726 research outputs found
Environmental and economic benefits due to substitution of traditional cooking stoves in Mozambique
No full textEmissions derived from inefficient biomass burning have an important impact on climate change. Around 3 million people in the world use solid biomass such as wood and charcoal for cooking. This study provides an analysis of emission mitigation potential due to the replacement of traditional charcoal stoves with more efficient cook stoves in one area of Maputo, in Mozambique. Fuel consumption reduction has been estimated using a data collection campaign in the project area. The results show that daily fuel consumption has decreased from 2.57 kg to 0.53 kg per day and family. The total carbon emission reduction has been estimated in 627 tons in all the project area. The use of efficient stoves results in gas emissions reduction of around 12,466 tons of CO2 equivalent during 2015. Charcoal production processes are extremely inefficient in Mozambique and the ratio from charcoal to wood is of 1/6. Considering that the average quantity of biomass available per hectare in Miombo forests in Mozambique, the usual supply area, is of 50,5 tons per hectare, the reduction in charcoal consumption, as a result of efficient stove use, results in a forest cutting reduction of 13 hectares. In addition, the use of environmentally efficient stoves has also important economic effects for local families, each of which saving approximately 168 $ yearly. This study represents the first phase of a wider research project in which the analyses are to be extended to other areas of Mozambique and other fuel supply chains
Environmental assessment of flax straw production for non-wood pulp mills
No full textNowadays, there is an increasing interest for using non-woody fibres as raw materials for production of
paper ́s pulp. The present work aims to identify and quantify the environmental impacts associated with the
production of flax fibres, through 3-year field experiment, carried out in Bologna and Pisa representative of the
pedoclimatic characteristics of central Italy. Life Cycle Impact of “a one ton of fibre ready to be processed in a
pulp mill” was assessed taking into account: farming, straw process (drying, scutching and baling) and
transport. Inventory data for agricultural inputs and outputs were obtained directly from field experimentation
and from bibliographic data about heat, transport and electricity consumption on straw processing. An
economic allocation approach to assign impacts within flax seed and processed straw has been used. The
CML baseline 2000 methodology was selected to quantify the potential environmental impact associated to
the crops. Specifically, global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP) and photochemical
oxidant formation (POP) were evaluated together with energy use (EU). Major impacts contribution arise from
fertilizers use and straw processing. Cultivation phase of flax fibre at Pisa reported higher values
(approximately 3 times greater) for all the impact categories. The lower impact in the flax cultivation scenario
at Bologna was due to no use of mineral fertilizer and the higher flax-straw yield. It resulted also a strong
reduction of the impacts with respect to those of hemp pulp in Spain as well as to the impacts of the
conventional wood-pulp reported in Simapro. Furthermore, LCA tool aided to identify the materials and
process that most affected the impacts: fertilizers use, diesel consumption and straw processing were
identified as hot spots in both crops. Finally, non-wood pulp derived from Bologna ́s Flax straw represents an
opportunity to replace conventional wood pulp in Italian paper industry
Environmental analysis of productive chain of an oleaginous Camelina (Camelina sativa) for the production of bio products
No full textThis study evaluated the environmental impact of renewable jet fuel derived from Camelina oil. The indicator chosen is the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the functional unit (1 MJ of Jet Fuel) and its associated by-products. The impacts of the farming were determined with agronomic and qualitative data obtained as part of the SUSCACE project activities on the cultivation of Camelina in Pisa and Bologna. As source of secondary data was used several publications and BioGrace, while the impact assessment of the downstream sector from farming to pressure extraction was performed, according to IPCC, taking into account the transformation processes implemented for the exploitation of by-products obtained along the entire production chain as well as transportation. The results of the LCA of considered chains were compared with those of equivalent conventional products. Regarding the cultivation phase of Camelina, the impact related to the functional unit in Bologna is found to be on average 28% higher than that in Pisa, as consequence of a greater diesel requirement (30 % lower in Pisa), and its lower yield (41% lower than Pisa). However, it is relevant to show that N requirements of Bologna were considerably lower than Pisa. Consequently, N2O emissions are lower with significant repercussions on the impact of the final product and on each production step. Regarding the end life scenario the advantage of bio-products derives from their biodegradability that substantially reduces or eliminates the disposal processes and their lower toxicity when it is compared to fossil-based product
Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) under low-input management systems in northern Italy: Yields, chemical characterization and environmental sustainability
No full textCamelina can be considered a valuable crop for bio-based products and biofuels, but, to date, there are still many uninvestigated aspects concerning the optimization of its agricultural management and its environmental impact. Consequently, a low-input camelina cultivation has been realized, in northern Italy environment, through a 4-year camelina-wheat rotation in open field. In these conditions, camelina was grown as winter crop. Camelina reached, over the years, a variable (CV=28%) mean seed yield of 0.82 Mg ha–1. This notwithstanding, the oil content - 39.17%. (CV=3%) - and its related quality were rather stable, reaching an oil yield of 320 kg ha–1 particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids. The low input cultivation system here adopted implied an
energy ratio (output energy/input energy) of 4 and a 30% decrease in Global Warming Potential per hectare, compared to the standard value reported by the European Renewable Energy Directive for sunflower, reducing, at the same time, other relevant environmental burdens. However, due to its relatively low oil production, the full use of all camelina co-products should be considered in order to fulfil the sustainability requirements for European jet fuel production. In fact, stability of yields and quality of oil, oilcake and straws makes low-input camelina eligible for many other novel green chemistry applications
La aplicación del contrato social en el Estado ecuatoriano, en el período 2017-2021, durante la presidencia de Lenin Moreno.
No full textLa presente investigación tiene como eje central el análisis doctrinario de la Teoría del Contrato Social, identificando los principios generales que componen la teoría y cómo se ha desarrollado en razón de los aportes realizados por cada autor; hasta la concepción contemporánea y críticas realizadas al denominado Pacto Social. Bajo estas concepciones teórico doctrinarias se realiza un estudio respecto a la situación política y jurídica del Estado ecuatoriano durante el régimen del ex presidente Lenin Moreno. El trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que incidieron para la no aplicación de la Teoría del Contrato Social en el Estado ecuatoriano en el período 2017-2021. La investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo, pues los resultados no son medibles estadísticamente y, dentro del nivel descriptivo, busca comprender fenómenos sociales producidos en el Ecuador y analizados bajo la doctrina. Como resultado del proyecto de investigación, se ha podido determinar que en el gobierno de Lenin Moreno no se aplicó la Teoría del Contrato Social, debido al sometimiento del jefe del Estado a la voluntad de las clases dominantes de la sociedad ecuatoriana, lo que trajo como consecuencia la aplicación de políticas neoliberales contrarias a la voluntad general y a la búsqueda del bienestar común.This research work focuses on the doctrinal analysis of the Theory of the Social Contract. It identified the general principles that comprise the theory and how it has evolved based on the contributions made by each author. This analysis extends to contemporary conceptions of the theory as well as critiques made of the so-called Social Pact. Using this theoretical framework, this study examines the political and legal situation of the Ecuadorian State during the regime of former President Lenin Moreno. The aim of this work was to determine the factors that contributed to the non-application of the Theory of the Social Contract in the Ecuadorian State during the years 2017-2021. This research has a qualitative approach, as its results are not statistically measurable. Within the descriptive level, it aims to understand social phenomena produced in Ecuador and analyze them through the lens of doctrine. As a result of this research project, it has been determined that the Theory of the Social Contract was not applied during the government of Lenin Moreno due to two main factors. First, the submission of the head of state to the will of the dominant classes, and second, the neoliberal policies that are contrary to the general will and the pursuit of the common good.PregradoAbogada de los Tribunales y Juzgados de la República del Ecuado
Zizek's return to Lenin
No full textThe paper offers a critical discussion of the thesis about the revived philosophical and political significance of Lenin, as recently propounded by Slavoj Zizek. Analyzing Zizek's writings, the author argues that the call for a "return to Lenin" derives from Zizek's strategy of "textual provocation" and the frustrating position of the leftist, radical tradition of political thought after the collapse of communism
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIOPRODUCTS DERIVED FROM NON-CONVENTIONAL OLEAGINOUS: FALSEFLAX (Camelina sativa), SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius), CRAMBE (Crambe abyssinica) AND FLAX (Linum usitatissimum)
No full textA REVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: AGROPRODUCTS MODELING
No full textEl Análisis de Ciclo de Vida es una metodología ampliamente usada con el fin de evaluar los impactos ambientales y sociales asociados a un ciclo productivo completo, en una visión “de la Cuna a la Tumba” o de una nueva “de la Cuna a la Cuna” la cual toma en cuenta también el reciclaje de productos y subproductos, intentando tener en cuenta cada uno de los componentes de estos impactos, o almenos casi todos. En particular, esta revisión bibliográfica considera que; las cadenas agro-productiva tienen componentes y consideraciones específicas, que deben ser tomados en cuenta en el proceso de evaluación de ciclos de vida. Estas consideraciones han sido comentadas en el texto y algunas consideraciones de cálculo fueron citadas. // Life Cycle Assessment is a trendsetter methodology in order to assess environmental and social impacts associated to an entire productive cycle in a vision “Cradle to Grave” or in a further vision “Cradle to Cradle” that considers the reuse of product wastes and side products, trying to take in count every single component of these impacts or almost all of them. In particular, this review considers that agro-productive chains have unique components and considerations, which need to be counted in the assessment process. These have been commented in the text and some calculation considerations were cited
Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin
No full textAn image scanned from a black and white photograph of Vladimir Lenin walking down the street and a woman behind him. Within a series of photographs saved by author Arnold Rubenstein of Trotsky and Lenin.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/spec_photos/3507/thumbnail.jp
Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin
No full textAn image scanned from a black and white photograph of Vladimir Lenin dressed in a heavy coat standing on the street while several others pass by. The handwritten date on the back of the photograph is 1918. Within a series of photographs saved by author Arnold Rubenstein of Trotsky and Lenin.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/spec_photos/3506/thumbnail.jp
- …
