38,548 research outputs found
Electric Vehicles in New Zealand - Policy, Regulation and Technical Standards for Emerging Vehicle Technology
No full textThe need for a technical standard for the conversion of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to electric drive has been identified by government regulators in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of this project was to review the technical and inspection requirements that would allow Electric Vehicle (EV) conversions of passenger vehicles of gross weight < 3500 kg (Class MA), to be safely designed, built, sold, and operated in NZ. A detailed description of the spectrum of EV technology is given. A literature review of NZ and international transport regulations and technical standards has shown many requirements affecting EVs. A risk analysis showed that most EV technological risks related to electrical, battery and braking safety are controlled by implementing a reduction in risk event likelihood, rather than a reduction in risk event severity. This indicates that risk controls need to be reliable in order to be effective. A detailed review of EV electrical systems, Lithium Ion (Li-ion) battery systems and regenerative braking technology is also carried out. With the use of battery chemistries and designs which minimise the risk of failures, coupled with adequate safeguards in the form of redundant protection and well designed component management systems, EV converters can achieve safe and high performance conversions
Antigenic profiles of the human anti-EV-A71 antibodies.
No full text(A) Control cell lysates were loaded into SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Recombinant EV-A71-EGFP cell lysates (structural and non-structural proteins) were probed with anti-GFP-HRP, while recombinant EV-A71 2A cell lysates were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. EV-A71 virion proteins were immunodetected with EV-A71-specific mAb 3323 (Millipore, USA) and mAb 979 (Millipore, USA), followed by secondary anti-mouse IgG-HRP. The expected band for each individual recombinant protein is indicated by red solid arrows and the protein sizes are shown. (B) Acute infection with no neutralization sera (n = 2) and (C) acute infection with high neutralization sera (n = 12) were used for EV-A71-specific IgM antibody detection. (D) Acute infection with high neutralization sera (n = 12) and (E) convalescent sera (n = 5) were used for EV-A71-specific IgG antibody detection. An estimated 20 μg of proteins was loaded for SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The amount of EV-A71 structural and non-structural protein cell lysates was normalized with anti-GFP-HRP since the presence of inhibitory factors affected accurate quantitation of total proteins. The EV-A71 protein cell lysates and EV-A71 proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and probed with pooled human sera at a dilution of 1:300. The immunoblot was developed with Clarity Western ECL substrate and detected by chemiluminescence. Protein bands were determined using the Precision Plus Protein WesternC Standard (Bio-Rad, USA). The antigens recognized by EV-A71-infected patient sera are indicated by red solid arrows.</p
Aggregated Impact of EV Charger Type and EV Penetration level in Improving PV Integration in Distribution Grids
No full textMass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can improve the loading characteristics of low voltage distribution grids with high Photovoltaic (PV) penetration. This impact is investigated in the paper from two point of views, namely, the EV charger type and the EV penetration level. Based on the measured usage data for home, public and semi-public EV chargers, it is highlighted that the ratio of the number of these charger types can influence the grid level impact of PV penetration. Using Monte-Carlo method with aggregated power balance model, it is suggested that the increase in percentage of public and semi-public chargers relative to home chargers can improve self-consumption of PV energy in the grid, thereby reducing the power mismatch due to excess local generation. A PowerFactory based simulation with real measurement based data on real German distribution grids reveals that the grids have no risk of congestion at all with 80% EV penetration, allowing for a possibility even higher EV penetration in the future. Furthermore, with the considered uncontrolled EV charging, it is observed that the grids experience reverse power flows due to excess PV generation. This excess PV energy reduces by about 5% with high EV penetration, indicating a future potential for targeted smart charging application for improving these benchmarked results.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.DC systems, Energy conversion & Storag
Policy strategies for an emergent technology; lessons from the analysis of EV-policy in 8 North-European countries
No full textThis paper presents data from a comparative study of EV-policies in 8 different North-European countries, that maps out all of the policies of these countries (and a range of regions and cities) that target passenger vehicles (PHEV and BEV), chargers (home, private, public; level 1-3), and policies that target the emobility eco-system or supporting network, in time-period 2012-2014. The main findings are that 1) there is wide variance of policies put out by the different countries, 2) these policies are hardly part of a coherent policy-strategy, and 3) mainly address the introduction of e-mobility as an issue of "piling up" enough incentives to overcome early market problems (e.g. high costs, reticent customers, slow adaptation of regulation).
Most countries we studied were able to meet short-term policy-ambitions, and some have even surpassed those ambitions; Netherlands and Norway for instance are ahead of their targets, both in numbers of vehicles and chargers. However, if we compare the currently applied policies to the medium- and longer term ambitions, these policies are hardly viable. Therefore, argue for alternative policy strategies that do not "pile up" incentives, but look at "mixes" of policies that instigate a self-reinforcing loop in the adoption to EV's
Differentially expressed genes selected on spline (EV) or VSN transformed data
No full text<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "An adaptation of the LMS method to determine expression variations in profiling data"</p><p></p><p>Nucleic Acids Research 2007;35(9):e71-e71.</p><p>Published online 25 Apr 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1888829.</p><p>© 2007 The Author(s)</p> The same dataset represented in was used to select differentially expressed genes on spline (EV) or VSN-transformed data. MA plots of scaled log-transformed signals for probe sets from two experimental conditions of the B6.1 cells. Color codes are as in . Up-regulated genes are shown as green bold dots, down-regulated as red bold dots. () Distribution of 555 genes (-value = 0.05) selected upon a spline fit. () Distribution of 555 genes (FC = 1.63) on VSN-transformed data. () Distribution of genes selected by both approaches. () Distribution of genes selected by EV (spline fit) alone. () genes selected by VSN (arcsinh transformation) alone
EV-D68 infects anterior horn motor neurons and results in motor neuron death.
No full text(A) A cervical spinal cord section at 100X original magnification from a mouse injected intracerebrally with EV-D68 MO/14-18947 that developed right forelimb paralysis on day 4 post-injection. Loss of motor neurons (green, labeled with choline acetyltransferase / ChAT) is observed in the right (“R side”) anterior horn, corresponding to the affected side. In contrast, motor neurons of the left anterior horn corresponding to the unaffected side are relatively intact. (B) A consecutive cervical spinal cord section from the same dpi 4 mouse at 100X original magnification reveals the presence of EV-D68 VP2 capsid protein within the few remaining right anterior horn neurons. The box represents the area imaged at 200X in (C). (C) 200X and (D) 600X images of the right anterior horn stained for EV-D68 VP2 (green). The box represents the area imaged at 600X in (D). (E) 200X and (F) 600X images from a left anterior horn in an intracerebral-injected mouse at day 3 post-injection before the onset of paralysis showing EV-D68 antigen in an intact cluster of motor neurons. The box represents the area imaged at 600X in (F). For all images, neurons (magenta) are labeled with NeuN, a general neuron marker, and nuclei (blue) are labeled with Hoechst 33342. Scale bars for 100X original magnification are 400 μm, 200X are 200 μm, 600X are 50 μm.</p
Un metodo per la diagnosi , il monitoraggio dell'efficacia di una terapia e per lo sviluppo di un trattamento per la Sclerosi Multipla Method for diagnosis, monitoring the efficacy of a therapy and for development of treatment for Multiple Sclerosis
No full textThe present invention relates to a method for diagnosis and/or prognosis of multiple sclerosis or to monitor the efficacy of a therapy and/or to screen for a treatment for multiple sclerosis comprising measuring the amount or assessing the cellular localization of one or more specific molecular species in stimulated oligodendrocyte cells. Changes of expression or localization of specific proteins involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation are measured after incubation of differentiating cells with cerebrospinal fluid, immunoglobulins extracted from blood serum or blood of patients with multiple sclerosis
Spin polarization in low-energy electron diffraction from Pt(111): experiment and theory
No full textBauer P, Feder R, Müller N. Spin polarization in low-energy electron diffraction from Pt(111): experiment and theory. Surface Science Letters. 1980;99(2):L395-L401.Spin polarization in low-energy electron diffraction from the (111) surface of platinum, which is geometrically unreconstructed, was measured by means of a Mott detector. Corresponding relativistic calculations yield mostly excellent agreement with the data and clearly favour an ion-core scattering potential model containing an energy-dependent exchange approximation
Measurement of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with CHICOS
No full textThe California HIgh school Cosmic ray ObServatory (CHICOS) is a ground-based scintillator array designed to measure the extended air showers of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The goal of the project is to gain insight into the origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays by measuring the energy spectrum and the distribution of arrival directions.
The CHICOS array has been in operation since 2003. It consists of 77 pairs of scintillator dectectors deployed at schools in the San Fernando and San Gabriel valleys near Los Angeles, and is designed to observe cosmic ray air showers at energies of 10^18 eV and above. In addition, the Chiquita subarray is designed to observe smaller showers in the energy range of 1016 - 1019 eV.
We present new descriptions of the air shower lateral distribution function and time distribution function, which have been derived from AIRES-generated simulated air showers. The new functions are specific to the CHICOS altitude and allow for a maximum likelihood shower reconstruction method, which is more appropriate to the CHICOS data than the χ2 minimization method. We present several analyses of the accuracy of the reconstruction software in the energy ranges available to the Chiquita and CHICOS arrays.
The energy spectrum between 1017 eV and 1019 eV has been measured by the Chiquita subarray. At the lowest energy range, it is found to agree with previous measurements, while the measured flux falls below previous experiments for energies greater than approximately 1017.5 eV. The CHICOS energy spectrum above 1018.4 eV is found to agree with previous results published by AGASA. However, we do not observe the cutoff in the spectrum at 1020 eV reported more recently by the Auger and HiRes Collaborations.
A correlation analysis between CHICOS data and nearby active galactic nuclei (AGN) was performed. No excess of cosmic rays was observed in the vicinity of nearby AGN. The maximum correlation was observed for cosmic ray events with E > 1020 eV and for AGN with z < 0.009, with Pchance = 21%. This is consistent with random correlations from an isotropic distribution, a result also found by HiRes, but in disagreement with Auger.</p
- …
