149,712 research outputs found
Brevisomabathynella Cho, Park & Reddy, 2006, gen. nov.
No full textBrevisomabathynella gen. nov. Diagnosis Body cylindrical and short. Length/width less than 5. Antennule sevensegmented. Antenna fivesegmented. Labrum flat and enormously developed; free margin with narrow teeth (> 30). Incisor process of mandible with four main and three tiny additional teeth. Mandibular palp about six times as long as wide. Maxillule with elongated spines on inner edge of distal segment. Maxilla foursegmented, prehensile with long spines on distal two segments. Thoracopods I–VII with exopod consisting of 4–7 segments. Male thoracopod VIII almost rectangular, 1.5 times longer than wide; protopod protruding at distoinner corner; epipod large, triangular; basipod without setae, inner margin of basipod drawn out into hooklike projection. Uropod with 10–15 homonomous spines on sympod; endopod with two distal spines, two plumose setae near base, three distal, inner spines variable in number; exopod with six or more setae and without basiventral setae. Anal operculum slightly concave. Furcal rami elongated, with two large distal spines and five to nine small spines on inner margin. Type species Brevisomabathynella cooperi gen. nov., sp. nov., here designated. Etymology The generic name refers to the short body (brevi: short; soma: body). Gender feminine.Published as part of Cho, Joo-Lae, Park, Jong-Geun & Reddy, Y. Ranga, 2006, Brevisomabathynella gen. nov. with two new species from Western Australia (Bathynellacea, Syncarida): the first definitive evidence of predation in Parabathynellidae, pp. 25-42 in Zootaxa 1247 on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17294
Chilibathynella kotumsarensis Ranga Reddy, n. sp.
No full textChilibathynella kotumsarensis Ranga Reddy n. sp. (Figs 2–6) Etymology The specific epithet alludes to the type locality of the new species. Type locality The Kotumsar Cave, a limestone cave, is one of the largest caves in India. It lies on the bank of the River Kanger, flowing through the Kanger Valley National Park (18 º 52 '09" N; 81 º 56 '05" E), at an altitude of 560 m near Jagdalpur town, Bastar District, Chhattisgarh State, India (Fig. 1). The cave entrance is a vertical fissure in the wall of a hill. It has a narrow, twisted opening, measuring about 15 m in length. The cave is honeycombed in its structure, consisting of several irregular chambers. The main tunnel of the cave is nearly 500 m long and has several lateral and downward passages. The roofs and walls of the different chambers are lined with colorful dripstone formation, resulting from the precipitation of calcite-dissolved carbonate lime. The chambers are floored with either rocks or pebbles of varying dimensions or surface-derived soil/clay deposits. Some of the abiotic parameters of the cave, as determined by Pati & Agrawal (2002), between May 1987 and March 1988, were as follows: air and water temperatures remained relatively stable, at an annual average of 28.25 ± 1.23 ºC and 26.33 ± 0.96 ºC respectively (range = 25.0– 32.7 ºC for air; 22.9–29.3 ºC for water). The water pools were alkaline, with an annual average pH of 8.04 ± 0.36. Conductivity peaked during December, with an annual average of 0.27 ± 0.03 m Mhos. The annual mean for dissolved oxygen and percentage saturation for oxygen in the cave water were 6.42 ± 0.52 mg /l and 74.83 ± 5.91 %, respectively. The cave is subject to frequent flooding during monsoon activity, which generally begins in the middle of June. . Material examined Holotype, adult male, dissected on four slides. Paratypes, adult male, dissected on four slides, and four juveniles, one of them dissected on two slides, three mounted as whole specimens on a single slide. Type material has been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Paris; registration numbers: holotype MNHN-Sy 16 (male); paratypes: MNHN-Sy 17 (male), MNHN-Sy 18 (1 juvenile), MNHN-Sy 19 (3 juveniles). Leg. Y. Ranga Reddy, 0 1 December 2004. Diagnosis Parabathynellid of small size (1.25 mm). Antennal organ small, represented by two contiguous dentate structures. Fifth antennular segment with two aesthetascs. Antenna sixsegmented. Thoracopod I with well-developed epipodite. Pleopod I with two setae. Uropodal sympod with inhomonomous row of spines. Uropodal exopodite with three setae, two apical and one lateral, and endopodite without spines. Anal operculum convex. Description of male (holotype) Total length 1.25 mm (male paratype 1.28 mm). Body elongate, maximum width at first abdominal segment. Abdominal segments wider than thoracic ones. Head 25 % longer than wide and slightly longer than first three thoracic segments combined. Antennule (Fig. 2 d) consisting of seven, somewhat elongate, slender segments, 29 % longer than head; length of first three segments only slightly exceeding that of last four segments. First segment longest, 1.7 times longer than wide, with two dorso-medial, simple setae near distal margin; two dorsal plumose setae at about distal outer corner, one tiny seta at distal inner corner, and one plumose seta on sub-distal outer margin. Second segment with two dorsal and one ventral simple setae near distal inner angle; antennal organ much reduced, represented by two conical, dentate and nearly contiguous hyaline structures; one plumose and one simple seta on sub-distal outer margin, one dorsal, plumose seta near distal outer corner, and one ventral plumose seta close to mid-outer margin. Third segment with one seta at sub-distal outer margin and one ventral and one dorsal seta near distal inner corner. Inner flagellum of third segment slightly longer than wide, with three simple setae. Fourth segment with three plumose setae, two unequal setae on the tip of apophysis and one at its base on outer side; apophysis reaching about proximal third of fifth segment. Fifth segment with two aesthetascs and two simple setae dorsally. Sixth segment longer than seventh one and with three aesthetascs and four setae dorsally. Seventh segment with three aesthetascs and four setae. Antenna (Fig. 3 a) six-segmented (basal additional segment, if any, is not discernible with the optics used); right one curved backwards, bending between third and fourth segments; left one nearly straight, antero-laterally directed, 0.7 as long as antennule; percentage lengths of segments 1–6 as follows: 5: 13: 20: 16: 19: 27; segments 1 and 4 without seta; segments 2, 3, 5, and 6 with 1, 2, 1, and 4 (3 apical and 1 lateral) setae, respectively. Labrum (Fig. 3 b,c) flat, symmetrical, free margin straight, bearing eight main, nearly uniform teeth and 1 smaller marginal tooth on each side (N. B. Unfortunately, the labrum was folded in permanent preparation of the holotype as in Fig. 2 b). Mandible (Fig. 3 d,e): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 teeth, tooth of the ventral edge small and pointed. Pars molaris (”Borstenlobus”) with 8 claws, of which the distal two smooth, relatively large, forming a separate group; other claws with fine denticles on proximal margins; proximal outer corner of pars molaris with a row of spinules. Palp onesegmented, about three times as long as wide, bearing a terminal seta, slightly exceeding pars incisiva in length. Maxillule (Fig. 3 f) with two endites; proximal endite small, somewhat oval in outline, with four apical claw-like spines, distalmost one longest. Distal endite bending inward, gradually tapering posteriad and with two terminal and four inner marginal claws. Outer distal margin with three simple setae. Maxilla (Fig. 3 g) consisting of four segments. First segment with an elongately oval endite, carrying two elongate plumose and two short simple setae. Second segment with six (four inner-marginal, two medial) and third segment with 13 setae. Fourth segment tiny, with one claw and three setae. Thoracopods I–VII (Figs 4 a–d, 5 a–c) well developed; length gradually increasing from pairs I–III. Thoracopods III–VII almost similar in size. Thoracopods I–VII each bearing one-segmented epipodite on coxa and one inner marginal seta on basis. Exopodite one-segmented, with two unequal terminal setae; an additional subterminal seta present on dorsal side of thoracopod V alone (see Variation). Endopodite four-segmented. First and second endopodal segments of thoracopods I–VII with a rudimentary seta each at distal outer corner (not considered for setal formulae). Setal formulae: Thoracopod I: 2 + 0/ 2 + 0/ 2 + 0/ 3 (1) Thoracopod II: 1 + 0/ 1 + 0/ 1 + 0/ 3 (1) Thoracopods III–IV: 1 + 0/ 1 + 0/0 + 0/ 3 (1) Thoracopods V–VII: 0 + 0/ 1 + 0/0 + 0/ 3 (1) Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 5 d, e) massive, characteristic in shape. Basal segment of protopodite large, oblong, juxtaposing basis and originating at the same level as the basis. Dentate lobe shorter than the rounded inner lobe and with straight or somewhat convex free margin, carrying five or six teeth in a row. Basis roughly conical, extending well beyond the level of dentate lobe and with one subapical seta. Epipodite (external lobe) conical and arising from the basis. Exopodite curved, sharply bending backward and with a row of apical denticles. Endopodite rectangular, with one subapical and two unequal apical setae. Pleopod I (Fig. 5 f) one-segmented, nearly four times as long as wide, with one long apical and one short subapical seta. Uropod (Fig. 2 a). Sympod more than twice the length of endopodite and 4.6 times longer than its own maximum width, with eleven spines, distalmost spine largest and smooth; all other spines acutely pointed, almost similar in size and with serrulate lateral margins. Exopodite almost cylindrical, 5.4 times as long as wide, measuring 52 % of sympodite length and bearing two apical setae, each with a row of spinules at base, inner seta twice as long as outer seta, and one short seta at about distal third of outer margin. Endopodite somewhat dagger-shaped, reaching 41 % of sympodite length; bearing two unequal plumose setae at about the middle of outer margin and two equal plumose setae medially; spinules occurring on distal outer margin and on inner margin, as illustrated. Pleotelson (Fig. 2 a) with one seta on either side near the base of furcal ramus; seta bare, shorter than furcal ramus. Anal operculum broadly triangular in outline, with rounded tip (Fig. 2 b). Furcal rami (Fig. 2 a) 36.5 % longer than maximum width, maximum width occurring at proximal third, outer margin nearly straight and ending in large, blunt ventral projection (furcal organ) (Fig. 2 c), distal two-thirds of inner margin expanded, with two terminal and five inner, pointed, serrulate spines and two unequal dorsolateral setae; terminal spine largest and with a row of dorsal spinules at its base, other spines gradually decreasing in size, as illustrated. Female: Not known. Description of juveniles (Fig. 6 a–e) Four sexually undifferentiated juveniles were recorded. Juvenile 1 (Fig. 6 a, b): Total length 0.96 mm. Body eight times longer than wide. Head 24 % longer than wide. Antennule 29 % longer than head. Habitus and the various structural details of the cephalic appendages, thoracopods I–V and pleopod I are as in the adult. Sixth and seventh thoracic segments with rounded sternum in lateral view (Fig. 6 b), but without any trace of thoracopods. Thoracopod VIII represented by an undifferentiated, triangular lobe. Anal operculum slightly projecting backwards, somewhat rectangular in outline and depressed at the middle. Furcal rami with only six spines, the largest spine of the adult rudimentary, in the form a short, filamentous structure. Uropod as in the adult except for the sympod carrying seven spines, distal most spine largest. Juveniles 2 and 3 (Fig. 6 c, d): Total length 0.83 mm. Both are identical to each other and differ from the juvenile 1 in two respects: thoracopod VIII is a very small crescentic lobe, and pleopod 1 is absent. Juvenile 4 (Fig. 6 e): Total length 0.78 mm, similar to juveniles 2 and 3 except for the absence of any trace of thoracopod VIII. Va r i a t i o n The number of spines borne by the uropodal sympod varies between 9 and 11 in the adults and, 5 and 8 in the juveniles. The exopodite of thoracopod V has one dorsal seta in the holotype whereas it is absent in the male paratype as well as juveniles. The anal operculum is different between the adults and juveniles. No variation has been noticed in the armature of caudal furca.Published as part of Reddy, Y. Ranga, 2006, First Asian report of the genus Chilibathynella Noodt, 1963 (Bathynellacea, Syncarida), with the description and biogeographic significance of a new species from Kotumsar Cave, India, pp. 23-37 in Zootaxa 1370 on pages 25-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17489
Reddy Kilowatt Is Gaining Is Stature
No full textPhotograph used for a story in the Oklahoma Times newspaper. Caption: "Reddy Kilowatt, high-tension salesman for Oklahoma Gas & Electric co., is taking on giant-like form these days.
FIGURE 1 in First Asian report of the genus Chilibathynella Noodt, 1963 (Bathynellacea, Syncarida), with the description and biogeographic significance of a new species from Kotumsar Cave, India
No full textFIGURE 1. Location map of the Kotumsar Cave (adapted from Pati & Agrawal, 2002).Published as part of Reddy, Y. Ranga, 2006, First Asian report of the genus Chilibathynella Noodt, 1963 (Bathynellacea, Syncarida), with the description and biogeographic significance of a new species from Kotumsar Cave, India, pp. 23-37 in Zootaxa 1370 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17489
Marrubium asumaniae U. B. Deshmukh, E. S. Reddy & M. B. Shende 2022, nom. nov.
No full textMarrubium asumaniae U.B. Deshmukh, E. S. Reddy & M. B. Shende nom. nov. Replaced name:— Marrubium lanatum Akgül, in Ot Sist. Bot. Dergisi 25(2): 25. 2018. nom. illeg., non M. lanatum Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. 587. 1834. Type:— TURKEY. C5 Niğde: Centrum, near Azatlı Village, rocky slopes, 1600–1650 m, 15 July 2012, G. Akgül 2418 (holotype: ANK; isotype: Yıldırımlı Otluk’u). Eponymy:— The specific epithet honors Dr. Asuman Baytop (1920−2015), a Turkish botanist in recognition of her contributions for the Turkish flora.Published as part of Deshmukh, Umakant Bhoopati, Reddy, Eanguwar Srinivas & Shende, Mukund Bapurao, 2022, Marrubium asumaniae, a new name proposed for a Marrubium species (Lamiaceae) in the flora Turkey, pp. 161-162 in Phytotaxa 543 (2) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/645076
Ancestral Consanguinity and Mortality Among Three Endogamous Populations of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India
No full textConsanguineous marriages have been practiced around the globe by many societies from time immemorial, particularly in South India. Consanguineous marriages play a major role in the health of a population, and diseases leading to mortality of the progeny are a consequence of detrimental recessive genes. To evaluate the effects of ancestral consanguinity on mortality in relation to consanguineous marriage, we have ascertained data from 1,500 women belonging to three endogamous communities (Akuthota Reddy, Odde, and Madiga) of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. There were 500 women from each community. For each marriage we drew a family pedigree, extended upward to two earlier generations on either side of the spouses to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguinity, with detailed information on fertility and mortality. We observed a significant difference in the mortality rates between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages when all the marriages of the women, women’s parents, and (women’s) husband’s parents were considered in all three communities. In inbreeding, the offspring of earlier generations might have passed on deleterious genes to later generations (under unfavorable conditions), which resulted in a negative aspect of reproduction (among the offspring of the present couple)
Atopobathynella operculata Reddy, 2008, sp. n.
No full textAtopobathynella operculata sp. n. (Figs 1–4) Type locality and material examined. The River Godavari at Rajahmundry town (16 o 9 ’ N 81 o 47 ’ E), South India. The sampling site is located almost in the middle of the river basin wherefrom sand is being regularly mined and transported ashore. Here the riverbed has a deposit of fine sand and detritus particles, but with little or no clay, and is devoid of any macrophytic vegetation. Tidal influence from the nearby Bay of Bengal is non-existent, hence freshwater conditions prevail throughout the year. Holotype female (dissected and mounted on 4 slides, catalogue no. SMF 32211). Allotype male (undissected, catalogue no. SMF 32212). Female paratype 1 (undissected, catalogue no. SMF 32212). Female paratype 2 (dissected on one slide, catalogue no. SMF 32213). Female paratype 3 (undissected, catalogue no. SMF 32214). Male paratype (dissected on one slide, catalogue no. SMF 32215). All are kept in the collection of the Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB) at Wilhelmshaven (Germany), being a department of the Senckenberg Museum und Forschungsinstitut, Frankfurt (SMF). Leg. Y. Ranga Reddy, 24 December 2002. Description of adult female. Total body length of holotype 1.41 mm, of paratypes 1.34–1.56 mm. Body elongated, almost cyclindrical, segments progressively widening and lengthening towards posterior end. All body segments including head with numerous perforations. Head only about 16 % longer than wide. Anal operculum massive, plate-like, somewhat subtriangular in outline, producing backwards and almost reaching the end of caudal furca (Fig. 1 A, B). Pleotelson with 1 seta on either side; seta smooth and much shorter than caudal furca. Furca elongately oval in ventral view (Fig. 1 B), but almost subquadrate in lateral view (Fig. 1 A), nearly 1.5 times longer than wide, with 2 apical spines of similar size, 1 small inner spine, and 2 unequal plumose setae. Furcal organ small and ventral. Antennule (Fig. 2 A): with 3 -segmented peduncle and with 3 -segmented inner flagellum, outer flagellum reduced. Whole antennule slender (9 times longer than maximum width), 42 % longer than head. Length of the 3 segments of the stem greater than that of the remainder of the outer flagellum. First segment of peduncle longest, twice as long as its own width, with a group of 2 ventral and 1 dorsal plumose setae at distal outer corner, 1 long dorsal seta in the distal half, and 1 tiny seta at distal inner corner. Second segment slightly shorter than first segment, with a group of 3 ventral and 1 dorsal plumose setae near distal outer corner and 1 short, slender seta at distal inner corner. Third segment with 1 long seta on outer distal margin, 1 dorsal plumose seta at distal outer corner; 2 short setae, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral, near distal inner corner. First segment of inner flagellum with a group of 3 unequal dorsal setae in the distal half (these setae seem to be the rest of the reduced and fused outer flagellum), 1 ventral plumose seta below apophysis; apophysis distinct but slender, reaching proximal fourth of next segment, with 1 apical and 1 ventral, subapical plumose setae. Second segment of inner flagellum with a group of 1 simple seta and 3 aesthetascs, which are longer than next segment, at distal outer corner; 1 long apical and 1 short ventral setae at distal inner angle. Terminal segment slenderest, with 4 setae and 3 aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 2 B): small, 1 -segmented, only slightly dilated distally, with 2 terminal unequal plumose setae and 1 short, subterminal, simple seta; lateral seta absent. Labrum (Fig. 2 C): flat, symmetrical in ventral view and characteristic in shape. Free margin straight, bearing 2 small median teeth, flanked on either side by 4 acuminate curved teeth, gradually increasing in size laterally, and with 1 smaller somewhat blunt tooth on either side; tubular pore with long, thick-walled, proximally dilated tube, occurring ventrally on either side at base of lateral main tooth. Also, fine spinules, in rows, discernible on ventral surface, as illustrated. Mandible (Fig. 2 D–G): distal part of pars incisiva with 3 teeth, proximal tooth small; all teeth pointed in lateral view (Fig. 2 D–F), but blunt in frontal view (Fig. 2 G). Pars molaris (“Borstenlobus”) articulate, consisting of 5 claws; distal one defined at base, strongly developed into plate-like structure (Fig. 2 D, E) (almost cylindrical in a different view as in Fig. 2 F), apical margin concave and finely denticulate; 2 additional denticles also occurring below denticulate margin (Fig. 2 E), 3 spinules seen at base of pars molaris on distal margin. Palp 1 -segmented, only slightly longer than wide, bearing a long terminal seta. Maxillule (Fig. 2 H): with 2 endites. Proximal endite small, subquadrate, twice as long as wide, carrying 2 unequal, serrulate, claw-like spines, and 1 tiny spinule; also, a simple, triangular lobe lying at base of endite. Distal endite straight, slender, 2.4 times as long as wide, armed with 3 terminal claws of similar size, 2 subterminal claws, all claws with serrulate inner margin, and 3 subterminal setae on distal outer margin. Maxilla (Fig. 2 I): 4 -segmented, second and third segments half fused, with 2, (4, 12), and 1 setae, respectively; distalmost segment tiny. Thoracopods I–VII (Fig. 3 A–C): well developed, length gradually increasing from pairs I–III, last 4 pairs almost similar in size; thoracopods II–VII with 1 -segmented epipod each. Coxa with distinct, pointed projection at distal inner border; basis of thoracopods II–VI alone with inner marginal seta. Exopod 1 -segmented, with 2 very unequal terminal setae and 1 short subterminal seta on ventral side; subterminal seta absent on thoracopod I alone. Endopod 4 -segmented. Setal formulae: Th. I, 1 +0/0+ 1 / 1 +0/ 2 (0); Th. II–IV, 0+0/0+ 1 /0+ 1 / 1 (0); Th. V–VII, 0+0/0+ 1 /0+0/ 1 (0). Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 1 C): minute, sharply pointed, denticle-like structure. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 1 C): represented by 1 strong, plumose seta. Uropod (Fig. 1 A–B): sympod slender, 4.4 times as long as wide, bearing 4 spines in a row on distal inner margin and 1 short, simple seta on dorso-lateral surface almost opposite to spine row; distalmost spine stout, straight, 31 % longer than other spines, which are acutely pointed and almost equal in size. Exopod cylindrical, nearly 6 times as long as wide, measuring 42 % of sympod length and bearing 2 apical, unequal setae, outer seta spiniform, unipinnate and less than half the length of inner, bipinnate seta. Endopod sickle-shaped, reaching 62 % of sympod length, lateral margins smooth, but a longitudinal of fine spinules at about the middle of proximal part, in lateral view; a single long, plumose seta at about midlength of outer margin. Description of adult male (Fig. 4 A–C). Total body length of allotype 1.52 mm, of paratype 1.46 mm. Body and all appendages except antennule and thoracopod VIII as in female. Antennule (Fig. 4 A): same as in female except for antennal organ on second segment; second segment 1.5 times as long as wide, antennal organ seen as a massive protuberance at distal inner angle, tip rounded with an opening. Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 4 B–C) rather small so that the constituent parts are difficult to make out and interpret. Protopod massive but without prominent penial region. In latero-external view (Fig. 4 B) two structures are discernible, one with 2 and one without setae. In ventral view (Fig. 4 C) the structure with 2 setae is extended into a spoon-like projection and is interpreted here as a basexopod with a basipodal seta (the bigger one) and an exopodal seta (the smaller one). The other structure without setae can be seen in ventral view (Fig. 4 C) as a conical projection reaching the spoon-like projection of the basexopod. This structure is interpreted here as the external lobe. Where both meet, the internal and the dentate lobe also converge. Dentate lobe with a few denticles can be seen in latero-external view (Fig. 4 B). Comparison with other species will reveal whether the interpretation presented here is tenable. Intraspecific variation. The number of spines borne by the sympod of uropod is either 4 or 5. Etymology. The specific name refers to the prominent anal operculum (Latin adjective operculatus, operire = to close, cover); gender feminine. Ecology. At the type locality, the new species was found as strays in the surficial sediments of knee-deep waters of an exposed island at the middle of the river bed. It was greatly dominated by Habrobathynella. The fauna that co-occurred with the new species was diverse but not rich, and included the following: Bathynellacea: Habrobathynella schminkei Ranga Reddy, 2004, and Habrobathynella sp. Copepoda: Bryocyclops sp., Paracyclops sp., Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, 1970, Parastenocaris gayatri Ranga Reddy, 2001, Elaphoidella sp., Mesochra wolskii Jakubisiak, 1933, Nitocra?lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875), Folioquinpes chathamensis (G.O. Sars, 1905), and Phyllognathopus viguieri (Maupas, 1892). Cladocera: Macrothrix sp., chydorids. Other taxa were: unidentified oligochaetes, nematodes, mites, and insect larvae.Published as part of Reddy, Ranga, 2008, A new species of the genus Atopobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Bathynellacea) from the hyporheic zone of the River Godavari, South India, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 1829 on pages 53-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18316
Evaluación de eficacia de las limas Protaper, limas HERO SHAPER GOLD, ProTaper Universal limas de retratamiento y limas de retratamiento R-Endo con y sin uso de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva mediante lima Irrisafe para la eliminación de Gutapercha y Sellador AH plus de los conductos radiculares bajo el microscopio quirúrgico dental
No full textBackground:Purpose of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of four different rotary NiTi files ProTaper files, HERO SHAPER GOLD files, ProTaper Universal retreatment files and R- Endo files to remove GP and sealer from root canals with or without use of passive ultrasonic irrigation using Irrisafe file under DOMS. Hypothesis of this study is that the use of PUI could result in better cleanliness of root canals after instrumentation for removal of GP and sealer.Materials And Methods:The present in vitro study was conducted in the department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The study samples comprised of 100 extracted single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth and were collected from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool.Results:The t Test shows that there was statistical significance difference between individual Sub groups of Groups I,II & IV (p0.05) but with percentage of remaining GP and sealer in the root canals after retreatment was comparatively greater in Sub group A than in Sub group B. Discussion:Under the experimental conditions, all the retreatment files left some amount of GP and sealer in the root canals and there was no significant difference between them. However, R- Endo to be better following ProTaper Universal retreatment system proved, Protaper files and HERO SHAPER GOLD files. Further use of passive passive ultrasonic irrigation with Irrisafe file resulted in better cleanliness of root canal wall after retreatment.Received: 29/10/2024Accepted: 05/11/2024Antecedentes: El propósito del presente estudio es evaluar la eficacia de cuatro diferentes limas rotativas de NiTi, limas ProTaper, limas HERO SHAPER GOLD, limas de retratamiento ProTaper Universal y limas R-Endo para eliminar GP y sellador de los conductos radiculares con o sin uso de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva mediante lima Irrisafe bajo DOMS. La hipótesis de este estudio es que el uso de PUI podría dar como resultado una mejor limpieza de los conductos radiculares después de la instrumentación para la eliminación del GP y el sellador. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio in vitro se realizó en el departamento de Odontología Conservadora y Endodoncia, G. Pulla. Facultad y hospital dental Reddy, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. Las muestras del estudio comprendieron 100 dientes anteriores maxilares humanos de raíz única extraídos y se recolectaron del Departamento de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool. Resultados: La prueba t muestra que hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los Sub individuales grupos de los Grupos I,II y IV (p0,05), pero el porcentaje de GP restante y sellador en los conductos radiculares después del retratamiento fue comparativamente mayor en el subgrupo A que en el subgrupo B. Discusión: Bajo las condiciones experimentales, todos las limas de retratamiento dejaron cierta cantidad de GP y sellador en los conductos radiculares y no hubo diferencias significativas entre ellos. Sin embargo, R-Endo es mejor siguiendo el sistema de retratamiento ProTaper Universal, las limas Protaper y las limas HERO SHAPER GOLD. El uso adicional de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva con lima Irrisafe dio como resultado una mejor limpieza de la pared del conducto radicular después del retratamiento.Recibido: 29/10/2024Aceptado: 05/11/202
Third Quarter Review of Annual Monetary Policy for the Year 2007-08
No full textReview consists of three sections: I. Assessment of Macroeconomic and Monetary Developments; II. Stance of Monetary Policy; and III. Monetary Measures. An analytical profile of macroeconomic and monetary developments was issued a day in advance as a supplement to this Review, providing the necessary information and analysis with the help of charts and tables. [Statement by Y V Reddy].macroeconomic, monetary developments, policy, index of industrial production IIP, manufacturing sector, tax profits, consumption expenditure, Central Statistical Organisation, CSO, real GDP, GFCF, gross fixed capital formation, measures,services sector, telephone, railways, aviation
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