1,721,091 research outputs found
Neurovascular imaging: From basics to advanced concepts
No full textVascular Neurology, Vascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology are independent fields with dedicated Training Programs. Neuroimaging, and in particular what we call "Neurovascular Imaging" is a unifying factor which can be considered the intersection of these three medical specialties. With this book we aim to cover thoroughly the imaging techniques, potentialities, and present and future applications as applied to all the vascular diseases of the central nervous system from the imaging point of view. This book will comprise eight main sections: (1) The Basics, (2) Arteries of the Head and Neck (3) The basics of Intracranial Arteries (4) Diseases of the vessels (5) Stroke Imaging (6) Veins Imaging (7) Spine Imaging (8) Pediatrics
FMRI and multiple sclerosis
No full textThe diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the consequent therapeutic choices have been rendered considerably easier by the advent of magnetic resonance imaging; however, conventional MR images alone do not fully explain the clinical severity of MS patients; this poor correlation between clinical and radiological findings has been referred to as the clinico-radiological paradox. Histological studies and non-conventional MRI have shown that MS alterations are not confined to white matter lesions, but may be found in both normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and in grey matter. It has been established that irreversible tissue damage in MS leads to disability; it should, however, be borne in mind that the clinical outcome in MS patients is the result of a balance between the severity of damage to the central nervous system and the effectiveness of the repair and recovery mechanisms in such patients. These plastic changes are believed to underlie the changes in functional activity that can be observed during functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) studies. In patients with MS, functional brain reorganization mainly consists of an increase, if compared with healthy subjects, in the extent of activation in the affected brain areas, as well as the recruitment of additional brain areas. These findings have been interpreted as adaptive mechanisms that allow normal performance despite neural damage or loss. However, recent studies suggest that brain functional activity changes may merely be an epiphenomenon due to neuronal damage
Diffusion tensor imaging in multiple sclerosis: Longitudinal changes
No full textEvaluation of: Harrison DM, Caffo BS, Shiee N et al.: Longitudinal changes in diffusion tensor-based quantitative MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 76(2), 179-186 (2011). This article reviews the study by Harrison et al., who assessed the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer (MT) ratio measures as surrogates of longitudinal changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in order to integrate them into clinical trials. A total of 78 patients with MS underwent a magnetic resonance examination at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year, and yearly thereafter. The magnetic resonance sequences were DTI, MT, proton density/T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T1-3D sequence (MPRAGE). The indices with the highest longitudinal variation were the supratentorial qT2 (percentage change per year = +2.0), supratentorial fractional anisotropy (percentage change per year = -0.5) and corpus callosum fractional anisotropy (percentage change per year = -1.7); MT ratio yielded measurable longitudinal changes in all of the areas studied, although at a slower rate than those yielded by DTI. With 80% power, the number of participants (per trial arm) needed for a 12- or 24-month trial were calculated using each of the MRI indices as outcome measures. The DTI indices were those that provided the smaller, more convenient numbers. Further studies are required to assess these proposed MRI parameters, and these studies will need to analyze both a more homogeneous MS population and MS patients in an early disease phase who have undergone no treatment. © 2011 Future Medicine Ltd
A slowly growing benign brain mass
No full textA 33-year-old woman presented with occasional
mild nonlateralized headache. Examination was normal.
Brain MRI revealed a neuroglial cyst in the right
hemisphere which expanded slowly but relentlessly
over subsequent years (figure 1; figure e-1 on the
Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org). At the
last MRI, the lesion produced considerable mass effect,
but the patient’s examination was still normal.
She refused surgery. Neuroglial cysts are uncommon
congenital lesions.1,2 Unlike the more common
arachnoid cysts, they are located within brain parenchyma
and arise from remnants of embryonic neural
tube elements, sequestered in the developing
white matter. Most neuroglial cysts remain stable
in size. Minimal but persistent intracystic CSF secretion
may explain cyst expansion over time
Assessing the correlation between grey and white matter damage with motor and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis patients.PLoS One. 2013 May 16;8(5):e63250. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063250. Print 2013.
No full textCyst with a mural nodule tumor of the brain
No full textThe purpose of this article is to illustrate the imaging findings of lesions that present as cyst with a mural nodule tumor (CMNT). CMNT is a subtype pattern of intra-axial enhancement in central nervous system tumors, typical of a variety of brain neoplasms, including, as the most common, hemangioblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, ganglioglioma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and as less common tanycytic ependymoma, intraparenchymal schwannoma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma and cystic metastasis. A retrospective design was chosen given the rarity of CMNT. Relevant cases were obtained retrospectively to review the different lesions that can present with the appearance of CMNT.The purpose of this article is to illustrate the imaging findings of lesions that present as cyst with a mural nodule tumor (CMNT). CMNT is a subtype pattern of intra-axial enhancement in central nervous system tumors, typical of a variety of brain neoplasms, including, as the most common, hemangioblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, ganglioglioma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and as less common tanycytic ependymoma, intraparenchymal schwannoma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma and cystic metastasis. A retrospective design was chosen given the rarity of CMNT. Relevant cases were obtained retrospectively to review the different lesions that can present with the appearance of CMNT. © 2012 International Cancer Imaging Society
Transversal and longitudinal assessment of white matter and grey matter damage in a cohort of CIS patients
No full textBalance deficit with opened or closed eyes reveals involvement of different structures of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler. 2014 Jan;20(1):81-90. doi: 10.1177/1352458513490546. Epub 2013 Jun 11.
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