1,299 research outputs found
Shifting waterscapes: explaining basin closure in the Lower Krishna Basin, South India
Get PDFRiver basins / Ecosystems / Protective irrigation / Irrigation programs / Water transfer / Water distribution / Water allocation / Groundwater depletion / Aquifers / Water scarcity / Water use / Drought / India / Lower Krishna Basin / Godavari Basin / Nagarjuna Sagar Project / Kolleru Lake
Figure 33 in Revision of Indian species of Baeus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Scelionidae)
No full textFigure 33. Baeus tilottama sp. n. (a) Habitus (colour); (b) Frons, OC-orbital carina; (c) Habitus; (d) Antenna; (e) Habitus (lateral view).Published as part of Kamalanathan, Veenakumari, Mohanraj, Prashanth, Samuel, D. K. & Reddy, M. Krishna, 2020, Revision of Indian species of Baeus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Scelionidae), pp. 813-917 in Journal of Natural History 54 (13-14) on page 902, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1770885, http://zenodo.org/record/502067
Habrobathynella krishna Reddy & Totakura, 2010, n. sp.
No full textHabrobathynella krishna n. sp. (Figs 2–8) Type material. Holotype Ƥ (dissected on 3 slides) (C 5837 / 2, C 5838 / 2, C 5839 / 2), allotype 3 (dissected on 3 slides) [MNHN-Sy 20 (1–3)] and 6 paratypes: 2 Ƥ (dissected on 3 slides each [MNHN-Sy 21 (1-3), MNHN- Sy 22 (1-3)]; 1 Ƥ whole-mounted (MNHN-Sy 25); 1 Ƥ in alcohol (MNHN-Sy 42); 2 33 (dissected on 3 slides each) [MNHN-Sy 23 (1–3), MNHN-Sy 24 (1–3)]; also, 1 adult 3, 1 adult Ƥ and 2 juveniles (33) (in junior author’s collection), River Krishna at Ramannapeta village (16 ° 45 ʹ 32 ʹ N 80 °07ʹ 35 ʹ E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 °C; pH 7.5) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, leg. V.R. Totakura, 27 July 2008. Other material examined. 1 3 and 2 Ƥ in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-Sy 43), River Krishna at Madipadu village (16 ° 48 ʹ 50 ʹ N 80 °04ʹ 22 ʹ E, elevation 40 m) in Guntur District Andhra Pradesh, India, leg. V.R. Totakura, 12 October 2008. Diagnosis. Male thoracopod VIII subglobular, with dentate and inner lobes moderately produced; outer lobe denticulate apically; exopod large, hook-like; basipodal seta occurring on a short prominence, very close to endopodal seta. Maxilla with 2 setae on small protuberance at inner distal corner of segment 1 and a fairly long claw-like seta on segment 2. Uropodal sympod with a row of 6–8 inhomonomous spines; penultimate spine longest and thickest whereas ultimate spine similar to proximal spines. Pleotelson and uropodal endopod with much reduced setae. Description of adult female. Total body length of holotype 1.03 mm; paratypes 1.06–1.30 mm, mean 1.2 mm (n = 4). Body (Fig. 2) elongate, heavily chitinised and perforated, thoracic and abdominal segments telescoping into each other to varying degrees, 9.2 times as long as wide. In lateral view, abdominal segments wider than thoracic segments. Head 1.3 times as long as wide, 11.5 % longer than first 3 thoracic segments combined. Antennule (Fig. 3 a): 6 -segmented, 27.5 % longer than head, no sexual dimorphism. First segment with 1 plumose seta on small protuberance at outer subdistal margin, 1 dorsal plumose seta at outer distal corner, 2 short plumose setae and 1 long simple seta on dorsal surface. Second segment with 4 plumose setae on dorsal surface, 1 ventral seta at outer distal corner and 1 dorsal seta at inner distal corner. Third segment with 1 plumose and 1 simple setae at outer distal corner and 1 ventral seta at inner distal corner. Inner flagellum on third segment elliptical, bearing 2 apical and 1 subapical setae. Fourth segment with 1 plumose and 1 stub setae on distal margin; apophysis overreaching midlength of next segment and with 2 unequal plumose setae. Fifth segment with 3 equal aesthetascs, overreaching sixth segment, 1 seta at outer distal corner and 2 ventral setae at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 aesthetascs and 4 unequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 3 b): 2 -segmented, proximal segment bare, 0.4 times as long as distal segment; second segment 2.8 times as long as wide, with 1 tiny outer proximal seta, 2 unequal terminal setae, of which inner seta plumose and as long as segment, and 1 subterminal dorsal seta. Labrum (Fig. 3 c): dentate margin moderately vaulted on either side, bearing 10 main nearly uniform, pointed, curved teeth and 1 small tooth on either side. Also, 2 rows of fine spinules (ctenidia) and 3 teats on ventral surface, as illustrated. Mandible (Fig. 3 d–e): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth. Tooth of ventral edge large, with finely denticulate lateral margin. Pars molaris developed into subpyriform outgrowth, 1.2 times as long as wide, carrying 2 finely denticulate, curved lateral teeth and 3 straight slender, apparently smooth teeth in a group at distal end; also, 1 unarticulate, small tooth at distal outer corner with finely denticulate margins; very fine denticles occurring between inner teeth of pars molaris. Palp completely absent. Paragnath (Fig. 3 f): hemispherical lobe with teat-like projection at the middle; fine spinules on proximal margin, as illustrated. Maxillule (Fig. 3 g): with 2 endites; proximal endite small, oval, carrying 4 unequal claw-like pinnate spines on inner distal margin. Distal endite subcylindrical, 3.2 times as long as wide, and armed with 4 terminal claws, distalmost one large, bent inwards, 2 unequal claws on inner margin and 3 subterminal setae on outer distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 3 h): 3 -segmented, somewhat bent inwards; basal segment 1.8 times as long as wide, with 2 unequal slender setae, lying apart from each other on small protuberance at inner distal corner. Second segment 1.2 times as long as basal segment and armed with 13 setae including 2 setae at midlength of inner margin and 1 fairly long claw-like seta at inner distal corner. Third segment almost completely fused with terminal falcate claw, which has finely serrulate inner margin. Thoracopods I–VII (Figs 4 a–e, 5 a–b): Th. I–VII gradually increasing in size; biarticulate, club-shaped epipod on Th. II–VII, exceeding midlength of basis. On all thoracopods, coxa with distinct conical projection at distal inner corner and basis with 1 simple slender seta, shorter than first endopodal segment. Exopod 2 - segmented, about 0.8 times as long as endopod, first segment with 1 dorsal and 1 ventral plumose setae of unequal length. Second segment with 1 subterminal dorsal plumose seta and 1 terminal ventral barbed seta. Endopod 4 -segmented, fourth segment smallest. Th. I with 2 ctenidia (1 dorsal, 1 ventral) near posterior end of second exopodal segment; endopod without ctenidia. Th. II–VII with 2 ctenidia (1 dorsal, 1 ventral) each near posterior end of first and second exopodal segments and also second and third endopodal segments, as illustrated. Setal formulae: Th. I: 1 +0/0+ 1 /0+ 1 / 2 (0), Th. II–VII: 0+0/0+ 1 /0+ 1 / 1 (0). Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 5 c): small, somewhat triangular, plate-like lobe. Pleopod 1: absent. Uropod (Fig. 7 a): sympod narrow medially, 4 times as long as maximum width, bearing 6 inhomonomous row of serrulate spines, proximal 4 spines almost equal in size; penultimate spine largest; ultimate spine small like proximal spines. Exopod straight, 34 % of sympod length and armed with 1 apical and 1 subapical unequal plumose setae. Endopod falcate, 66 % of sympod length, distal inner margin ornamented with spinules and with 2 equal, much reduced plumose setae at proximal fourth of outer margin. Pleotelson (Figs 7 a–b): with 1 greatly reduced seta on either side at base of caudal furca. Anal operculum: rounded in lateral view (Fig. 7 a, b), medially concave in dorsal view (Fig. 7 d). Caudal furca (Fig. 7 a–b): longer than maximum width, bearing 1 terminal and 3 inner spines with serrulate margins and 2 unequal dorsal setae; each spine with transverse row of delicate spinules at base; furcal organ small, ventral. Description of adult male. Total body length of allotype 1.29 mm, paratypes 0.9–1.4 mm, mean 1.3 mm (n = 4). Body and all appendages except Th. VIII as in female. Thoracopod VIII (Figs 5 f–g, 6 a–d): subglobular in lateral view, protopod of moderate size. Outer lobe much wider than long, apically denticulate, fused with protopod, extending but a little beyond base of basipod. Both dentate and inner lobes moderately produced, overreaching exopod. Dentate lobe only slightly longer than inner lobe and with a row of about 6 denticles. Inner lobe somewhat rectangular in latero-external and –internal views. Basipod well defined at base and armed with 1 seta arising from a short prominence at outer distal corner and 2 unequal spinules at inner distal corner. Exopod relatively large, hook-like and with about 6 fine apical teeth (clearly visible in ventral view), generally closely pressed against dentate lobe. Endopod greatly reduced, being represented by a seta, inserted very close to basipodal seta. Variation. In adults, the uropodal exopod is incurved and uropodal endopod with proximal indentation on inner margin (Fig. 7 b). Number of spines borne by the uropodal sympod varies between 6 and 8 (Fig. 7 a–c). The female Th. VIII varies somewhat in size and shape in paratypes (Fig. 5 d–e). Description of juvenile (Fig. 8 a–c): Total length 0.82 mm and 0.88 mm. Body form as in adult, 8 times longer than maximum width. Abdominal segments wider than thoracic segments. Head 1.2 times as long as wide. Body segmentation and various details of cephalic appendages and caudal furca as in adult, but differing in the following respects: Th. I–VI adult-like; Th. VII (Fig. 8 a) rudimentary; epipod present; basis without seta; exo- and endopod unsegmented; exopod slightly shorter than endopod and with 2 terminal weak setae; endopod unarmed. Th. VIII (Fig. 8 b) rudimentary; protopod large and outer lobe wide and undifferentiated. Basipodal and endopodal setae absent. Basipod with only 1 spinule at inner distal corner. Dentate lobe ending in triangular projection. Pleotelson as in adult but setae absent. Uropodal exopod straight, 35.4 % of sympod length and endopod 63 % of sympod length; armature as in adult. Etymology. The specific epithet alluding to the River Krishna, the type locality of the new species, is proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name.Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, 2010, A taxonomic revision of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, with the description of four new species from southeastern India (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea), pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 2532 on pages 4-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19655
Siolicaris sandhya Reddy & Arbizu 2012, comb. nov.
No full textSiolicaris sandhya (Ranga Reddy, 2001) comb. nov. (Figs. 6 –10) Synonymy. Parastenocaris sandhya Ranga Reddy — Ranga Reddy (2001), Ranga Reddy & Defaye (2007), Ranga Reddy & Schminke (2008), Ranga Reddy & Defaye (2009). Material examined. 3 ♂ and 3 ♀♀. Illustrations based on 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ dissected and mounted on 7 slides each. Type locality. River Krishna at Vijayawada, South India (additional information in Ranga Reddy 2001). Emended description. Male. Integumental window visible only on cephalothorax (Fig. 6A, B). Furca (Figs. 6A) with 7 setae; setae I–III proximally inserted, anterior to seta VII; seta II reduced; seta IV subdistal, inserting dorsally, on the outer margin of furca; seta V inserting on the distal margin of furca; seta VI shorter than seta V, inserting beneath it; seta VII approximately of the same size as seta VI, socketed at basis and inserting dorsally, on inner margin of furca. A1 (Fig. 7A–C) haplocer, 8-segmented and prehensile, 7 th segment without a distal inner apophysis; armature beginning with proximal segment: 0/6/4/2 [1 hyaline spine (dotted structure) and 1 seta]/5+Ae/2 [1 hyaline spine (dotted structure) and 1 seta]/2 [1 hyaline spine (dotted structure) and 1 distal seta]/9+Ae. A2 (Fig. 7D) and Md (Fig. 7E) as described by Ranga Reddy (2001). Mx1 (Fig. 7F) praecoxal arthrite with 5 elements (1 dorsal surface seta, 3 claw-like pinnate spines and 1 slender seta), coxa with 1 seta, basis with 3 setae. Mx2 (Fig. 7G) basis with 2 endites, proximal endite with 1 seta, distal endite with 2 slender setae and 1 pinnate spine; proximal endopodal segment drawn into claw; distal endopodal segment with 2 setae. Mxp (Fig. 7H) subchelate, composed of syncoxa, basis with 1-segmented endopod fused to the claw-like apical seta. P1 (Fig. 7I) coxa bare, basis with outer seta and outer row of spinules, and row of spinules near the insertion of the enp. Exp 3-segmented, exp-1 with outer spine, exp-2 unarmed, exp-3 with 2 outer spines and 2 geniculate setae of different lengths; enp 2-segmented, slightly bent inwards; enp-1 as long as the combined length of first 2 exopodal segments, with 2 long spinules inserted at inner distal third, enp-2 with 1 outer spine and 1 geniculate seta. P2 (Fig. 8A–C) coxa bare; basis without outer seta, with outer pore and 1 row of spinules on outer margin; exp 3-segmented, exp-1 with long outer spine and hyaline frill on its distal inner corner; exp-2 without armature, with a distal row of long spinules and 3 superimposed series of long setules on inner margin; exp-3 with 3 setae, hyaline frill on distal inner corner, row of long spinules on outer distal corner and row of long setules proximally inserted on inner margin; enp 1-segmented, shorter than exp-1, obovate, with proximal and medial row of spinules, distally with long seta and large spinule with hyaline margin. P3 (Fig. 8D–F) coxa naked; basis subquadrate, with row of strong spinules on outer margin, near the insertion of outer seta and pore; apophysis elongate, with distal claw and distal hyaline round tip, 1 large, outer spinule near the insertion of thumb; thumb strong, longer than apophysis, with a broad basis; enp represented by small seta. P4 (Fig. 8G) coxa naked; basis with outer seta, pore, row of small spinules near the outer margin and row of small spinules near the insertion of enp; exp 3-segmented, exp-1 with outer spine and hyaline frill on distal inner corner; exp-2 without armature and with distal row of long spinules; exp-3 with 2 setae and hyaline frill on distal inner corner; enp much reduced in size, 1-segmented, digitiform, bare. P5 (Fig. 9A–C) trapezoidal, with slender inner process, connected by a small, triangular intercoxal plate. With a row of small spinules on inner margin and 4 setae, all distally inserted; proximal exopodal seta, adjacent to the outer basal seta tiny and inserted on a small protuberance. P6 (Fig. 9A–B) as described by Ranga Reddy (2001). Female. Sexually dimorphic in A1, P2–P5 and genital somite. Integumental window visible only on the cephalothorax (Fig. 6B). Furca (Fig. 6B, C, E) armature as in male; variation in furcal shape as described by Ranga Reddy (2001). Telson with ventral row of spinules near the insertion of each furcal ramus (Fig. 6D). FIGURE 10. Siolicaris sandhya (Ranga Reddy, 2001) comb. nov., female. A, A1; B, A1 segment V; C, A2; D, P1; E, P2; F, enp P2; G, inner seta exp-3 P2; H, P3; I, J, P4 basis with enp and partially drawn exp-1. Scale bar = 20 µm. A1 7-segmented (Fig. 10A), not geniculate; armature beginning with proximal segment as follows: 0/4/4/ 1+Ae/2/1/9+Ae. P2 (Fig. 10E–F) inner margin of exp-2–3 without the series of long setules present in males. Enp claviform, with distal row of spinules and distal seta. P3 (Fig. 10H) coxa bare. Basis with a long outer seta and inner row of spinules approximately where enp inserts in other species. Enp completely absent. Exp 2-segmented, exp-1 with outer spine and distally, with outer and inner row of small spinules; exp-2 with 2 distal setae, outer row of spinules and usual hyaline frill at distal inner corner. P4 (Fig. 10I) coxa, basis and exp as in the male, with minor differences in ornamentation; enp reduced in size, smaller than exp-1, 1-segmented, digitiform, bare. P5 (Fig. 9D) trapezoidal, with moderately pronounced inner process, 1 inner spinule and 3 setae, all distally inserted. Intercoxal sclerite not observed. P6 (Fig. 9D) formed by 2 lateral and unarmed plates covering the gonopore. Single medially located copulatory pore.Published as part of Reddy, Ranga & Arbizu, Martínez, 2012, Revision of the genus Siolicaris Jakobi, 1972, with redescriptions of S. sioli (Noodt, 1963) and S. jakobi (Noodt, 1963) from South America, and S. sandhya (Ranga Reddy, 2001) comb. nov. from India (Copepoda, Harpacticoida,, pp. 49-71 in Zootaxa 3493 on pages 59-6
heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
No full textThe high gravimetric energy density of hydrogen makes it an ideal chemical fuel to address the issues of fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. Even though transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have been extensively investigated as substitutes for noble metals, their effectiveness is still doubtful for practical applications. Herein, we introduce a facile and general strategy to fabricate heterojunctions with CdS nanorods and a multimetallic transition metal sulfide (CoNiMoS4) for enhanced photocatalytic activity. The CdS/CoNiMoS4 heterojunction will serve as a dual-function photocatalyst with enhanced visible light absorption capability offered by CdS and high charge transfer efficiency provided by CoNiMoS4 nanostructures. Moreover, CdS/CoNiMoS4 nanostructures exhibit the best photocatalytic performance to generate H-2 with an amount of 31.9 mmol g(-1) h(-1), with a distinguished stability for over 25 h. This synthetic approach may offer a new strategy to create diverse heterojunctions with Earth-abundant multimetallic components, which may broaden their scope of application in catalysis.
PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH : A Review
Get PDFThis paper traces the recent emergence of the new participatory forest management regime in AP Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Community Forest Management (CFM). This paper is based on the existing literature on forest policies, the historical context (pre-colonial, colonial and post independent India), and impact studies. The paper considers the contemporary developments in India in shaping the forest policies in AP. At the same time it considers the significant role played by donors and civil society. The process and quality of implementation, and the impact of the programme on local communities and resources are also examined. AP ranks fifth in India in terms of geographical area (275,068 sq km), and third in terms of forestland (63,813 sq km or 6.38 mha (Million Hectares), which constitutes 23% of APs total land area. Some 65% of APs forest area is spread over 8 predominantly tribal districts in the northern part of the state. These tribal populations are particularly dependent on the forest for their livelihoods for forest product collection and cultivation on forestland. Historically the relationship between these tribals and the government agencies, particularly the Forest Department (FD), has been very poor, with numerous uprisings, including the Naxalite movement. Many of these lands are disputed due to inadequacies in the legal processes by which largely tribal lands were declared state forests. Legally podu has de jure status prior to 1980 Act. Post 1980 podu cultivation is illegal and considered as encroachment. De facto podu is considered as encroachment (prior to 1980) as there is no proper settlement, conceptually typical podu practice is seen only in a few pockets in the state, especially in Vishakhapatnam. In 1956, on the formation of AP from Telangana and parts of the Madras Presidency, the pre-existing forest management regimes from the two distinct areas were harmonised by the Law Commission, leading to the AP Forest Act, 1967. Initially the states FD continued with a policy of commercialisation and revenue generation. However, with a growing crisis of forest degradation participatory approaches were introduced. The Government Order (GO) for JFM in AP was issued in 1992, although implementation didnt start until 1994. JFM has built on the roles played by both local forest *Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad, India. +Overseas Development Group, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. users and the FD staff. Funding to the FD to promote JFM has come from both the World Bank (WB) and from centrally funded schemes, such as the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS). Formation of Vana Samrakshana Samithies (VSS) began slowly after the GO, although by 2004 the official number stands at 7,245 VSS, managing 1,886,764 ha, (or over 29% of state forest land) and involving 611,095 families. The largest numbers of VSS are concentrated in the tribal areas of Adilabad, Visakhapatnam, and Khammam. The pattern of implementation and the outcomes is extremely complex, partly because of the wide variety of local conditions, ethnic and caste composition and local livelihood uses of forestland. The limited devolution of power which has occurred through VSS formation have however certainly been popular in many areas, because they have given local people endorsement to protect their local forest resources, upon which they depend for their livelihoods. Some employment opportunities have also been provided and some shares of revenues from forest product marketing are promised. Evidence suggests that the VSS have been successful in many areas in terms of regenerating degraded forests between 1993 and 1999. However there have been many criticisms of the JFM programme so far, most fundamentally focussing on the issues of power and land tenure. Because the FD has held almost complete discretionary power over the scheme and its implementation, the JFM process has inevitably reflected their objectives. Whilst many foresters have espoused very progressive ideas and concepts, in practice the implementation of the scheme has often furthered forest management strategy according to silvicultural norms, rather than local livelihood-oriented practices. In the context of a fundamental power asymmetry between the FD and the VSS., there has been little empowerment of local communities to take their own decisions with respect to forest management. This is most obviously seen in forest management plans. Whilst local people would like to see livelihood oriented forest management regime (ie. regular product flows, shorter term rotations, multiple product mixes) the FD has tended to prioritise its conventional forest management practices, often involving long rotation timber stands. The micro-plans commonly fit within wider divisional working plans. Livelihoods security could be increased if the forest resource were under a management plan, which actually prioritised local needs and opportunities. Institutional sustainability is a major problem in AP with many VSS becoming defunct due to conflict, lack of interest, or lack of funds. Where participation has been based on substantial funding flows, when the funds stop the motivation to participate reduces drastically. The institutional linkage between the VSS and the panchayat raj institutions has not been developed, which could ensure not only long-term sustainability, but also empowerment and legal independence of the local institutions. Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) have been largely excluded from the implementation of JFM, despite the fact they have played a major role in formulating the PFM policies at the state level.Forest Management, Andhra Pradesh
ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Bromoviridae
Get PDFBromoviridae is a family of plant viruses with tri-segmented, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes of about 8 kb in total. Genomic RNAs are packaged in separate virions that may also contain subgenomic, defective or satellite RNAs. Virions are variable in morphology (spherical or bacilliform) and are transmitted between hosts mechanically, in/on the pollen and non-persistently by insect vectors. Members of the family are responsible for major disease epidemics in fruit, vegetable and fodder crops such as tomato, cucurbits, bananas, fruit trees and alfalfa. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Bromoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/bromoviridae
Habrobathynella vaitarini Reddy & Totakura, 2010, n. sp.
No full textHabrobathynella vaitarini n. sp. (Figs 9–14) Type material. Holotype 3 (dissected on 3 slides) (C 5836 / 2, C 5840 / 2, C 5841 / 2), allotype Ƥ (dissected on 3 slides) [MNHN-Sy 26 (1–3)] and 7 paratypes: 2 Ƥ (dissected on 3 slides each) [MNHN-Sy 27 (1–3), MNHN- Sy 28 (1–3)]; 2 Ƥ (in alcohol in 1 vial) (MNHN-Sy 44); 2 33 (dissected on 3 slides each) [(MNHN-Sy 30 (1– 3), MNHN-Sy 31 (1-3)] and 1 3 (whole-mounted) (MNHN-Sy 32), River Krishna at Madipadu village (16 ° 48 ʹ 50 ʹ N 80 °04ʹ 22 ʹ E; elevation 40 m; water temperature 32 °C; pH 7.5), in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, leg. V.R. Totakura, 27 July 2008. Other material examined. 1 3, 2 Ƥ in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-Sy 45), River Krishna at Pulichintala village (16 ° 49 ʹ 22 ʹ N 80 °04ʹ0 3 ʹ E; elevation 44 m; water temperature 32 °C; pH 7.5), in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, leg. V.R. Totakura, 27 July 2008; 1 Ƥ (in ethanol in junior author’s collection), leg. V.R. Totakura, 12 October 2008; 1 Ƥ (dissected on 3 slides) [(MNHN-Sy 29 (1-3)], 3 Ƥ (in alcohol in 1 vial) (MNHN-Sy 44), River Krishna at Challagariga village (16 ° 45 ʹ 32 ʹ N 80 °07΄ 35 ΄ E; elevation 39 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, leg. V.R. Totakura, 27 July 2008. Diagnosis: Male thoracopod VIII subglobular, with dentate and inner lobes only moderately produced; outer lobe smooth, narrow and shorter than basipod; exopod small, appearing as incurved claw laterally. Basipod unornamented, basipodal seta lying apart from endopodal seta. Uropodal sympod with inhomonomous row of 7 spines, ultimate spine being longer and thicker than proximal ones. Setae on uropodal endopod short. Maxilla with 3 unequal setae on segment 1 and fairly long claw-like seta on segment 2. Pleotelson slightly produced postero-laterally; setae shorter than furca. Caudal furca longer than wide Description of adult male. Total body length of holotype 1.25 mm, of paratypes 1.06–1.3 mm, mean 1.2 mm (n = 4). Body (Fig. 9)) elongate, heavily chitinised and perforated, 9.1 times as long as wide. Head 1.2 times as long as wide, 14.2 % longer than first three thoracic segments combined. Antennule (Figs 10 a, 11 a): 6 -segmented; 25.2 % longer than head. First segment with 2 dorsal plumose and 1 ventral setae at subdistal outer margin, 1 plumose seta at outer distal corner, 1 long simple seta on dorsal surface. Second segment with 1 plumose seta on papillate projection on ventral surface, 2 dorsal plumose setae at subdistal outer margin, 1 simple seta at inner distal corner. Third segment with 1 small dorsal seta at inner distal corner, 1 small plumose seta and 1 long simple seta at about outer distal corner. Inner flagellum longer than wide, with 2 unequal setae on apical margin and 1 long subapical seta. Fourth segment with 2 unequal plumose setae on apophysis and 1 plumose seta near inner distal corner and 1 stub seta. Fifth segment with 3 unequal ventral aesthetascs overreaching ultimate segment and 2 setae on distal dorsal surface and 2 setae at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 aesthetascs and 4 unequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 10 b): 2 -segmented, proximal segment bare, 0.4 times as long as distal segment; second segment 1.8 times as long as wide, with 1 tiny proximal seta, 2 unequal terminal setae, of which inner one plumose and 2.5 times as long as segment, and 1 subterminal dorsal seta. Labrum (Figs 10 c, 11 b): dentate margin vaguely vaulted on either side, bearing 10 main nearly uniform, pointed, curved teeth, and 1 small tooth on either side. Also, 4 rows of fine spinules (ctenidia) and 3 teats on ventral surface, as illustrated. Mandible (Figs 10 d–f, 11 c): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth. Tooth of ventral edge large, lateral margin finely denticulate. Pars molaris developed into pyriform outgrowth, 1.4 times as long as wide, carrying 2 finely denticulate, curved unequal teeth and some setules on inner margin, proximal tooth larger, and 3 somewhat strong, unequal, finely denticulate teeth in a group at distal end, all teeth articulate, distal outer margin of pars molaris with very tiny denticles. Palp completely absent. Paragnath (Fig. 10 g) as in H. krishna. Maxillule (Fig. 10 h–i): with 2 endites; proximal endite oval, carrying 3 nearly equal claw-like pinnate spines on inner distal margin and 1 short smooth subdistal spine. Distal endite strong, 2.2 times as long as maximum width and armed with 4 terminal claws, distalmost one large, bent inwards, 2 unequal claws (1 long, 1 reduced) on inner margin and 3 subterminal setae on outer distal margin. Maxilla (Figs 10 j–k, 11 d): 3 -segmented, somewhat bent inwards; basal segment 1.6 times as long as wide, with 3 unequal slender setae on small protuberance at inner distal corner. Second segment 1.2 times as long as basal segment and armed with 13 simple setae including 2 setae at mid-inner margin and 1 long prehensile claw-like seta at inner distal corner. Third segment almost completely fused with terminal claw, which has finely serrulate inner margin. Thoracopods I–VII (Figs 12 a–e, 13 a–b): as in H. krishna. except for proportions of exo- and endopodal segments. Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 14 a–b): subglobular, 1.3 times as long as wide; in lateral view, protopod large; outer lobe conical, fused with protopod and extending beyond midlength of basipod. Penile region at the same level as exopod. Dentate lobe slightly longer than inner lobe and with about 6 denticles. Inner lobe ovate in outline. Basipod well defined at base, with 1 seta at outer distal angle and without ornamentation on inner distal region. Exopod small, incurved claw, heavily chitinised, distinct from basipod, closely pressed against dentate lobe and carrying 2 large denticles. Endopod represented by a small seta lying close to exopod. cate, 56 % of sympod length, disto-lateral margins ornamented with spinules and with 2 unequal, short barbed setae at proximal quarter of outer margin, longer seta 0.3 times as long as endopod. Pleotelson (Fig. 13 c–e): with 1 seta on either side at base of caudal furca; seta 0.6 times as long as caudal furca, in lateral view. Anal operculum: somewhat protruded in lateral view (Fig. 13 d), medially concave in ventral view (Fig. 13 e). Caudal furca (Fig. 13 c–e): longer than maximum width, with 1 terminal and 3 inner serrulate spines and 2 unequal dorsal plumose setae; each spine with transverse row of very tiny spinules at base; furcal organ small, ventral. Description of adult female. Total body length of allotype 1.29 mm, of paratypes 0.9–1.4 mm, mean 1.3 mm (n = 4). Body and all appendages except Th. VIII as in male. Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 14 c): small, somewhat triangular lobe. Variation. Shape of the female thoracopod VIII varies slightly (Fig. 14 c–d). No variation in the number of spines on uropodal sympod (Fig. 13 c, e). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Vedic term Vaitarini, which is equivalent to the Greek Styx, meaning a river in the underground; proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name.Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, 2010, A taxonomic revision of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, with the description of four new species from southeastern India (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea), pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 2532 on pages 13-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19655
Habrobathynella parakrishna Totakura & Reddy, 2014, n. sp.
No full textHabrobathynella parakrishna n. sp. (Figs 9–15) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 28 °C; pH 7.0) in the riparian zone of the River Krishna (only 8 m from the river channel) at Mopidevi village, 30 km from the coastal ancient port town of Machilipatnam (16.17 °N, 81.13 °E; elevation 6 m) in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype ♂ (MNHN-IU- 2013-11839), dissected on 4 slides and allotype ♀, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11840); and 5 paratypes: 1 ♂, dissected on 4 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11841); 1 ♂ whole-mounted on 1 slide (MNHN-IU- 2013-11842), 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ (MNHN-IU- 2013-11843), preserved in alcohol in 1 vial. 18 April 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Male Th VIII somewhat rectangular in lateral, anterior and posterior views; dentate and inner lobes moderately produced; outer lobe smooth, fused with protopod; exopod plate-like, ending in 3 dentate structures. Th I with inner seta on first endopodal segment. Antennular sixth segment with 3 unequal aesthetascs subapically. Maxilla with 1 seta on small, protuberant inner distal corner of proximal segment; distal segment with 1 claw-like seta which is 51 % as long as apical claw, and 1 nearly similar seta at outer distal angle. Uropodal sympod with inhomonomous row of 5 spines; penultimate spine longest and thickest; ultimate spine as long as proximal ones; uropodal endopod with shorter setae than endopodal spur. Pleotelson broadly rounded in lateral view. Labrum only slightly vaulted on either side, with 8 main large, straight teeth besides 8 tiny ones on either side. Description of adult male. Total body length 1.09 mm; paratypes 0.91–1.09 mm. Body (Fig. 9) elongate, heavily chitinised and perforated; 8.6 times as long as wide; thoracomeres and pleomeres telescoping into each other to varying degrees. In lateral view, pleomeres wider than thoracomeres. Head (Fig. 9) about as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as first 2 thoracomeres combined. Antennule (Figs 9, 10 a): 6 -segmented; no sexual dimorphism, and measuring 21.1 % longer than head. First segment with 1 plumose seta on small protuberance at about mid-outer margin, 1 plumose seta at outer distal corner, 1 plumose and 1 simple setae on dorsal surface subdistally, and 1 small plumose seta on inner margin subdistally. Second segment with 3 plumose setae in a row on dorsal surface, 2 ventral plumose setae near outer distal corner, 2 simple setae at inner distal corner. Third segment with 1 long, simple seta and 1 short plumose seta at outer distal corner, 1 ventral simple seta subdistally, and 1 plumose seta on distal margin. Inner flagellum subovate, bearing 3 unequal simple setae. Fourth segment with stout apophysis overreaching midlength of next segment and with 2 unequal plumose setae; 1 plumose seta on small protuberance and 1 stub seta on distal margin. Fifth segment with 3 unequal aesthetascs, overreaching sixth segment, 1 seta at outer distal corner and 2 simple setae and 1 small, modified seta at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 unequal, subapical aesthetascs and 4 unequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 10 b): 2 -segmented, proximal segment bare, 0.6 times as long as distal segment; distal segment 2.3 times as long as wide, with 1 tiny outer proximal seta, 2 unequal terminal setae, of which inner seta plumose and 1.5 times as long as segment, and 1 subterminal dorsal seta. Labrum (Fig. 10 c): dentate margin only slightly vaulted on either side, bearing 8 main nearly uniform, pointed, curved teeth (2 bicuspid) and 8 distinctly small teeth on either side. Also, 4 teats on ventral surface, as illustrated. Mandible (Fig. 10 d–e): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth. Tooth of ventral edge somewhat large, articulate, with smooth lateral margins. Pars molaris developed into subpyriform outgrowth, 0.8 times as long as wide, carrying 2 denticulate, curved lateral teeth and 3 straight slender teeth (distal one small) in a group at distal end. Palp completely absent. Paragnaths (Fig. 10 f): coupler rounded and short; lateral lobes also short, relatively broad; denticulate spinules (‘ctenidia’) present on coupler as well as lateral lobes. Maxillule (Fig. 11 a): with 2 endites; proximal endite small, oval, carrying 4 unequal claws on inner distal margin. Distal endite subcylindrical, 3.7 times as long as wide, and armed with 2 terminal claws, distal one large, 4 unequal claws on inner margin, proximalmost claw small, and 3 subterminal setae on outer distal corner. Maxilla (Fig. 11 b): 2 -segmented, somewhat bent inwards; basal segment 1.7 times as long as wide, with 1 long slender seta lying on small subtriangular protuberance at inner distal corner. Second segment 1.7 times as long as basal segment and armed with 15 setae, of which 3 claw-like setae (2 at inner distal corner, 1 on outer apical margin) and 1 middle seta. Third segment completely fused with terminal falcate claw, which has finely serrulate distal inner margin. Th I–VII (Figs 12 a–d, 13 a–c): Th I with 1 inner seta on first endopodal segment. Setal formula: 1 +0/0+ 1 /0+ 1 / 2 (0). Th II–VII same as in H. ajraoi n. sp. Th VIII (Figs 14 a–e): rectangular in lateral views, triangular in ventral view; protopod of moderate size. Outer lobe conical, fused with protopod. Both dentate and inner lobes moderately produced, overreaching exopod. Dentate lobe only slightly longer than inner lobe and with 2 rows of fine denticles. Inner lobe somewhat conical in latero-external and latero–internal, anterior and posterior views (Fig. 14 a–d), but rectangular in ventral view (Fig. 14 e). Basipod well defined and armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner. Exopod plate-like with 3 large dentate projections. Endopod represented by 1 seta, inserted considerably away from basipodal seta. Pleopod 1 absent. Uropod (Figs 15 a, b): sympod 3.9 times as long as maximum width, bearing inhomonomous row of 5 serrulate spines, proximal 3 spines and ultimate spine similar in size, penultimate spine thickest and largest. Exopod straight, 35.7 % of sympod length and armed with 1 apical and 1 subapical unequal, barbed setae, subapical seta about half as long as apical one. Endopod falcate, 67 % of sympod length, serrulate on inner distal margin and with 2 unequal small setae at proximal fourth of outer margin; outer seta slightly longer than inner one. Pleotelson (Fig. 15 a): broadly rounded at postero-lateral angle, with 1 small seta on either side at base of caudal furca; seta shorter than furca. Anal operculum (Fig. 15 d): medially concave in dorsal view. Caudal furca (Fig. 15 a): slightly longer than maximum width, bearing 1 terminal and 3 inner spines with serrulate margins and 2 unequal dorsal plumose setae; furcal organ small, ventral. Description of adult female. Total body length 1.15 mm. Body and all appendages except Th VIII as in male. Th VIII (Fig. 11 c): small, broadly triangular, plate-like lobe. Variation. Uropodal exopod incurved only in 1 paratype (Fig. 15 c). Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the remarkable affinity of the new species with its Indian congener, H. krishna (Latin para = beside), and agrees in gender with the feminine generic name. Ecology. H. parakrishna n. sp. is so far known only from the type locality. Remarks. The new species has closest affinity with the Indian H. krishna in having an identical character state of the spine row on uropodal sympod where the penultimate spine is longest and thickest but all other spines are similar in size. Also, the setae on uropodal endopod are shorter than the endopodal spur; the penile lobes of the male Th VII are moderately developed, and the pleotelson is rounded in lateral view (see Ranga Reddy & Totakura 2010). The new species can, however, be easily distinguished from H. krishna by the following characters: in the male Th VIII, the outer lobe smooth vs. denticulate; basipod without vs. with ornamentation; endopodal seta lying away from vs. close to basipodal seta; and exopod short vs. elongate. The female Th VIII is small vs. large. The dentate margin of labrum has eight, large vs. ten, small main teeth. The mandibular pars molaris subquadrate vs. subpyriform, with three large vs. four small distal teeth. The proximal segment of maxilla is armed with one seta on protuberant inner distal corner vs. two setae on rounded corner; the second segment of the maxilla with one seta vs. two setae on inner margin. The aesthetascs on ultimate and penultimate segments of the antennules are unequal vs. equal in size. The pleotelson setae are moderately developed vs. greatly reduced. The setae on uropodal endopod are moderately developed vs. greatly reduced, and uropodal exopod stumpy vs. elongate.Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2014, Three new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) from the peninsular India, pp. 139-168 in Zootaxa 3826 (1) on pages 149-157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/22717
Water-saving Rice Production Technologies in Krishna Western Delta Command of Andhra Pradesh – An Economic Analysis
Get PDFThe economic analysis of water-saving rice production technologies, viz. system of rice intensification (SRI), semi-dry and rotational irrigation vis-Ã -vis farmers’ practice has been carried out based on the study executed in Modukuru pilot area of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Among the three water-saving rice production technologies analyzed, the total cost of cultivation has been recorded highest in SRI (Rs 58645/ha), followed by rotational (Rs 47140/ha) and semi-dry (Rs 39321/ha). But, the per hectare yield has been found highest in SRI (6.85 t), followed by semi-dry (6.66 t) and rotational (6.2 t), inferring that all the three technologies have recorded higher yields over farmers’ practice of 5.5 t/ha. However, the net returns and B-C ratio are maximum in semi-dry (Rs 43,484/ha; 1.11), followed by rotational (Rs 30,085; 0.64) and SRI (Rs 26,466/ha; 0.45) methods. Similarly, the water-use efficiency has been found highest in SRI (8.53 kg/ ha-mm), followed by semi-dry (8.02 kg/ha-mm) and rotational (7.33 kg/ ha-mm) methods, while the water-use efficiency benefit (Rs/ha-mm) has been recorded maximum in semi-dry (52.39), followed by SRI (42.08) and rotational (35.56) methods. With the initiation of Andhra Pradesh Water Management Project, Bapatla, the area under semi-dry rice cultivation has been found increasing over a period of four years, from 0.6 ha in 2004-2005 to 22 ha in 2007 -2008.Agricultural and Food Policy,
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