177 research outputs found
Acute Sedentary Behaviour and Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies
No full textNorth Americans spend half their waking hours engaging in sedentary behaviour. Although several recent interventions suggest that short bouts of uninterrupted sedentary behaviour may result in acute increases in cardiometabolic risk, this literature has not been reviewed systematically. This study performed a systematic review of the impact of uninterrupted sedentary behaviour lasting ≤7 days on markers of cardiometabolic risk (insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and fasting insulin, glucose, and lipid levels) in humans. Interventions were identified through systematic searches of Medline and Embase and screened by 2 independent reviewers. A total of 25 interventions were identified that examined the impact of imposed sedentary behaviour on biomarkers of interest. The majority of these studies focused on healthy young men, with very little identified research on females or other age groups. We found consistent, moderate quality evidence that uninterrupted sedentary behaviour ≤7 days results in moderate and deleterious changes in insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and plasma triglyceride levels. In contrast, there is inconsistent, very low-quality evidence linking uninterrupted sedentary behaviour with changes in insulin, glucose, and HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels. These findings suggest that uninterrupted bouts of sedentary behaviour should be avoided in order to prevent or attenuate transient increases in metabolic risk
Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth
No full textAbstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a meta-analysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI
Measurement of sedentary behaviour in population health surveys: a review and recommendations
No full textExercise-induced energy expenditure : implications for exercise prescription and obesity
No full textObjective:\ud
Walking is commonly recommended to help with weight management. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components to quantify the impact of increasing exercise-induced energy expenditure (ExEE) on other components of TEE. \ud
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Methods:\ud
Thirteen obese women underwent an 8-week walking group intervention. TEE was quantified using doubly labeled water, ExEE was quantified using heart rate monitors, daily movement was assessed by accelerometry and resting metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry. \ud
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Results:\ud
Four of the 13 participants achieved the target of 1500 kcal wk−1 of ExEE and all achieved 1000 kcal wk−1. The average ExEE achieved by the group across the 8 weeks was 1434 ± 237 kcal wk−1. Vigorous physical activity, as assessed by accelerometry, increased during the intervention by an average of 30 min per day. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) decreased, on average, by 175 kcal d−1 (−22%) from baseline to the intervention and baseline fitness was correlated with change in NEAT. \ud
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Conclusions: \ud
Potential alterations in non-exercise activity should be considered when exercise is prescribed. The provision of appropriate education on how to self-monitor daily activity levels may improve intervention outcomes in groups who are new to exercise. \ud
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Practice implications: \ud
Strategies to sustain incidental and light physical activity should be offered to help empower individuals as they develop and maintain healthy and long-lasting lifestyle habits.\ud
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Validation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition Assessment Methodologies in the Obese Pediatric Population
No full textRates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity
Implications of the Variability in Time to Isotopic Equilibrium in the Deuterium Dilution Technique
No full textOBJECTIVE: To investigate the variability in isotopic equilibrium time under field conditions, and the impact of this variability on estimates of total body water (TBW) and body composition. DESIGN AND SETTING: Following collection of a fasting baseline urine sample, 10 women and 10 men were dosed with deuterium oxide (0.05 g/kg body weight). Urine samples were collected every hour for 8 h. The samples were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Time to equilibration was determined using three commonly employed data analysis approaches. RESULTS: Isotopic equilibrium was reached by 50, 80 and 100% of participants at 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively. The mean group equilibration determined using the three different plateau determination methods were 4.8+/-1.5, 3.8+/-0.8 and 4.9+/-1.4 h. Isotopic enrichment, TBW, and percent body fat estimates differed between early (3-5 h), but not later sampling times (5-8 h). CONCLUSION: Although the three different plateau determination approaches resulted in differences in equilibration time, all suggest that sampling at 6 h or later will decrease the likelihood of error in body composition estimates resultant from incomplete isotopic equilibration in a small proportion of individuals
The life and works of James Miller, 1704-1744, with particular reference to the satiric content of his poetry and plays.
No full textPhDJames Miller was born the son of a Dorset rector in 1704. He
was himself ordained, but acquired no benefice until just before his
early death, probably because of a scathing portrayal of the Bishop
of London in one of his verse satires. At Oxford he wrote a vivacious
comedy of humours, set in the University. Its production in 1730
began his dramatic career, at a time when the number of London
theatres had just doubled, and new dramatic forms were being invented.
In 1731 his poem Harlequin-Horace, a witty inversion of
the Ars Poetica, attacked pantomime and opera, but also painted a
lively portrait of the entire theatrical world, in the tradition of
the Dunciad.
After collaborating in a translation of Moliere's works Miller
wrote two plays based on this author. Of all his dramatic works
these were the most successful with his contemporaries, and were
followed by a modernisation of Much Ado, and a ballad-opera adapted
from an afterpiece by Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, and rendered highly
topical. Miller made similar use of a recent French comedy showing
a Red Indian's reactions to civilisation, a satiric "fable" by Walsh
and Voltaire's Mahomet. A large quantity of original material was
incorporated into most of these, and this is generally satirical in
nature. The Indian is made to voice almost egalitarian sentiments.
An afterpiece, "The Camp Visitants", satirised military inaction
in the war, and was apparently banned. The manuscripts of the six
plays produced after the Licensing Act bear the examiner's deletions,
and illustrate the nature of the censorship at this time.
Miller's greatest strength is probably his flexible, vigorously
colloquial dialogue. His political satire is mostly contained in
the poetry, which attacks Walpole's administration with increasing
vehemence through the seventeen-thirties, until its fall. In 1740
two poems that used Pope in symbolic contrast to Walpole caused a
sensation. In both poetry and plays Miller is also a social satirist,
who lays unusually strong emphasis on false taste and the deterioration
of culture
Not learning in the workplace: austerity and the shattering of illusio in public service
No full textPurpose – This paper seeks to discuss the impact of UK government austerity policies on learning in public service work, specifically youth support work. It also aims to argue that austerity policies intensify “ethics work”, create emotional suffering, and obstruct workplace learning in a variety of ways.
Design/methodology/approach – The research adopts narrative methods and a critical interpretive paradigm to investigate practitioner perceptions within a broader analysis of neo-liberal change. It draws on Bourdieu's sociology as an interpretive framework.
Findings – Austerity is shifting the “stakes” of the youth support field from a client-centred ethos to the meeting of economically driven targets. This shatters the illusio of practitioners committed to client-centred ethics, resulting in emotional suffering, difficulty in learning to cope with new demands, and an erosion of professional capacity.
Research limitations and implications – A particular limitation is the lack of longitudinal data. There is a pressing need for more research on ethics work, emotional suffering and (not) learning in public service workplaces facing austerity, and to continue theorising this nexus more thoroughly.
Practical and social implications – There is a need to promote a feminist ethics of care in such workplaces. There is also a need to stimulate public debate about the ethical impact of austerity on public service work as a whole. These might allow workplaces to encourage learning more effectively.
Originality/value – This paper departs from traditional discussions of workplace learning to consider instances of “not learning”. It introduces the innovative concept of “ethics work”, discusses ethics as a form of work, through a sociological rather than philosophical lens, and utilises Bourdieu's key concept of illusio, not previously addressed in workplace learning research
The association between accelerometer-measured patterns of sedentary time and health risk in children and youth: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey
No full textSource type: Electronic(1
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