secure base effects, proximity seeking, comfort seeking, distress, latency to play/explore) were collected from video analyses. Four clusters (k-means Cluster Analysis) resulted: Secure (n = 15), Insecure/Anxious (n = 11), Insecure/Passive (n =15) and Avoidant (n = 11). The results found that 13 (25%) owners displayed FR behaviours: 4 threatening; 1 frightened; 6 dissociative; and, 2 disorganised. In a chi square analysis, the relationship between dog security and owner FR was significant, ?2 (1) = 3.78, p <.05. Dogs were 6.75 times more likely to be scored as Insecure (Avoidant, Passive or Anxious) in the Strange Situation if their owners exhibited FR behaviours than Secure. Owners of Avoidant dogs are five times, owners of Passive dogs 4 times, and owners of Anxious dogs 3 times more likely to use frightening behaviours than owners of Secure dogs. No owners of Secure cluster dogs used FR behaviours in this study. The results suggest that dog attachment insecurity is associated with the owner use of frightening behaviours. In contrast, attachment security is characterised by the absence of these behaviours. These results suggest that a strong dog/owner bond results from gentle, humane handling and that frightening or aversive interactions are more likely to produce dog avoidance and non-compliance as well as compromised welfar
Relationship between owner sensitivity in dog task solving and dog attachment security in the Strange Situation Test
No full textThe study aims were twofold: to determine if owner behaviour affected dog exploratory behaviours in a dog task solving experiment, and, secondly, if this was related to dog attachment security in Ainsworth et al.’s (1978) Strange Situation Test. Dogs (n = 52) were clustered (K = means cluster analysis) into 4 attachment groups (Secure, n = 15; Insecure/Anxious, n = 11; Insecure/Passive, n = 15; and, Avoidant, n = 11). All occurrences of owner behaviour: control of dog (restraining, grabbing paws), ordering and praise were measured. Owner support was measured from 1 (non-supportive or dissociative) to 7 (involved, yet sensitive to dog’s task solving attempts). Owner quality of assistance was measured from 1 (low quality - high interruption of the dog’s problem solving attempts and invasive behaviours) to 7 (high quality - low interruption, low physical control) (per Matas et al. 1978). The results found that owners of secure dogs were significantly less controlling and more sensitive in the provision of support. These secure dogs were significantly more orientated and intensely involved in the task than insecure dogs. In contrast, high levels of owner control were significantly related to avoidant dogs, which had the lowest levels of task intensity and orientation. In conclusion, it appears that positive owner/dog interaction based on sensitive owner support and non-invasive assistance was related to activation of the dog’s exploratory system, and this was significantly related to the secure dog cluster. In contrast, interactions based on low levels of owner support, highly controlling and invasive owner behaviour were related to lower levels of exploration, and the avoidant dog cluster. These results suggest that a strong dog/owner bond results from gentle, humane handling and the opposite, invasive and controlling handling is more likely to produce dog avoidance and non-activation of the exploratory system
Comparison of tethering and group-pen housing for sled dogs
No full textThe experiment investigated whether there would be a difference in behaviour between the effects of long-term tethering without exercise, long-term tethering with exercise and group pen housing on sled dogs. Siberian husky sled dogs from a commercial sled-dog kennel (n=9), were exposed to four different housing conditions and filmed to record behaviours for analysis. Filming took place at the sled dog kennel. The conditions consisted of six-months with no-exercise/tethered (Condition A), exercise (daily running)/tethered (Condition B), four weeks no-exercise/tethered (Condition C) and no exercise/un-tethered in group pens with 3 dogs per pen (Condition D). The dogs were returned to baseline (Condition A) after three months in group pen housing to control for order effects. Subjects were then filmed after a two-week habituation period. The tethered housing conditions (A,B and C) produced evidence of more repetitive behaviours and fewer social behaviours than the un-tethered housing condition. Although un-tethering subsequently reduced rebound and repetitive behaviours, the variable of tethering without exercise (conditions A and C) revealed the greatest difference in behaviour. Long term tethering with no exercise produced agonistic behaviours indicative of frustrative non-reward heightened by the intermittent delivery of the reward of exercise. Increased aggression vigorously directed at neighbouring dogs and an overall increase in vigilance was the direct consequence of the frustration of non- reward. Un-tethering significantly reduced interdog aggression (p=.05), but the dogs remained vigilant. Therefore, long-term tethering without exercise or with the intermittent reward of exercise produces an increase in frustrative maladaptive behaviours such as aggression and increased vigilance
Redhead
No full textGift of Dr. Mary Jane Esplen.Piano vocal [instrumentation]I have more scraps than any kid [first line]Readhead, Redhead, Gingerbreadhead [first line of chorus]G [key]Moderato [tempo]Popular song [form/genre]Irene Franklin (photograph) [illustration]Dominion Music Co. Charles E. Musgrave Manager 8 Yong St. Arcade, Toronto [dealer stamp]Publisher's advertisement on inside front and back cover [note
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