60 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-saj-10.1177_29767342231210554 – Supplemental material for Differences in Normative Beliefs and Tobacco Product Use by Age Among Adults Who Smoke: Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-saj-10.1177_29767342231210554 for Differences in Normative Beliefs and Tobacco Product Use by Age Among Adults Who Smoke: Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample by Dana Rubenstein, BA, Dana M. Carroll, PhD, MPH, Rachel L. Denlinger-Apte, PhD, MPH, Jennifer Cornacchione Ross, PhD and F. Joseph McClernon, PhD in Substance Abuse</p
<i>Photoperiodism: The Biological Calendar</i>. Edited by Randy J. Nelson, David L. Denlinger, and David E. Somers. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. $74.00. xiii + 581 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-0-19-533590-3. 2010.
No full textThe ecological genetics of senescence and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans
No full textLongevity and the rate of senescence are determined by the ecological conditions during a population's recent evolutionary history, and are intrinsically linked to other components of life history and to fitness. These traits should be examined in an ecological context, in which other aspects of the life history are taken into account. However, although many mutations which promote longevity in model organisms disrupt mechanisms that are involved in responding to environmental change, trade-offs associated with increased lifespan have typically been examined in benign laboratory conditions. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, long-lived, stress resisitant age-1(hx546) mutants can compete with wild type worms in favourable growth conditions, but display fitness costs when populations are periodically starved. By monitoring termporal changes in genotype frequencies, I have established that age-1 mutants can have higher fitness that the wild type strain if mixed genotype populations are exposed to periods of thermal or oxidative stress when food is available. Genotype-by-environment interactions, and spatial and temporal distributions of the FOXO transcriptions factor DAF-16, suggest that this is because age-1 mutants are more able to survive, develop and reproduce during and/or after exposure to environmental stress, due to increased expression of genes involved in somatic maintenance and repair. Using population projection matrices, I have demonstrated that age-1(hx546) mutant allele can confer a selective advantage over the wild type genotype when populations experience abiotic stress, even if periods of starvation are frequently endured. This is the first demonstration that a long-lived, laboratory-derived mutant can have higher fitness that a wild type genotype under specific environmental conditions. The results imply that, is genetic variation is present in populations which encounter harsh conditions, increased longevity can evolve as a consequence of selection for greater resistance to stress. I have also established that the effects of mutations which promote longevity on the ability to tolerate environmental stress can be context dependent and that long-lived age-1(hx546) mutants display increased cold tolerance, relative to wild type worms, due to increased expression of ∆9 desaturase genes and additional transcriptional targets of DAF-16. The results presented in this theis suggests that genetic and life history responses to environmental stress deserve a more prominent role in evolutionary studies of aging
Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes and Potential Consequences on Cardiovascular Disease
No full textCigarette smoking remains highly prevalent in the U.S. and contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Tobacco control policies, including product regulation, can reduce smoking-related harm. One approach being considered in the U.S. is for the FDA to set a low nicotine standard for cigarettes. Such a standard could result in multiple beneficial outcomes including reduced cardiovascular toxicity related to nicotine, reduced smoking intensity in current smokers, increased cessation rates, decreased development of smoking dependence in youth, and decreased passive smoke exposure. Consequently, CVD risk in the U.S. could be dramatically improved by nicotine reduction in cigarettes. Possible pathways linking nicotine reduction in cigarettes to decreased CVD risk are discussed, while potential unintended consequences that could offset expected gains are also presented. Gaps in the literature, including limited data on CVD biomarkers and long-term CVD outcomes following the use of very low nicotine cigarettes, are discussed to highlight areas for new research
Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes and Potential Consequences on Cardiovascular Disease
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The Impact of Exclusive Use of Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes on Compensatory Smoking: An Inpatient Crossover Clinical Trial
No full textBackgroundThe FDA is considering a mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes. Clinical trials have been limited by non-study cigarette use (noncompliance), which could mask compensation. The goal of this study was to assess whether compensation occurs when smokers provided with very low nicotine cigarettes cannot access normal nicotine cigarettes.MethodsIn a within-subjects, crossover design, current smokers (n = 16) were confined to a hotel for two 4-night hotel stays during which they were only able to access the research cigarettes provided. The hotel stays offered normal nicotine cigarettes or very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, in an unblinded design, available for "purchase" via a study bank.ResultsIn the context of complete compliance with the study cigarettes (n = 16), there was not a significant increase during the VLNC condition for cigarettes smoked per day, expired carbon monoxide, or N-acetyl-S-(cyanoethyl)-l-cysteine (cyanoethyl-MA, metabolite of acrylonitrile). There was a significant nicotine × time interaction on urine N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (hydroxypropyl-MA, metabolite of acrolein), driven by an increase in the VLNC condition during the first 24 hours. By the end of the VLNC condition, there was no evidence of compensation across any measure of smoking or smoke exposure.ConclusionsAmong current smokers who exclusively used VLNC cigarettes for 4 days, there was no significant compensatory smoking behavior.ImpactThese data, combined with the larger body of work, suggest that a mandated reduction in nicotine content is unlikely to result in an increase in smoking behavior to obtain more nicotine
Author's personal copy Function and immuno-localization of aquaporins in the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica
No full textReactions to using other nicotine and tobacco products instead of menthol cigarettes: A qualitative study of people who smoke menthol cigarettes in the United States
No full textThe US Food and Drug Administration is considering banning menthol cigarettes, which could result in some people who smoke menthol cigarettes switching to other tobacco products (OTPs). This qualitative study explored reactions to using OTPs instead of menthol cigarettes. People who smoke menthol cigarettes (N=40) completed a behavioral economic assessment of the effects of menthol cigarette price increases on OTP purchasing. At the highest price, most participants could not afford menthol cigarettes. Instead, they could purchase non-menthol cigarettes, little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs), e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, or medicinal nicotine, or they could abstain from tobacco use. Participants used the OTPs they purchased for three days. During follow-up sessions, participants (n=35) completed semi-structured interviews discussing their purchasing-decisions and experiences using OTPs instead of menthol cigarettes. Interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis methods. Factors influencing purchasing decisions included flavor, price, prior use of OTPs, interest in trying new OTPs, and perceived ability to satisfy nicotine cravings. Participants described positive experiences using e-cigarettes including the “refreshing” menthol flavor, ability to use in places where cigarettes are prohibited, and convenience of use relative to smoking. Among those using non-menthol cigarettes, many reported they were acceptable but less satisfying products compared to menthol cigarettes while others reported negative reactions to them such as tasting like “cardboard”. Reactions to smoking LCCs were mostly unfavorable but participants said it gave them “something to light”. Multiple considerations may affect switching to OTPs in light of pending menthol cigarette regulation including the availability of menthol-flavored alternatives and (dis)satisfaction with OTPs
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