1,721,000 research outputs found
Le laureate in Economia e la scelta tra lavoro in proprio e lavoro subordinato
No full textObiettivo di questo lavoro è analizzare le differenze di genere nella scelta della posizione professionale, tra i laureati del gruppo Economico-statistico, usando i dati Istat delle matrici di transizione (1998/99 - 2002/03). I passaggi di stato evidenziano l’opposto verso del flusso netto tra occupazione dipendente e indipendente: mentre per i laureati è prevalente il passaggio dal lavoro subordinato al lavoro in proprio, per le laureate è vero il contrario. Una possibile spiegazione è che la discriminazione di genere nel lavoro dipendente sia la causa della minore abilità specifica delle imprenditrici, e determini di conseguenza sia la minor probabilità delle laureate di permanere nell’occupazione indipendente, sia la loro maggior probabilità di transizione al lavoro subordinato
Libro verde e modernizzazione del diritto del lavoro: un quadro di riferimento teorico e concettuale
No full textThis paper examines the informative function of employment contracts in modern economies, starting from the assumption that the parties are rational actors, and adopting a neo-utilitarian methodology. It considers the optimal allocation of heterogeneous individuals in a context characterised by incomplete and asymmetrical information, and provides a survey of the literature on the economic theory of contracts, the optimal design of contracts, and agency relations. It is argued that complex contractual forms, both implicit and explicit, can reduce inefficiency in matching individuals and vacancies. In addition it describes the conflict between the objectives of providing incentives for employees and risk allocation in employment relations. In conclusion, it is argued that non-standard contracts can play an informative role, facilitating the transition towards standard contracts, by showing the commitment on the part of individuals in search of employment towards the needs of the employer, thus increasing their credibility
La segregazione occupazionale in Italia
No full textWhen men and women today do the same work for the same employer, they are paid essentially the same wages. There is nevertheless a substantial pay gap that needs to be explained. Its main source lies in the segregation of men and women in occupations and professions: women work in low-paid jobs, while men work in jobs where pay is high. If men and women had equal outside opportunities, and their distribution across positions and hierarchical levels of economic activities were unaffected by social stereotypes, they would choose the same specialized human capital and they would be equally distributed across occupations. This paper undertakes an empirical overview of the occupational segregation in Italy (using the term in its descriptive sense) and concludes that the occupational segregation depends on factors such as the relationship between family and work, internalised stereotypes that influence educational choices, anticipated discrimination from employers and the rules of the competition in tournaments
Se sei così brava, perché non sei ricca? Differenze di genere nei rendimenti scolastici e nelle retribuzioni dei laureati
No full text
Unfair tournaments: gender stereotyping and wage discrimination among Italian graduates
Full text linkThis paper addresses the gender pay gap among Italian university graduates on entry to the labor market, and stresses the potential for gender stereotypes to impact subjective assessment of individual productivity. We build upon previous research about gender and wage inequality, introducing tournament theory as a framework for the gender pay gap analysis. We hypothesize that the effects of gender make occupational tournaments less fair in some arenas compared with others. As a consequence, men workers have higher probabilities of winning the wage competition, but this process is uneven. Our data show that in contexts where stereotypes are most likely to occur, tournaments appear to be less fair and the unexplained component of the gender pay gap is higher
Effort allocation in tournaments: the effect of gender on academic performance in Italian universities
Full text linkWe consider the academic performance of Italian university graduates and their labor market position 3 years after graduation. Our data confirm the common finding that female students outperform male students in academia but are overcome in the labor market. Assuming that academic competition is fair and that individual talent is equally distributed by gender, we suggest that the gender gap evident in degree scores is endogenously due to the greater effort exerted by female students. We find that females face a greater increase in labor market returns from signalling through academic performance. This higher prize explains the greater effort exerted by females and the higher probability of winning the academic competition
Stereotipi di genere e imprenditorialità delle laureate
No full textL'analisi empirica dei dati ISTAT sull’inserimento professionale dei laureati ha evidenziato due significative differenze di genere nelle matrici di transizione: in primo luogo si nota che la mobilità tra occupati dipendenti e indipendenti segue percorsi opposti per la componente femminile (che passa in prevalenza dal lavoro autonomo a quello dipendente) rispetto a quella maschile (che passa in prevalenza dall’occupazione dipendente a quella indipendente). In secondo luogo si osserva che vi è una maggior difficoltà delle laureate a permanere nell’occupazione indipendente, sia rispetto alla componente maschile sia rispetto al lavoro subordinato. Due ragioni convergono a spiegare questo risultato: da un lato rileva la minor abilità specifica, dovuta al maggior incentivo a mettersi in proprio che la discriminazione dei datori di lavoro fornisce alle donne; d’altro lato operano gli stereotipi negativi delle banche nei confronti delle donne imprenditrici. Il loro effetto congiunto induce le laureate a lasciare l’occupazione indipendente, perpetuando in tal modo gli stereotipi e trasformando i pregiudizi in profezie autoconfermantisi
- …
