60 research outputs found
Serratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar & Jacobus 2021, sp. nov.
No full textSerratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar & Jacobus, sp. nov. (Figs 2–5; Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 14) Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) sensu Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008 partim (nec Allen & Edmunds, 1963: 18) Type material. Holotype: larva (slide # 623, mounted with Canada balsam), THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—main source of the Klang Phat River, 18.577542°N, 98.527056°E, h ~ 1370 m a.s.l., 18.xi.2009, Palatov D.M. &Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Thai10Sersp [NMNH NASU]. Other material: INDIA: 1 larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Tale Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K. A. Subramanian—Reg. No. 5603/H13 [ZSI]. NEPAL: 1 larva, Nawakot & Sindu Districts, 1/ 2 mi north of Gulbhanjyang (on lower trail), 18.ix.1968, Coll. C Wiens [PERC] (previously reported as Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) by Jacobus & McCafferty 2008). Description. Larva: Body length 5.0– 5.3 mm; caudal filaments 4.5–4.8 mm. Body pale brown (Fig. 2A). Head: With pair of small suboccipital tubercles and pair of distinct, blunt, occipital protuberances (Fig. 2B) bearing short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices (Fig. 2C, D). The same scattered stout setae cover head surface, they also presented on compound eyes, but they are smaller. Genae moderately developed. Mouthparts: Labrum (Fig. 3C) densely covered with long, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered and hair-like setae; anteromedian emargination shallow. Median part of mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae; basal part of lateral margin with smaller number of middle-sized and short, hair-like setae. Right mandible (Fig. 3A): outer incisor trifurcate, inner incisor bifurcate; prostheca consisting of dorsal process, smaller than on left mandible, and bunch of long and short hair-like setae; row of 10–15 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola; bunch of short, hair-like setae above mola. Left mandible (Fig. 3B): outer incisor trifurcate, inner denticle small; inner incisor with two central denticles and one small lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of process and bunch of relatively long and short hair-like setae; inner surface with distinct denticles near mola. Maxilla with two dentisetae (Fig. 3F), their inner margins serrate. Apex of maxilla with group of long, thin and stout, hair-like setae; apical part of inner margin with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; base of galea-lacinia with group of 4–6 long, stout, pointed, not bifurcated or bifurcated, hair-like setae. Maxillary palp 3-segmented (Fig. 3E), short; segment III elongate, narrowed from middle, rounded apically; segment I somewhat broader than segments II and III; apex of segment III with several fine setae. Superlinguae of hypopharynx with long, stout, hair-like setae on apices, dorsal and ventral surfaces with fine setae, short and hair-like setae, and stout and hair-like setae; apex of lingua convex, with hair-like setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig. 3D). Labial palp 3-segmented (Fig. 3G); segments I and II subequal in length; surfaces, inner and outer margins of segment I and II covered with long, thin, hair-like setae and less numerous long, stout, hair-like setae. Segment III distinctly elongated (length/width ratio in last larval instar = 2.19–2.45). Glossae rounded; apices of paraglossae and glossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Thorax: Pronotum without anterolateral and posterolateral projections (Fig. 2E); with one pair distinct submedian tubercles and three pairs small indistinct tubercles (Fig. 2F). Mesothorax with two pairs of indistinct protuberances and ridges, and one distinct protuberance between wingpads. Protuberances and ridges of prothorax and mesothorax, veins of wingpads covered with short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices. Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio in last larval instar: forefemur 2.04–2.05; middle femur 2.39–2.49; hind femur 2.38–2.57) (Fig. 4A–C). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Dorsal surfaces of all femora covered mainly with short, feathered, usually bifurcate, stout setae (Fig. 4E–H) (most numerous on middle and hind femora), and with scattered short or middle-sized hair-like setae; also, irregular rows of middle-sized, hair-like setae situated along inner margins. Distal tips (distal margins and adjacent areas of dorsal surfaces) of all femora with groups of short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae. Dorsal surface of forefemur with irregular rows of middle-sized and long, hair-like setae along outer and inner margins; with group of 4–5 mainly long, rounded or pointed, stout setae; most of these stout setae located near outer margin (Fig. 4A, D). Outer margin of forefemur with few different-sized hair-like setae and few short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae and two chalazae bearing long, pointed or rounded, stout setae. Inner margin of forefemur with short, hair-like setae only. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsus with a few thin, long hair-like setae. Inner margin of fore tibia with several short stout setae along margin and group of several elongated setae near distal end, some with serration of one margin. Inner margin of fore tarsus with middle-sized and long, pointed stout setae; their number increases towards claw. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with long hair-like setae (most numerous and forming regular row in basal part), few short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae and row of 6–9 long, pointed or rounded apically, stout setae; some chalazae forming serration of margins (Fig. 4B, C). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with no stout setae or chalazae. Setation of middle and hind tarsi as those on fore leg. Dorsal surface of middle and hind tibiae of row of few stout setae continue on inner margin of tibiae; setae bluntly pointed of rounded apically; on hind tibia setae more numerous and longer. Inner margin of tibiae also with group of several elongated stout setae (some with one serrated margin) near distal end. Outer margin of middle and hind tibiae with few hair-like setae only; hind tibia additionally bears few long stout setae along margin. Tarsal claw with 5–7 denticles, distal one largest, and up to 5 subapical setae (Fig. 4I, J). Abdomen. Pairs of projections present on terga III–IX, with those on terga IV–IX more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 5A–C). All projections with spatulate, stout setae; most apical, stout setae grouped in bunches (Fig. 5A, B). Dorsal surfaces of terga IV–IX with areas of short, stout setae above projections. Lateral surfaces of paired projections of tergum VIII and adjacent part of posterior margin with greatly elongated, apically rounded, stout setae (Fig. 5A–C). Posterior margin of tergum IX (excluding area between projections) with several spatulate, stout setae with rounded apices. Distinct posterolateral projections on segments IV–IX; lateral margins covered with spatulate, stout setae. Sterna VIII–IX and lateral areas of sterna IV–VII covered with short, stout setae. Gills (Fig. 5D–G). Gill III with elongate posterolateral angle; with well-defined, brown, trilobed pattern; somewhat truncate; and without medial transverse band of weakened membrane (Fig. 5D). Ventral lamellae of gills III–VI bifurcate and multifoliate; medial cleft of gills VI ventral lamella deep. Caudal filaments subequal in length (Fig. 2A). Segments with rows of elongated, rounded apically, stout setae on posterior margins alternate with segments bears rows of long, stout, hair-like setae on posterior margins; all these setae shorter than corresponding segment (Fig. 5H). Adult: Unknown Egg. Chorion smooth, without reticulations (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 14; Nepal specimen herein). Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished from larvae of other Serratella Edmunds, 1959 species by the following combination of characters: (i) head with pair of small suboccipital tubercles and pair of distinct, blunt, suboccipital protuberances (Fig. 2A, B); (ii) pronotum without anterolateral and posterolateral projections (Fig. 2E), with one pair distinct submedian tubercles and three pairs small indistinct tubercles (Fig. 2F); (iii) mesothorax with two pairs of indistinct protuberances and ridges, and one distinct protuberance between wingpads; (iv) two pairs of head protuberances, protuberances and ridges of prothorax and mesothorax, veins of wingpads covered with short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices (as in Figs 2C, D, 4F, G); (v) maxilla with short 3-segmented palp (Fig. 3E); third palpal segment elongated; (vi) tarsal claw with 5–7 denticles, distal one largest, and up to 5 subapical setae (Fig. 4I, J); (vii) pairs of projections present on terga III–IX, with those on terga IV–IX more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 5A–C); (viii) all paired projections of terga with spatulate, stout setae; most apical, stout setae grouped in bunches (Fig. 5A, B); (ix) lateral surfaces of the paired projections of tergum VIII and the adjacent part of the posterior margin (excluding area between projections) with greatly elongated, apically rounded, stout setae (Fig. 5A–C). Despite this new species being assigned to Serratella, it should be noted that similar tergum VIII setation is present in Quatica paradinasi (Gonzalez del Tanago & Garcia de Jalon, 1981), but the setae are much shorter (fig. 2 in Studemann & Tomka 1987). Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. Dmitry M. Palatov, friend of the first author and specialist in aquatic invertebrates of the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms, who collected this species in Thailand. Distribution. Thailand, India-China border region, and Nepal. Habitats. In Thailand, the new species was collected from a stream that is a main source of the Klang Phat River. The stream is situated in forest, has a high current velocity and rapids, and has sandy and stony bottom (Fig. 20B). In India, the species was collected from a first order stream in Rhododendron and Bamboo forest. The stream has a sandy bottom and rapids in some sections (Fig. 20C). The Nepal specimen is covered with sandy silt, suggesting a similar habitat. Remarks. Initially Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) was described as a representative of the subgenus Drunella Needham, 1905 (then part of the genus Ephemerella Walsh 1862) by Allen & Edmunds 1963, based only on description and illustrations of “ Ephemerella sp. ” by Ueno (1955), as the whereabouts of Ueno’s specimen was then—and remains—unknown. Later, a second species, Ephemerella (Acerella) undatella Allen, 1971, was described based on the same specimen (or rather description and illustrations). Subsequently, the name was recognized as an objective junior synonym (Allen 1973). Ephemerella (Drunella) uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) was transferred to other genera (Allen 1986; Paclt 1994) before being placed most recently in Serratella Edmunds, 1959 based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological data (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 98). The characters used to analyze the species’ relationships were scored from a single specimen from Nepal and from historical literature (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008). During the course of this study, we discovered that the specimen from Nepal differed from the species described by Ueno (1955), especially in regards to the morphology of the maxilla (Ueno 1955: figs 6, 6b); the two also differ considerably in size, with Ueno’s species being larger, even though the Nepal specimen is a mature female with black wingpads. Intraspecific variation in body size and maxillary palp development has been assumed for many ephemerellid species (e.g., Jacobus et al. 2004); however, in this case, the discovery of additional material reveals that the characters in question show little variation between individuals. Thus, we specifically reject the intraspecific variation hypotheses previously implied for S. uenoi and therefore no longer consider the Nepal specimen to be conspecific with Ueno’s species. Therefore, the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) labeled “ uenoi ” by Jacobus & McCafferty (2008) should be considered an erroneous amalgamation, and the species hypothesis that it represents is rejected. In light of this, we restrict the name Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) to the specimen described by Ueno (1955). Very clear illustrations of the species show some differences from other species of the genus Serratella, especially: the apex of the maxilla, the length ratio and shape of segments of the labial palp; the number of head tubercles; the shape of projections on terga (posterolateral and paired); setation of all femora; and presence of anterolateral projections (medially notched) on mesonotum. Modalities of some characters of S. uenoi are unusual for Hyrtanellini, and more typical of some Ephemerellini, viz. representatives of the genera Notacanthella Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, Spinorea Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, Ephacerella Paclt, 1994, Adoranexa Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, and Cincticostella Allen, 1971. As part of the tribe Ephemerellini, each of the latter five genera have a ventral lamella of gill VI that lacks a deep medial cleft.The original illustration of S. uenoi shows a distinct cleft on the ventral lamella of gill VI (fig. 18 in Ueno 1955), which excludes it from Ephemerellini. Although we find it reasonable to question the generic placement of S. uenoi, we leave it in Serratella until fresh material from the type locality, as precisely indicated by Ueno (1955), can be examined in detail. Serratella fusongensis (Su & You, 1988) (north-east of China) and Serratella longipennis (Zhou, Gui & Su, 1997) (China, east-central mainland) are the only species of Serratella from East and Southeast Asia unknown in the larval stage, and based on biogeography, we consider them unlikely to be conspecific with our new species, which is unknown as alates. Serratella palatovi sp. nov. is the third representative of the genus known from the Indomalayan realm; the two others are S. uenoi, which has a questionable generic position, and S. brevicauda Jacobus, Zhou & McCafferty, 2009, a species whose generic placement was provisional (Jacobus et al. 2009). Thus, it is clear that more data, especially for the male adults, are needed for these species and the genus in the region.Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 454-461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/480830
Effect of variogram types on surrogate model based optimisation of aircraft wing shapes
No full textAbstractEngineering design problems always require enormous amount of real-time experiments and computational simulations in order to assess and ensure the design objectives of the problems subject to various constraints. In most of the cases, the computational resources and time required per simulation are large. In certain cases like sensitivity analysis, design optimisation etc. where thousands and millions of simulations have to be carried out, it leads to have a life time of difficulty for designers. Nowadays approximation models, otherwise called as Surrogate Models (SM), are more widely employed in order to reduce the requirement of computational resources and time in analysing various engineering systems. Various approaches such as Kriging, Neural Networks, Polynomials, Gaussian processes etc. are used to construct the approximation models. The primary intention of this work is to employ the k-fold cross validation approach to study and evaluate the influence of various theoretical variogram models on the accuracy of the surrogate model construction. Ordinary Kriging and Design of Experiments (DOE) approaches are used to construct the surrogate models by approximating panel and viscous solution algorithms which are primarily used to solve the flow around airfoils and aircraft wings. The method of coupling the surrogate models with a suitable optimisation scheme to carryout an aerodynamic design optimisation process for aircraft wings is also discussed
A Case Control study of Lipoprotein a levels in patients with Atherosclerotic Peripheral Arterial Occlusive disease
No full textINTRODUCTION:
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a major contributor to hospitalisations to any Vascular Surgery Unit, worldwide. The prevalence of PAOD is on the rise around the world; more alarmingly among developing nations like ours. The majority of hospitalisations (both diagnostic and therapeutic) for lower limb arterial insufficiency worldwide are linked to PAOD. Since the current standard of care for atherosclerotic PAOD involves a multimodality approach of risk factor reduction by life style modification, medications and interventions which include surgical and endovascular repairs, the financial burden of this
disease is immense.
The risk factor profile for atherosclerotic PAOD encompasses the traditional risk factors associated with cardiac atherosclerotic vascular disease, which include age, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Studies have demonstrated an association with elevated Lp (a) and cardiac atherosclerosis. Lp (a) accelerates atherosclerosis at various levels; starting from increased endocytosis of VLDL by macrophages in the arterial wall, to inhibiting clot lysis. Recent data from studies done in an Indian population corroborates the above; demonstrating a correlation between elevated Lp (a) levels and CAD.
Based on this information, therapeutic measures to lower Lp (a) levels have been demonstrated to improve outcomes in coronary artery disease. Since atherosclerotic PAOD shares the same risk factor profile as CAD, it is hypothesized that Lp(a) levels may be elevated in atherosclerotic PAOD patients.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the proportion of patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) who have elevated Lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] levels.
METHODS:
This was a prospective, non-randomized, case-control study conducted among patients who presented with symptomatic atherosclerotic peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Informed consent was taken for the cases and controls and the patients were subjected to a fasting blood sample of serum Lipoprotein a which was analysed in the Biochemistry laboratory.
RESULTS:
Elevated Lp (a) levels were found in 89.1% of the cases as opposed to 54.5% of the control population with an odds ratio of 6.8 with a p value of <0.001(95% CI 2.5-18.5). The type of presentation did not correlate with elevated Lp (a) levels. Other atherosclerotic risk factors did not have a statistically significant effect on Lp (a) levels suggesting that Lp (a) was an independent risk factor leading to the development of PAOD.
CONCLUSIONS:
1. There was an elevated level of Lp (a) in both cases and controls.
2. The elevated level was more significant in cases than in controls.
3. Among the atherosclerotic risk factors only hypertension correlated with an increase in Lp (a) levels.
4. More data needs to be collected to ascertain the normal level of Lp(a) in the Indian population.
5. Randomised control trials need to be carried out to assess the effect on Lp (a) lowering therapy on patients with PAOD
Internship experiences in museum studies graduate programs
No full textThesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2024An internship is a typical experience for museum studies graduate students (Welsh, 2013). Internships have long been recognized as central to museum studies education that prepares students to enter the professional museum field. However, current field-wide standards may be outdated, underused, written from the perspective of staff, and/or anecdotal. To date, no empirical research has been undertaken that this author could identify to understand the internship experiences of students from their perspectives. To address this gap, an online survey was sent to students enrolled in eight American museum studies programs. The purpose was to understand how museum studies graduate students think about and experience internships in museums and related institutions. Only results from the University of Washington (UW) Museology program were analyzed. Findings revealed that students were most interested in skills development factors, such as applying theory in “the real world.” Most respondents reported that their internship responsibilities helped them fulfill their priorities, but a recurring issue was that internships experiences lacked structure and clarity, leaving students uncertain if they made meaningful contributions through their internship work. Respondents reported largely positive experiences with their internship supervisors, but results also suggested that some supervisors are not providing clear feedback to interns, and that while supervisors largely showed concern for the interns’ learning and career goals, they sometimes fell short of providing clear guidance on the interns’ responsibilities. Further evaluation of UW internships is recommended to determine how well students’ experiences align with the standards set out by the program. For the museum field at large, further research is recommended to capture broad experiences of students throughout the country, which can inform updated internship standards and best practices created by individual museums and field-wide professional organizations
Cincticostella sivaramakrishnani Martynov & Selvakumar & Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan & Chandra & Palatov & Sinha & Jacobus 2019, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cincticostella sivaramakrishnani</i> Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. <p>(Figs 26–52)</p> <p> <b>Larva.</b> Body length 5.1–6.9 mm; caudal filaments length 4.5–6.3 mm. Body yellowish-brown. Body robust (Fig. 26); all body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 27–34, 38, 40, 41, 46).</p> <p> <i>Head</i>: With two pairs of small, blunt protuberances. Genae moderately developed (Fig. 27). <i>Mouthparts</i> (Figs 32–38): Labrum wide, angles rounded (Fig. 34); anteromedian emargination shallow, dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered setae and hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces (Figs 32, 33). Right mandible with row of 6–9 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola and bunch of short, hair-like setae above; outer incisor apex trifurcated, inner incisor (kinetodontium) bifurcated; prostheca apparently consisting of bunch of hair-like setae. Left mandible: outer incisor apex with three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor (kinetodontium) with two distinct, central denticles and one small, blunt, lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Rounded apexes of superlinguae with long, stout, hair-like setae; surface of lingua with hair-like and fine setae, mostly in apical part (Fig. 35). Rows of up to 7 short, pointed, stout setae on surface of lingua near base, subparallel to lateral margins. Maxillary palp (Fig. 36) 3-segmented, with up to 8 long, hair-like setae; segmentation weakly developed; segment III short, bluntly pointed, with few fine setae on apex. Maxilla with two dentisetae with serrated inner margins; apex and apical part of maxilla surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae, some setae with serrated inner margins; inner margin of galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; 6–9 different-sized, feathered, stout setae present on galea- lacinia surface near base (Fig. 37). Glossae rounded (Fig. 38); dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Ventral surface of labium (including mentum and submentum) mostly covered with short, hair-like setae. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I and segment II subequal in length, covered with long, hair-like setae; dorsal surface of segment II and outer margin of segment I with several spine-like setae and long, stout hairlike setae; segment III slightly elongate, with length 1.75–1.79× width at base, apex covered with numerous fine setae.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>: Dorsal surface with small, indistinct ridges and tubercles, and small, blunt posterior projections between forewing pads (Figs 26, 29). Anterolateral angles with small projections directed forward (Figs 29–31); anterolateral projections of mesothorax rounded and not subparallel to lateral aspect of body, though these projections may appear subparallel after slide-mounting (Figs 26, 28, 29).</p> <p>Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio = forefemur 2.1–2.3; middle femur 2.0–2.1; hind femur 2.1–2.2); all femora with longitudinal ridges (Figs 39–41). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer and inner margins of forefemur without serration (sometimes only 1 or 2 small chalazae along outer margin) (Figs 39, 45), with only hair-like setae and few stout setae with rounded apexes. Dorsal surface of forefemur covered with hair-like setae; central part of dorsal surface with few chalazae bearing stout setae with rounded apexes (Figs 39, 43); few stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes also located near outer and inner margins. Surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of spine-like setae. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsal segments with short, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae; distal end of margin with group of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hairlike setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration (Figs 40, 41), with apex of each weak protuberance bearing stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes, varying in length (Fig. 46). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora without serration. Chaetotaxy of surface of mid- and hindfemora similar to forefemur, but lacking stout setae. Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection; hindfemur with distinct apical projection (Figs 40, 41). Middle tibia: outer margin with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margin with row of elongated, spine-like setae and hair-like setae; surface with hair-like setae only. Hind tibia: Outer and inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spinelike setae. Distal ends of inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with groups of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Mid- and hind tarsi inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and rows of stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae; outer margins with hair-like setae only.</p> <p>Tarsal claw distinctly hooked, with 3–7 denticles (largest denticle in middle) (Figs 42, 44) and 3 subapical setae.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen:</i> Dorsal surface and posterior margins of terga covered only with hair-like setae; stout setae absent. Terga II–X with pairs of projections; projections on terga II–IV and X smaller than others; projections on terga V– IX more robust (Figs 47, 48). Paired projections on tergum VII sometimes bifurcated apically (visible in lateral view); paired projections on tergum VIII always bifurcated in this way; lower edge of paired projections on terga V and VI elongated, but without bifurcation notch (Fig. 48). Paired projections on terga II–VII and X pointed dorsally; paired projections on terga VIII and XI blunt. Posterolateral projections present on segments III–IX, poorly developed on segments III–V, most strongly developed on segments VIII and IX (Fig. 47).</p> <p>Dorsal surface and margins of lamellate gills (Figs 49–52) covered with relatively long, hair-like setae; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamella of gill VI somewhat longer than that of gills III–V; gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI.</p> <p>Caudal filaments subequal in length, with elongated, apically rounded, stout setae and hair-like setae at articulations.</p> <p> <b>Adults.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The new species is named in honor of our co-author Dr. Kumbakonam G. Sivaramakrishnan, who has contributed significantly to the study of mayflies from the Indian zoogeographical subregion over the course of his career.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The new species can be distinguished easily from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward; (iii) anterolateral projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur without serration along inner and outer margins (occasionally with one or two chalazae on outer margin); (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with chalaza bearing few stout setae; (vi) mid- and hindfemora moderately flattened; (vii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration, their inner margins without serration; (viii) middle femur without apical projection; (ix) paired projections on tergum VIII, and sometimes tergum VII, bifurcated apically; (x) tarsal claw with 3–7 denticles, one of the middle denticles being distinctly larger.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Known only from Nepal (Fig. 153).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Larvae of <i>C. sivaramakrishnani</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> inhabit small rivers in the middle mountain zone (1400– 1800 m a.s.l.) of Annapurna massif, one of the biggest spurs of the Great Himalayan Range within Central Nepal (Figs 149, 150). Larvae inhabit the rhithral zone of mountain rivers and streams that are 3–12 m wide, with stony bottoms, high current velocities and almost no anthropogenic pollution. Water temperatures during the collecting of material ranged from 9–12°C. Larvae were collected from the undersides of stones and pebbles in places with current velocities ranging from 0.3–0.8 m /s.</p> <p> <b>Type material. NEPAL</b>: <b>Holotype:</b> larva, Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi River (near Jhinu village), 28.409494 N, 83.826894 E, h ~ 1550 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN <i>Nepa 10Cinsiv/3</i>. <b>Paratypes:</b> 12 larvae (one larva in slide number 652), same data as holotype—IN <i>Nepa 10 Cinsiv /1–2</i>; 2 larvae (one in slide number 646), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi Khola River (1 km below New Bridge village), 28.393611 N, 83.825833 E, h ~ 1400 m a.s.l., 31-I-2014, V.V. Marinskiy—IN <i>Nepa 6Cinsiv</i>; 9 larvae, Bagmati zone, Kathmandu District, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, western source of the Budhanil (Bhoti) Khola River (1 km Northwards of the Phedigaun village), 27.798611 N, 85.373611 E, h ~ 1600 m a.s.l., 20-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN <i>Nepa 8Cinsiv/1–3</i>; 6 larvae (one larva in slide number 651), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Chomrong Khola River (near Chomrong village), 28.407739 N, 83.816450 E, h ~ 1800 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN <i>Nepa 9Cinsiv/1–2</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2)</i> on pages 154-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2622700">http://zenodo.org/record/2622700</a>
A REVIEW ON STABILITY TESTING GUIDELINES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
No full textStability studies must be carried out according to the guidelines provided by the International Conference of Harmonization, World Health Organization, and other agencies in a scheduled manner. The pharmaceutical product’s stability can be defined as the ability, within its physical, chemical, microbiological, toxicology, protective, and informational requirements of a particular formulation in a specific container-closure system. It also guarantees that the performance, safety, and efficacy are maintained throughout the shelf life of any pharmaceutical product which is considered as pre-requisite for acceptance and approval. Different stability test methods have originated with the need for constant monitoring of drugs and products for their quality and purity. In this review, we have included the types of stability of drugs substances, the relevance of different methods used to test the stability of the pharmaceutical product, guidelines issued to test the stability of pharmaceuticals, stability testing protocols which describes the main components of a well-controlled and regulated stability test and other aspects of stability
Association rules and deep learning for cryptographic algorithm in privacy preserving data mining
No full textUnpredictable Nature of Nanofluid Flow: A Study on Effects of Uncertainties in Effective Viscosity
No full textAbstractA numerical analysis of steady, laminar and 2-D nanofluid flow around a circular cylinder has been carried out to showcase the effects of variable viscosity on flow characteristics. The governing equations of flow are solved using a finite-volume method based on SIMPLE algorithm. Three cases of simulations in which the effective viscosity of the nanofluid is calculated using (a) Classical Brinkman model, (b) Recent correlation from literature and (c) Experimental data from literature are performed. A comparative analysis of the three cases shows that the flow characteristics of nanofluids become unpredictable due to the uncertainties in effective viscosity. In the first case, nanofluids show an accelerated flow with earlier flow separation and longer wake bubbles. Whereas, in other two cases, a decelerated flow with delayed flow separation is noted. This is the first time; a decelerated flow of nanofluids has been reported in literature. It is understood that, flow characteristics of nanofluid vary both qualitatively and quantitatively due to the variations in effective viscosity. This work showcases the importance of precise effective viscosity models to clearly understand the flow features of nanofluids
Marine biome-derived secondary metabolites, a class of promising antineoplastic agents: A systematic review on their classification, mechanism of action and future perspectives.
No full textCancer is one of the most deadly diseases on the planet. Over the past decades, numerous antineoplastic compounds have been discovered from natural resources such as medicinal plants and marine species as part of multiple drug discovery initiatives. Notably, several marine flora (e.g. Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum thunbergii) have been identified as a rich source for novel cytotoxic compounds of different chemical forms. Despite the availability of enormous chemically enhanced new resources, the anticancer potential of marine flora and fauna has received little attention. Interestingly, numerous marine-derived secondary metabolites (e.g., Cytarabine, Trabectedin) have exhibited anticancer effects in preclinical cancer models. Most of the anticancer drugs obtained from marine sources stimulated apoptotic signal transduction pathways in cancer cells, such as the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. This review highlights the sources of different cytotoxic secondary metabolites obtained from marine bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the utilisation of numerous marine-derived cytotoxic compounds as anticancer drugs, as well as their modes of action (e.g., molecular target). Finally, it also discusses the future prospects of marine-derived drug developments and their constraints
A mechanism to ensure secure sharing and accessing the private data files in a cloud shared environment
No full textCloud Computing has been envisioned as the next-generation architecture of IT Enterprise. It moves
the application software and databases to the centralized large data centers, where the management of
the data and services may not be fully trustworthy. This work studies the problem of ensuring the
integrity of data storage in Cloud Computing. With cloud storage services, it is common place for
data to be not only stored in the cloud, but also shared across multiple users. However, preserving
and0 assuring security to data such as the public and private files stored in the cloud remains to be an
open challenge. The security of data in cloud storage, however, is subject to malicious threats, as data
stored in the cloud can easily be lost or corrupted due to the inevitable hardware/software failures and
human errors.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the major security threats and find out better way to ensure
security of data stored in the cloud shared environment. To identify any algorithm or technique that
can be implemented to enhance the security measures. A primary research will be carried out in order
to find the different ideas and suggestions in order to secure the files that are stored in the cloud
shared environment and additional security compliance policies that can be followed. The findings
from the research will be summarized and used to build and artifact to provide a working model of
the identified solution. Author keywords: Cloud computing, encryption, security, secure erasure code, multi cloud approach, cloud security issue
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