1,721,142 research outputs found
Regole di valutazione e indeterminatezza nella scienza economica d'azienda. Un problema irrisolto nel pensiero di Gino Zappa
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Sunk internationalisation: small firms and global knowledge
No full textIn this paper, the reasons behind the absence of small firms in the theories of internationalisation are first of all examined. This scarce attention is not casual, but is due to a more fundamental and general distortion in conventional theory's attitude towards small firms : the isolation of the firm from its system of relations and, therefore, from its system of labour division.
Then the conditions required to construct a general theory that will be valid for both large and small firms are defined. The authors sustain that a general theory of internationalisation is essentially a theory concerning the world-wide division of learning process between different national environments and cultures. Small and large firms can contribute in different ways to this task.
The final part of the article brings together the lessons that the theory can learn from the experiences of those small firms that have shown dynamism on foreign markets.Ce papier aborde tout d'abord les raisons pour lesquelles les petites et moyennes entreprises sont absentes des théories des relations internationales. Cette absence n'est pas due au hasard et renvoie fondamentalement à l'attitude particulière des théories traditionnelles envers la PME. Selon ces approches, la firme est isolée de son système de relations et par conséquent du système de division du travail dans lequel elle s'inscrit. Les conditions nécessaires à la construction d'une théorie générale, applicable à la fois aux grandes et aux petites entreprises, sont alors définies. Dans cet esprit, les auteurs considèrent qu'une théorie générale de l'internationalisation des firmes doit s'appuyer sur la division du travail, des connaissances et des modes d'apprentissages entre les divers environnements nationaux et culturels. Petites et grandes entreprises contribuent de diverses manières à cette division. La dernière partie de l'article synthétise les enseignements que la théorie peut retirer des pratiques des PME dynamiques sur les marchés internationaux.Grandinetti Roberto, Rullani Enzo. Sunk internationalisation : small firms and global knowledge. In: Revue d'économie industrielle, vol. 67, 1er trimestre 1994. PME-PMI et économie industrielle, sous la direction de Jacques de Bandt, Danielle Blondel et Christian Picory. pp. 238-254
Division of labour and the locus of inventive activity
No full textThis paper argues that modularity of knowledge and technologies has important implications for the locus of inventive activities. This is because modularity allows for a separation of the innovation process in two main activities: The production of basic (standardised) modules, and their combination to produce variants of technologies or product designs that are better suited to the special needs of individual users or markets. This gives rise to a division of labour whereby the production of modules will be performed by specialised upstream suppliers (who enjoy economies of scale), while the combination of modules will be performed by firms further downstream or by the users themselves. We then suggest that this pattern can explain a variety of phenomena such as why users "co-produce" their innovations, and how small regions can support innovative activity despite the apparent efficiency advantage of larger regions. © 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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