1,721,087 research outputs found
Le basi psicofisiologiche del comportamento. Testo introduttivo per corsi umanistici
No full textTesto introduttivo per corsi umanistici che illustra alcuni aspetti fondamentali del quadro di riferimento biologico utili alla comprensione del funzionamento mentale dell'uomo
Does the Simon effect affect movement execution?
No full textThe present work set out to test the prediction of the dual-route response selection account of the Simon effect, which maintains that the Simon effect, and its facilitation and interference components, should show up at the response selection stage irrespective of when it takes place during processing. Previous works have shown that in the case of a movement response, two strategies can be adopted for responding. The main difference between these two response strategies consists of when response selection operations take place. The two experiments reported in the present study showed that when response selection operates clearly before movement initiations, the Simon effect shows up in reaction time and not in movement time
Ways of thinking about the incinerator: A typology of citizens' mindsets
Full text linkThis paper considers the social representation of an incinerator plant operating for
more than 30 years in a medium-sized city in Italy. A survey was carried out with a
representative sample of an Italian town, a community that was not generally hostile to it. On
the basis of self-efficacy and trust in institutions, and by applying cluster analyses, we obtain
evidence for four distinct groups labelled as Fatalists, Collaboratives, Activists ,and
Delegants. The four groups express systematic variations in social representation. We discuss
the theoretical and practical impacts of these results
Aspetti cognitivi e metacognitivi della terza età.
No full textAspetti cognitivi e metacognitivi della terza età
Response inhibition and adaptations to response conflict in 6-to 8-year-old children: Evidence from the Simon effect
No full textSeveral studies have shown that the Simon effect, which is the advantage of spatial correspondence between stimulus and response locations when the stimulus location is task-irrelevant, decreases with increasing response times and is affected by preceding-trial correspondence. These mod- ulations suggest the existence of control mechanisms that adapt our behavior to current goals by responding to the conflict experienced within a trial and by preventing the recurrence of a conflict in the subsequent trial. The aim of the present study was to assess whether these control mecha- nisms, which are well consolidated in adults and in children older than 8 years of age, are present in children between 6 and 8 years old. To this end, we tested 32 first-grade (6–7 years) and 34 second-grade (7–8 years) children on a Simon task in which correspondence sequence was manipulated on a trial- by-trial basis. The Simon effect was larger for first- than for second-graders and decreased with increasing response times only in second-graders. Crucially, for both groups, the effect was reduced when the preceding trial was noncorresponding, and the reductions were comparable for the two groups, indicating that trial-by-trial control mechanisms are already present in first-grade children and may be dissociated from within-trial control adjustments
Does a look of fear prompt to act? The effects of gaze and face emotional expression on manipulable objects
Full text linkGaze direction is an important social cue for understanding the intentions of other people. Indeed, interacting with others requires the ability to encode their current focus of attention in order to predict their future actions. Previous studies have showed that when asked to detect or identify a target, people are faster if shown a gaze oriented toward rather than away from that target. Most importantly, there is evidence that the emotion conveyed by the face with the averted gaze matters. We further tested the interplay between gaze and face emotion in the context of manipulable objects to understand whether and to what extent other people's gaze influences our own actions toward objects. Participants judged whether a target graspable object was upright or inverted after viewing a face cue with a central or averted gaze. Importantly, the target's handle could be oriented toward the gazed-at location or the opposite side such that gaze and handle were corresponding or non-corresponding in space. Furthermore, we manipulated the expression of the cue by using neutral and fearful faces. Results showed a handle-response (H-R) compatibility effect (i.e., a facilitation when the response key is on the same side as the object's handle) only with fearful cues with a central gaze
Facilitation and interference components in the Simon effect
No full textFacilitation and interference components in the Simon effec
Shared learning shapes human performance:Transfer effects in task sharing
No full textWe investigated whether performing a task with a co-actor shapes the way a subsequent task is performed. In four experiments participants were administered a Simon task after practicing a spatial compatibility task with an incompatible S-R mapping. In Experiment, 1 they performed both tasks alongside another person; in Experiment 2 they performed the spatial compatibility task alone, responding to only one stimulus position, and the Simon task with another person; inExperiment 3, they performed the spatial compatibility task with another person and the Simon task alone; finally, in Experiment 4, they performed the spatial compatibility task alone and the Simontask with another person. The incompatible practice eliminated the Simon effect in Experiments 1 and 4. These results indicate that when a task is distributed between two participants with each one performing a different part of it, they tend to represent the whole task rather than their own part of it. This experience can influence the way a subsequent task is performed, as long as this latter occurs in a social context
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