1,721,004 research outputs found
Among religion, faith and reason : a dispute about existence and presentation of God in philosophy and theology
No full textThe author starts with giving definition of religion, faith and reason, as well as showing similarities and differences among them. Religion is not a kind of fanatism or ideology but it means trust in God. Secondly, he describes two types of faith: believing God and believing in God. Thirdly, the author depicts how it is done to prove God’s existence and His divine attributes. Cosmological, ontological and physic-theological proofs are mentioned. Finally, he describes contemporary philosophy’s interest in God’s issue, where reason is inspired by ethic relation in discovering what the faith is: trust, closeness of heart and reason
Dialogical Character of Relationship between Man and Man in National Culture and European Multiculturalism
No full textPytanie o stosunek kultury narodowej do wielokulturowości staje się dziś ważnym problemem. Poważnym błędem jest stawianie alternatywy między państwem narodowym i wielokulturowością. Historia Polski uczy, że u podstawy kultury narodowej znajdują się wartości uniwersalne ważne dla każdej kultury, jak i państw wielokulturowych. Kulturę narodową, czyli religię, tradycję i język, charakteryzuje dialogiczność, dialog na poziomie historycznym (odwoływanie się do wspólnej przeszłości) i społecznym (odwoływanie się do teraźniejszości). Podstawą kultury narodowej jest człowiek, który doświadcza samego siebie w dialogu z drugim człowiekiem, także w dialogu kultur, narodów. Autor artykułu próbuje przybliżyć problem człowieka w horyzoncie ludu, narodu, patriotyzmu i społeczeństwa u ks. Józefa Tischnera i jego interpretacji słów papieża Jana Pawła II na forum ONZ w 1995 r. Obaj wymienieni autorzy przedstawiają uniwersalny charakter dialogu, który leży u podstawy kultury narodowej i wielokulturowości europejskiej. Dialog ten jest wynikiem wspólnych wartości etycznych, które leżą u podstawy kultury europejskiej, skoncentrowanej na człowieku i jego godności.The question of the attitude of national culture to multiculturalism is becoming a major problem today. A serious mistake is made when setting the alternatives being between the nation-state and multiculturalism. Polish History teaches us that at the base of the national culture are universal values that are important to all cultures and multicultural states. National culture is based on tradition, language and religion, which are characterized not only by—dialogically— dialogue on a historical level (references to a common past), but also by social level (references to the present). The background of any national culture is the human being, who experiences himself in dialogue with other people, and also in dialogue with other cultures and nations. The author of this article tries to bring the problem of man in from the perspective of people, nations, patriotism and society reflected by Rev. Józef Tischner and his interpretation of the words of Pope John Paul II at the United Nations in 1995. These two authors present the universal nature of the dialogue that lies at the base of the national culture, and the multicultural European. This dialogue is the result of the shared ethical values that underpin European culture concentrated on man and his dignity
The globalization process and its influence on the relationship between man and man
No full textThe process of globalization is nowadays one of the most important problems, affecting not only national economies but also cultural phenomena. Economics, trade markets and multiculturalism all have an influence on the structure of societies and states. The historical relationship of the individual to the state changes with globalization into the relations of individuals and micro regions to the global economy. These phenomena are not without effect on the relation between man and man, and is all about the necessity of symmetrical relationships. New relationships strive for increased individualization, but also the phenomenon of depersonalization – treating man as a means to achieve the goal of wealth. In the process of globalization, it is important to cultivate universal values that make human relationships an important part of the process of self-realization. The symmetry of implementation and transparency provides the dialogical character of the relationship. As such, this author reflects on the issue of ‘The globalization process and its influence on the relationship between man and man’. It is important to ensure that dialogue gives the process of globalization a certain stability, based on interpersonal relationships, relations that impact the process of globalization – and vice versa – and the process of globalization on the relationship between man and man. The current social and political problems of growing extremism and extreme nationalism are proof of this. Rejection of mutual relations, while also accepting international trade, is the result of a disturbance in these relations. The process of globalization should be accompanied by a process of personalization of relationships as well as improvement of the symmetry in relations, and this is the task facing international organizations and state governments
Post-totalitarian society towards democratic principles and values : a philosophical perspective
Full text linkMore years have passed since the last totalitarian bastion in Europe, the Communist system, collapsed. Apart from the fact that in the last phase of its existence, it was no longer as strong and did not exert as much influence on social life as before, citizens still expect there to be a strong state which is responsible for all aspects of life. In contrast to totalitarianisms, the democratic system is based on individual freedom and responsibility for oneself and others. This article addresses the issue of the existence of principles and values in societies that have experienced totalitarian rule and that currently have serious problems with building social relations on the basis of democratic principles. The systemic transformation from totalitarianism to democracy appears much faster in the political or even economic dimension than in the ethical and axiological one. Therefore, the author initially presents the mechanism of totalitarianism, referring to Hannah Arendt, Zbigniew Brzeziński, Antoni Kępiński or Józef Tischner, in order to later present the causes of disturbances in the formation of positive values in the post-totalitarian society. The anthropological and ethical conception adopted plays a crucial role here
Tolerancja w kontekście nadziei : rzecz o filozofii Józefa Tischnera
No full textArtykuł podejmuje problematykę koncepcji filozoficznej i doświadczenia tolerancji w oparciu o twórczość oraz wpływ księdza Józefa Tischnera na przemiany społeczne. Teoretyczna podstawa oparta na lekturze klasyków filozofii, jak i doświadczenie tragiczne XX wieku wyznaczają w polskiej myśli społecznej nowy wymiar. Tischner jest postacią, która w sposób istotny wpłynęła na przemiany ustrojowe w Polsce i na świecie. Jego postawa jako zagorzałego zwolennika dialogu opartego na wrażliwości na człowieka i wartości, a także rozumnym podejściu do spraw społecznych sprawia, że rewolucja nie staje się walką o uznanie, walką przeciw komuś, lecz dialogiem z kimś i dla kogoś. Porzucenie przemocy i skierowanie uwagi na problem cierpienia człowieka, odczuwania przez niego bezsensowności egzystencji wyznaczają nową przestrzeń otwartości, jaką jest nadzieja. Ta postawa życiowa wyrasta z głębokich przemyśleń antropologicznych nad tragicznością ludzkiego losu. Dla Tischnera synonimem tolerancji jest wrażliwość na innych oraz solidarność z nimi, przybiera ona zatem charakter etyczno-antropologiczny.Tolerance, according to Tischner, means above all the process of liberation and the fight for a plane of understanding above divisions. Critics, who have not looked at all into the essence of the argument, ascribe to Tischner an inclination to liberalism and abandonment of religious values. For this reason the author of A Controversy Over Human Existence lost many friends. A plane of understanding assumes, however, heterogeneity. Tischner’s thinking is rooted in the philosophical basis of being oneself in that of the Other. Th is philosophy is more radical than that of his contemporaries. Tolerance, for him, means a horizon of hope and encounter with one’s fellow man. Tischner claims that finding one's own identity is possible only through establishing transcendental relations with another. Abandoning myself, I find myself within that, which is my diametrical opposite. In a way similar to Modrzewski, Tischner also approaches the idea of tolerance in connection with ethical values. Th e latter, however, follows an even more radical path, as he looks to the science of goodness, in other words to agathology. Modrzewski finds his basis in a sense of injury and social inequality, while the author of Th e Ethics of Solidarity finds his in work ethic and dialogue. They are united by the fight for reasonability and rejection of prejudice, and also by the fight against the unnecessary suffering of people. Tischner even calls work a social dialogue.Leaving aside all the philosophical inspiration, it seems necessary to emphasize the influence of the philosopher on non-violent revolution. As a priest of Solidarity he led, in large measure, to the defeat of totalitarianism by way of dialogue. Reading Hegel could lead to some extent to the dialectic on which Marxism is also based. Tischner opposed with a weapon that does not kill, but rather speaks to the conscience. He postulated a change of attitude from the dialectic of "one against the other" to "one for the other." Throughout the social changes that took place in Poland, layers of problems built up that could be solved only aft er political transformation. The phenomenon of Solidarity until 1989 was a force joining various milieus. Th is period was followed by a very rapid splitting apart. Such a phenomenon is a normal state aft er a period of overthrowing a dictatorship or aft er a revolution. In the time of crisis of the Solidarity movement, the valuable contribution of Tischner, based on trust and constructive dialogue, is all the more pronounced. Th e difference between the French Revolution and the social revolution in Poland is marked by two ideas: brotherhood and solidarity. Th e latter term means limit-less trust and reciprocal reliance without confrontation. Freedom as openness gives us a new kind of tolerance, which carries hope for all who need it
Between respondere and imputatio : Martin Heidegger and Józef Tischner's hermeneutic of responsibility in the horizon of ontology, agathology and axiology
No full textAlthough "responsibility" has become a common concept, it has only recently started to have been examined from a research perspective. Most often, it is understood as answering for an act or making a decision, while it is primarily the attempt to answer for the basic reference of a man to himself and other people that is the essence of responsibility. This book discusses the problem of responsibility as defined by Heidegger, who associates it with an ontological question about possessing one's own being. It is only on the basis of being that it is possible to capture a key concept in an ethical or legal sense. Heidegger does not deal with responsibility in these meanings, but presents it on the basis of the source experience of possessing one's own being. In addition to the Heidegger approach, the book also depicts the Tischner's thoughts on the matter. Unlike Heidegger, Tischner sees the source of the experience of responsibility on an ethical level, in meetings with other men. At first sight, it seems that both approaches differ from each other, but the question about the source makes Tischner's interpretation important from the ontological perspective. However, it is preceded by agathological experience, which is a kind of openness, empathy - it grows from the lack of consent to the suffering of another person, and the desire to transform their suffering by engaging in changing the world in which "what is" will be the same as "what should be"
A journey towards possibility. A pedagogical reading of Robert Musil's prose
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