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Prosopistoma someshwarensis Ramya Roopa, Selvakumar & Subramanian, n. sp.
No full textProsopistoma someshwarensis Ramya Roopa, Selvakumar & Subramanian n. sp. Figs. 2–12 Material examined. Holotype: mature larva, INDIA, Karnataka, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Seethanadi river, Dulli Hole, 13°28’49.82’’ N, 075°02’43.77’’ E, 91 m, 04.III.2016, Coll. S. Ramya Roopa [ZSISRC-I/E 19]. Paratypes: 2 mature larvae, same data as holotype [ZSISRC-I/E 20]; 15 mature larvae, INDIA, Karnataka, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Seethanadi river, Yele Hole, 13°32’18.48’’ N, 075°04’43.14’’ E, 676 m, 06.VI.2015, 28.XII.2015, 17.III.2016, Coll. S. Ramya Roopa; 3 mature larvae, INDIA, Karnataka, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Seethanadi river, Onakeabbi falls, 13°30’46.41’’ N, 075°04’31.04’’ E, 597 m, 01.VI.2015, Coll. S. Ramya Roopa; 3 mature larvae, INDIA, Karnataka, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Seethanadi river, Onakeabbi falls, 13°30’27.07’’ N, 075°05’17.06’’ E, 655 m, 25.XI.2015, Coll. S. Ramya Roopa. Description. Mature larva. Body length 4–4.5 mm excluding caudal filaments. Head uniformly reddish brown with median ocellus between antennae, width approximately 2.5 times length. Epicranial sutures clearly visible, passing through lateral ocelli and anterior margin of compound eyes, continuing to lateral margin of head (Fig. 2 A). Carapace general coloration reddish brown, with one pale-coloured circular depression on each side of midline of anterior region of carapace, present at approximately 0.26 times length of carapace from posterior margin of head (Fig. 2 B) and with many dark ridges including few ridges resembling longitudinal lines on surface (Fig. 2 C). Head. Antenna (Fig. 4) 7-segmented including scape and pedicel, longer than distance from antennal base to anterior margin of head; segment III longest and shorter than combined length of segments IV–VII. Labrum (Fig. 6) prominent when larva viewed dorsally, narrow, approximately 3.7 times wider than long, anterior margin fringed with dense fine setae. Left and right mandibles similar. Outer canine of mandibles longer and broader than inner canine, with three apical teeth, outer tooth small, inner tooth larger with margin serrated near apex with 4–5 small spines; inner canine with two apical teeth, inner one slightly larger, inner margin serrated near apex with 3–5 spines. 8–10 long serrated bristles arising from base of inner canine. Single stout, feathered seta present lateromedially on each mandible (Fig. 5). Maxillae (Fig. 7) crowned by rigid canine and three subequal moveable dentisetae; three long feathered, stout bristles arising near base of apical canine and dentisetae on galea-lacinia. Single unserrated bristle arising about two-thirds of way down sclerotized section of galea-lacinia. Length ratio of maxillary palp segments from basal one to apical one: 1.9:3.2:1. Labial palpi 3-segmented, length ratio of labial palp segments from basal one to apical one: 2:1.65:1 (Fig. 8). Legs. Dorsal margin of fore femur with 20 or 21 simple, short, feathery setae; ventral margin of fore tibia with 14 or 15 pectinate setae (Fig. 9). Tarsal claws of all three pairs of legs without denticles. Abdomen. Abdominal gills I–VI. Gill I large and branched (Fig. 10). Gill II broad, leaf-like and unbranched (Fig. 11). Gills III–V with multiple branching filaments (Fig. 12). Gill VI tiny, unbranched. Posterolateral projections of abdominal segments VII–IX broad, apex pointed (Figs. 2 & 3). Three retractile, short and feathery caudal filaments present. Sub-imago and Imago. Unknown. Distribution. India (Central Western Ghats). Etymology. This species is named after the place of collection, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. Diagnosis. Prosopistoma someshwarensis n. sp. is most similar to P. alaini Bojková & Soldán 2015, a recently described species from Algeria (Bojková & Soldán 2015). However, P. someshwarensis n. sp. can be distinguished from all other species of Prosopistoma, including P. alaini, by the following combination of characters: (i) antenna 7-segmented including scape and pedicel; segment III the longest and shorter than combined length of segments IV–VII (Fig. 4); (ii) epicranial sutures clearly visible, passing through anterior margin of lateral ocelli and between compound eyes and antennal bases or through lateral ocelli and anterior margin of compound eyes, continuing to lateral margin of head (Fig. 2 A); (iii) carapace general coloration reddish brown, with one pale-coloured circular depression on each side of midline of anterior region of carapace (Fig. 2 B) and with few longitudinal line that looks like a ridge on its surface (Fig. 2 C); (iv) 8–10 long serrated bristles arising from the base of inner canine (Fig. 5); (v) ventral margin of fore-tibia with 14–15 pectinate setae (Fig. 9) and (vi) postero-lateral projections on abdominal segments VII–IX broad and apex pointed (Figs. 2 & 3). Ecology. The new species was collected from riffle habitat, underneath cobbles and gravel, in tributaries of the Seethanadi River, a west-flowing river in the central Western Ghats. The sampling sites were all located within tropical wet evergreen forests. The streams (Dulli Hole, Yele Hole and Onakeabbi falls) had average widths ranging from 0.92 m to 9.86 m and average depths ranging from 0.90 cm to 12.24 cm through the three seasons of sampling. The pH ranged from 6.26 to 8.48 and water temperature ranged from 20.8°C to 28.8°C.Published as part of Roopa, S. Ramya, Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A. & Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., 2017, A new species of Prosopistoma Latreille, 1833 and redescription of P. indicum Peters, 1967 (Ephemeroptera: Prosopistomatidae) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 591-599 in Zootaxa 4242 (3) on pages 593-595, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/37698
Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations
No full textMeshram, Naresh M., Rai, Stuti, Rajgopal, N. N., Ramya, N. (2018): Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations. Zootaxa 4378 (3): 442-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.3.1
Durgades sineprocessus Meshram & Rai & Rajgopal & Ramya 2018, sp. nov.
No full textDurgades sineprocessus sp. nov. Meshram (Figs. 1,5,9,13 & 24–29) Yellow with extensive symmetrical black markings (Figs. 1&5) Three spots on inner margin of eye on vertex, median line on vertex continued on face as rectangular area, one transverse stripe from each ocellus to antennal ledge, upper median black spot on frontoclypeus, with submarginal row of black bulbous spots; outer & inner margin of gena and upper margin of lorum with black spots (Fig. 9). Pronotum with narrow median diamond shaped mark and pair of broad lateral T-shaped marks. Scutellum black with yellow posterolateral border (Fig. 13). Forewing with black macula on commissure between claval veins. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 24) in lateral view longer than broad, caudo-dorsally strongly curved and terminated by spine and subapically forked on caudal margin. Subgenital plates(Fig. 25) triangular, apically obliquely blunt, with small setae throughout. Style (Fig. 26) broad at base with well-developed preapical lobe, apophysis long,>0.5x of total style length, blunt apically, with tooth on ventral side. Connective (Fig. 29) broad at base, narrowed apically with straight anterior margin. Aedeagus (Figs. 27 & 28) in lateral view with dorsal apodomes, mid-dorsal margin oblique to subtriangular to triangularly produced, blunt apically; preatrium of aedeagus straight, bulbous, crenulate without any process, gonopore subapical on dorsal margin. Measurements. Male 4.2 mm long, 1.4 mm wide across eyes, 1.02 mm wide across hind margin of pronotum. Type material: Type material: Holotype ♂, INDIA: Himachal Pradesh: Kinnaur District, Powari (31°31'42"N 78°16'19"E), 14.viii.2017, Sweep net Coll. Rajgopal., N.N. (NPC). Paratype 2♂ same data as on holotype. Etymology. The species name (Latin: sineprocessus meaning without process) alludes to the preatrium of aedeagus lacking elongate processes. Remarks. The new species closely resembles D. aviana Viraktamath overall but differs in having a short, blunt projection rather than an elongate spine posteroventrally on the preatrium of the aedeagus. Japanagallia dolabra sp. nov. Meshram (Figs. 2, 6, 10, 14 & 30–36) Yellow with extensive black markings (Figs. 2 & 6).Two spots on vertex, median black line on vertex continued on face (Fig. 10) as inverted Y on upper part of face, two sub-marginal bands on frontoclypeus, clypellus, antennal pits, lateral frontoclypeal sulci, black. One transverse stripe encircling ocellus joining semicircular stripe. Anterior margin of pronotum (Fig.14) with transverse stripe continue as rectangular area on lateral margin. Scutellum with two posterolateral areas ochraceous. Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 30) longer than broad, broadly rounded caudally, with short, acute apical process, ventral margin concave. Subgenital plates (Fig. 36) triangular with pointed apex, with small submarginal setae. Style (Fig. 32), in lateral view, with well developed preapical lobe, outer fork rounded, inner fork shorter with basal portion strongly curved flat apically. Connective (Fig. 34) quadrate. Aedeagus (Figs. 31, 3 3 –34) with well developed elongate dorsal apodeme, with short process on dorsal margin, and pair of long blade-like processes distally, each process curved first dorsally then caudally, exceeding pygofer, with distal region slightly expanded and pickaxe shaped apically; shaft short, with two small curved spines (Fig.35) on mid ventral margin, gonopore large, apical; preatrium, stocky, with caudally directed lobe terminated in small conical process. Measurements. Male 4.4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide across eyes, 0.9 mm wide across hind margin of pronotum. Type Material: HOLOTYPE ♂ INDIA: Sikkim, Lachung, 07.vi.2012, Mercury vapour lamp, N. M. Meshram Coll. (NPC). Etymology.The species name (Latin: dolabra meaning pickaxe) alludes to the apically pickaxe shaped dorsal aedeagal processes. Remarks. Japanagallia dolabra sp. nov. Externally resembles J. palmata Viraktamath Dai & Zhang but can be distinguished as follows (features of J. palmata in parentheses): pygofer (Fig. 30) with ventrally and dorsally directed point process (with mesal spine on caudodorsal margin); aedeagus (Fig. 35) shaft short, with two small curved processes on mid ventral margin (shaft short, with small curved spine on ventral margin); long blade-like processes on dorsal margin apically pickaxe shaped (long blade-like processes on dorsal margin with their distal region slightly expanded and branched into three digitate processes).Published as part of Meshram, Naresh M., Rai, Stuti, Rajgopal, N. N. & Ramya, N., 2018, Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations, pp. 442-450 in Zootaxa 4378 (3) on page 443, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/116992
FIGURES 37–41. Genitalia Durgades aviana Viraktamath 37 in Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations
No full textFIGURES 37–41. Genitalia Durgades aviana Viraktamath 37. Pygofer; 38. Subgenital plate; 39. Aedeagus with style with connective; 40.Aedeagus lateral view; 41.Aedeagus, ventral view.Published as part of Meshram, Naresh M., Rai, Stuti, Rajgopal, N. N. & Ramya, N., 2018, Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations, pp. 442-450 in Zootaxa 4378 (3) on page 448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/116992
Lower Bounds for Planar Arithmetic Circuits
No full textArithmetic circuits are a natural well-studied model for computing multivariate polynomials over a field. In this paper, we study planar arithmetic circuits. These are circuits whose underlying graph is planar. In particular, we prove an Ω(nlog n) lower bound on the size of planar arithmetic circuits computing explicit bilinear forms on 2n variables. As a consequence, we get an Ω(nlog n) lower bound on the size of arithmetic formulas and planar algebraic branching programs computing explicit bilinear forms. This is the first such lower bound on the formula complexity of an explicit bilinear form. In the case of read-once planar circuits, we show Ω(n²) size lower bounds for computing explicit bilinear forms. Furthermore, we prove fine separations between the various planar models of computations mentioned above.
In addition to this, we look at multi-output planar circuits and show Ω(n^{4/3}) size lower bound for computing an explicit linear transformation on n-variables. For a suitable definition of multi-output formulas, we extend the above result to get an Ω(n²/log n) size lower bound. As a consequence, we demonstrate that there exists an n-variate polynomial computable by n^{1 + o(1)}-sized formulas such that any multi-output planar circuit (resp., multi-output formula) simultaneously computing all its first-order partial derivatives requires size Ω(n^{4/3}) (resp., Ω(n²/log n)). This shows that a statement analogous to that of Baur, Strassen[Walter Baur and Volker Strassen, 1983] does not hold in the case of planar circuits and formulas
Durgades aviana Viraktamath
No full textDurgades aviana Viraktamath (Figs. 3,7,11,15,37–41) Durgades aviana Viraktamath 2004: 367, Viraktamath 2011: 42 Measurements. Male 4.3 mm long, 1.56 mm wide across eyes, 1.023 mm wide across hind margin of pronotum Material examined: INDIA, 1♂ 9 ♀ Himachal Pradesh: Kinnaur District, Powari (31°31'42"N 78°16'19"E), 14.viii.2017, Sweep net Coll., Ramya, N. 1♂ Sikkim: Lachung, 21.xi.2015, sweep net, N. M. Meshram Coll., 8♂ Uttarakhand: Tehri Garhwal, 12.x.1988, sweep net, V. V. Ramamurthy Coll. (NPC). Remarks: This species was well described by Viraktamath (2011) but there are minor variations in the male genitalia which one can expect in widely distributed species. Photographic illustrations provided here will add to the original description.Published as part of Meshram, Naresh M., Rai, Stuti, Rajgopal, N. N. & Ramya, N., 2018, Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations, pp. 442-450 in Zootaxa 4378 (3) on page 445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/116992
Austroagallia sinuata Mulsant & Rey
No full textAustroagallia sinuata (Mulsant & Rey) (Figs. 4,8,12,16,17–23,42–46) Bythoscopus sinuatus Mulsant and Rey 1855: 222. Agallia quadrisignata Flor, 1861: 557, synonymy by Fieber 1868: 462. Agallia homeyeri Kirschbaum, 1868:32, synonymy by Fieber 1872: 32. Agallia fieberi Vismara, 1878: 41, synonymy by Löw 1885: 346. Austroagallia afganistanensis Kameswara Rao, Ramakrishnan and Ghai 1979: 655 –656. HOLOTYPE %, AFGHANISTAN [NPC, examined], synonymized by Viraktamath & Sohi 1980: 285. Austroagallia sinuata (Mulsant & Rey): Viraktamath 2011: 34 Measurements. Male 3.6 mm long, 1.05 mm wide across eyes, 0.6 mm wide across hind margin of pronotum Material examined: INDIA, 9 ♀ & 12♀ Himachal Pradesh: Kinnaur District, Powari (31°31'42"N 78°16'19"E), 14.viii.2017, Sweep net Coll. Ramya, N. (NPC). Notes on variation: This species can be identified based on the following characters 1. Base of anal collar hook slender; dorsal denticle short, slender 2. Aedeagus with well developed dorsal apodeme, lamellate process of aedeagus broad. Specimens studied in the present work agree well with A. sinuata except the aedeagus dorsal lamellate process (Fig. 45) is lacking, the position of gonopore is different and the apex of the aedeagus is acute and produced.. These can be considered as extremes of intraspecific variation. The female seventh sternite (Fig. 19) hind margin is concave medially. Valvulae I (Figs. 20–21) have more than ½ of the dorsal sculptured area with elliptical scales. Valvulae II (Figs. 22–23), in lateral view, have the dorsal margin concave in the middle and convex apically on the toothed areas, with many small blunt teeth.. Photographic illustrations of male and female genitalia and description provided here will broaden the species concept. The possibility that such extreme intraspecific variation represents an evolutionary trend needs further exploration.Published as part of Meshram, Naresh M., Rai, Stuti, Rajgopal, N. N. & Ramya, N., 2018, Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations, pp. 442-450 in Zootaxa 4378 (3) on pages 446-447, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/116992
Lower Bounds for Multilinear Order-Restricted ABPs
No full textProving super-polynomial lower bounds on the size of syntactic multilinear Algebraic Branching Programs (smABPs) computing an explicit polynomial is a challenging problem in Algebraic Complexity Theory. The order in which variables in {x_1,...,x_n} appear along any source to sink path in an smABP can be viewed as a permutation in S_n. In this article, we consider the following special classes of smABPs where the order of occurrence of variables along a source to sink path is restricted:
1) Strict circular-interval ABPs: For every sub-program the index set of variables occurring in it is contained in some circular interval of {1,..., n}.
2) L-ordered ABPs: There is a set of L permutations (orders) of variables such that every source to sink path in the smABP reads variables in one of these L orders, where L 0.
We prove exponential (i.e., 2^{Omega(n^delta)}, delta>0) lower bounds on the size of above models computing an explicit multilinear 2n-variate polynomial in VP.
As a main ingredient in our lower bounds, we show that any polynomial that can be computed by an smABP of size S, can be written as a sum of O(S) many multilinear polynomials where each summand is a product of two polynomials in at most 2n/3 variables, computable by smABPs. As a corollary, we show that any size S syntactic multilinear ABP can be transformed into a size S^{O(sqrt{n})} depth four syntactic multilinear Sigma Pi Sigma Pi circuit where the bottom Sigma gates compute polynomials on at most O(sqrt{n}) variables.
Finally, we compare the above models with other standard models for computing multilinear polynomials
Sum of Products of Read-Once Formulas
No full textWe study limitations of polynomials computed by depth two circuits built over read-once formulas (ROFs). In particular,
1. We prove an exponential lower bound for the sum of ROFs computing the 2n-variate polynomial in VP defined by Raz and Yehudayoff [CC,2009].
2. We obtain an exponential lower bound on the size of arithmetic circuits computing sum of products of restricted ROFs of unbounded depth computing the permanent of an n by n matrix. The restriction is on the number of variables with + gates as a parent in a proper sub formula of the ROF to be bounded by sqrt(n). Additionally, we restrict the product fan in to be bounded by a sub linear function. This proves an exponential lower bound for a subclass of possibly non-multilinear formulas of unbounded depth computing the permanent polynomial.
3. We also show an exponential lower bound for the above model against a polynomial in VP.
4. Finally we observe that the techniques developed yield an exponential lower bound on the size of sums of products of syntactically multilinear arithmetic circuits computing a product of variable disjoint linear forms where the bottom sum gate and product gates at the second level have fan in bounded by a sub linear function.
Our proof techniques are built on the measure developed by Kumar et al.[ICALP 2013] and are based on a non-trivial analysis of ROFs under random partitions. Further, our results exhibit strengths and provide more insight into the lower bound techniques introduced by Raz [STOC 2004]
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
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