978 research outputs found
Desarguesian Klingenberg planes
No full textKlingenberg planes are generalizations of Hjelmslev planes. If R is a local ring, one can construct a projective Klingenberg plane
V
(
R
)
{\textbf {V}}(R)
and a derived affine Klingenberg plane
A
(
R
)
{\textbf {A}}(R)
from R. If V is a projective Klingenberg plane, if
R
1
,
R
2
{R_1},\,{R_2}
and
R
3
{R_3}
are local rings, if
s
1
,
s
2
{s_1},\,{s_2}
and
s
3
{s_3}
are the sides of a nondegenerate triangle in V, and if each of the derived affine Klingenberg planes
a
(
V
,
s
i
)
\mathcal {a}\left ( {V,\,{s_i}} \right )
is isomorphic to
A
(
R
i
)
,
{\textbf {A}}({R_i}),\,
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
3
i\, = \,1,\,2,\,3
, then the rings
R
1
,
R
2
{R_1},\,{R_2}
and
R
3
{R_3}
are isomorphic, and V is isomorphic to
V
(
R
1
)
;
{\textbf {V}}({R_1});
; also, if g is a line of V, then the derived affine Klingenberg plane
a
(
V
,
g
)
\mathcal {a}({V,\,g})
is isomorphic to
A
(
R
1
)
\textbf {A}({R_1})
. Examples are given of projective Klingenberg planes V, each of which has the following two properties: (1) V is not isomorphic to
V
(
R
)
{\textbf {V}}(R)
for any local ring R; and (2) there is a flag
(
B
,
b
)
(B,\,b)
of V, and a local ring S such that each derived affine Klingenberg plane
a
(
V
,
m
)
\mathcal {a}({V,\,m})
is isomorphic to
A
(
S
)
{\textbf {A}}(S)
whenever
m
=
b
m\, = \,b
, or m is a line through B which is not neighbor to b.</p
Mycetophylax morschi Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009, new combination
No full textMycetophylax morschi (Emery, 1888) new combination (Figs. 2, 6 c, d, g, 7 a) Cyphomyrmex morschi Emery, 1888 ("1887"): 9, (worker) Syntypes, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Lourenco (von Ihering), (MZSP, examined); Kempf, 1972: 93 (catalogue); Bolton, 1995: 168 (catalogue), Klingenberg & Brandao, 2005: 44 (syntype worker in MZSP); new combination in Mycetophylax. Cyphomyrmex sp. (in part): Mayr 1887: 556 (key) Cyphomyrmex (Mycetoritis) (sic) personatus Santschi, 1923: 268: (gyne) Argentina: Prov. de Buenos Aires, Monte Hermose, no coll. data (C. Bruch); (type specimens not localized); Kempf, 1964: 25: synonym of Cyphomyrmex morschi. Kempf, 1972: 93 (catalogue); Bolton, 1995: 168 (catalogue) Worker (Figs. 2 a, b, g, 6 g and 7 a) Range of measurements (mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 10): IOD 0.53-0.67; HL 0.6-0.71; CI 82-97; SL 0.49-0.60; SI 79-98; ML 0.20-0.28; MI 32-42; WL 0.80-1.00; PrW 0.40-0.50; PL 0.10-0.20; PPL 0.20-0.30; GL 0.54-0.70; FL 0.66-0.93; TL 2.54-3.03. Color brown to light brown. Mandibles, antennae and legs opaque brown to yellowish. Surface of frons with small irregular pores; a single seta coming out of each of them (only visible with higher magnifications). Mandibular disc almost entirely covered by very fine longitudinal rugae. Whole body, legs and antennae covered by bright, short and sparse appressed white hairs; only the area between frontal carinae and preocular carinae hairless. Hairs of masticatory border of mandible somewhat longer than in the other areas. Sculpture areolate. The individual submitted to SEM is covered by a thin layer of "dirt", detritus adhering at the integument, leaving the sculpture with a punctate appearance (Fig. 6 g). Head longer than wide, subrectangular; posterior portion slightly wider than anterior one. Compound eyes with eight ommatidia at maximum length and six ommatidia at maximum width. Mandibles with nine triangular teeth, the four most apical larger and the remaining slightly smaller. Anterior margin of clypeus gently rounded and with a short and hardly visible median seta. Frontal lobes maximum expansion less than half the distance between the median line and external border of the head, external margins gently rounded. Frontal and lateral carinae almost reaching the posterolateral lobes, forming a scrobe-like impressed area, where the ants accommodate the antennal scapes. Lateral carinae distinct for half of head length, posterior part of carinae obsolete, faintly developed. Antennal scapes straight, surpassing the posterolateral corners by a distance similar to their diameter, when laid back. Antennae ending in a three-segmented club, last antennal segment as long as the three preceding together. Vertexal margin concave, impressed, posterolateral corners rounded. Pronotum in lateral view with the dorsum marked by a very low median tubercle, a pair of low posterior tubercles, and short, blunt pronotal inferior spines. Mesonotum with a median rounded tubercle. Metapropodeal impression distinct. Propodeum in lateral view with basal face slightly convex; declivous face almost straight, armed with a pair of small blunt spines, occasionally these spines appearing as protuberances. Peduncle of petiole reduced, node of petiole as long as high, ending in two lateral lobes posteriorly. In dorsal view, posterior portion of postpetiole with a deep impression; posterior margin slightly convex, almost straight. Gyne (Figs. 2 c, d, h, 6 c and 7 a) Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 13): IOD 0.66-0.72; HL 0.74-0.78; CI 87-92; SL 0.54-0.64; SI 79-94; ML 0.35-0.40; MI 47-52; WL 1.04-1.14; PL 0.20-0.24; PPL 0.26-0.30; GL 0.84-0.98; TL 3.45-3.90. Color brownish to dark brown. Mandibles, antennae and legs yellowish, according to the age of individuals. Most characters as in conspecific workers. Compound eyes at maximum length with 15 ommatidia and at maximum width eleven ommatidia. In lateral view, scutum flattened, covering more than half of the pronotum. Pronotum with anterior lateral pronotal protuberances, a low median elevation, and distinct blunt inferior pronotal spines. Parapsidial lines indistinct, glabrous and parallel in relation to the main body axis. Notaulices shallowly impressed, scutum-scutellar sulcus distinctly impressed. Scutellum concave at anterior margin in dorsal view and twice the width of the area anteriorly than posteriorly. Posterior margin angled, concave in the middle. Katepisternum subtriangular, anepisternum subrectangular, both divided by a distinct suture. Propodeum declivous and basal face almost straight, with small blunt spines, directed back- and upwards. Male (undescribed) (Figs. 2 e, f, i, 6 d and 7a) Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 10): IOD 0.44-0.52; HL 0.52-0.62; CI 79-87; SL 0.54-0.68; SI 117-113; ML 0.22-0.28; MI 38-48; WL 0.84-1.04; PL 0.18-0.22; PPL 0.18-0.24; GL 0.70-0.84; TL 2.69-3.15. Color yellowish to brownish. Mandibles, antennae (base and funiculus) and legs yellowish, lighter in young individuals. Sculpture like in the conspecific workers, but for the gaster, which sculpture is fainter in males. Head longer than wide, compound eyes occuping a fourth of its lateral margin, in full face view, with 18 ommatidia at maximum length and 16 ommatidia at maximum width. Anterior margin of clypeus almost straight, with one visible median seta twice as long as the mandible hairs. Middle portion of clypeus ending in a straight suture at the level of the antennal insertions, followed by the relatively large, impressed, frontal area. Mandibles with three apical teeth followed by a diastema and two to three smaller teeth; last tooth as a denticle. Frontal lobes covering half of the antennal insertions in full face view. Antennae 13-segmented. Antennal scapes slightly curved, flattened at base, rounded and thicker apically. Apical segment of funiculus as long as the two anterior segments together. Frontal carinae extending back up to the level of the median ocellus, disappearing near the vertexal margin. Lateral carinae following the internal margin of the compound eyes anteriorly, ending little after the level of the posterior margin of the compound eyes; both carinae converging but not touching posteriorly. Area between frontal and lateral carinae impressed and free of hairs. Vertex flattened, slightly and evenly concave, laterally marked by defined angles produced as blunt denticles. In lateral view scutum covering half of the pronotum. Pronotum with small, acute, triangular, inferior spines and a pair of well developed, acute, lateral spines. Notaulices, in dorsal view, as wide impressed sutures with slightly transverse rugae at its posterior portion. Parapsidial lines very close to the lateral margins, gently rounded, diverging anteriorly. Prescutellum relatively wide. Scutum-scutellar sulcus deeply impressed with transversal rugae. Anterior margin of scutellum rounded; in dorsal view. Katepisternum and anepisternum divided by a suture with transverse rugae. Katepisternum subquadrate, antero-inferior margin rounded; anepisternum subtriangular, with anterior vertex rounded. Mesocoxa occupying only the posterior third of katepisternum inferior margin. Propodeum dorsal and declivous faces almost vertical, with short, backwards directed, spines. Examined material: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Morrete, Fazenda Oliveira, xii.1975 (V. P. Daniel) [# 12212], 1 w (MZSP); without data, (H. v. Ihering) [11419], 1 w (Syntype), (MZSP); Rio de Janeiro: Cabo Frio, viii.1926 (T. Borgmeier), 1 w (MZSP); Santa Catarina: Florianopolis, Praia da Joaquina, 3.v.1991 (A. Bonnet & B. C. Lopes) 2 w (MZSP), 8.iv.2003 (C. Klingenberg, R. R. Silva & B. C. Lopes) 29 w, 16 q, 9 m (MZSP); Pantano do Sul, 9.iv.2003 (C. Klingenberg, R. R. Silva & B. C. Lopes) 9 w, 2 q, 4 m (MZSP, SMNK); Sao Paulo: Itanhaem, vi.1914 (Luederwaldt), [18862, 18867], 3 w (MZSP); Itanhaem, 15-19.vii.1961 (A. Guedes & F. Grossmann), 3 w (MZSP); Mongagua, Praia Grande, 18.vi.1960 (W. W. Kempf), 1 w (MZSP); Sao Sebastiao, 30.i. 1955 (B. Fleddermann), 1 w [# 4]; Sao Vincente, Praia Grande, 18.xii.1955 (W. W. Kempf) [# 1496], 1 w (MZSP); Caraguatatuba, 22.v-1.vi.1962 (K. Lenko) 1 q (MZSP). Comments. Mycetophylax morschi is the only species in the genus which bears a lateral depression on the head, similar to an antennal scrobe, a very common character of Cyphomyrmex. However, in M. morschi, the scrobe-like depression shelters only the anterior portion of the antennal scapes, by virtue of its laterally expanded frontal carina. In Cyphomyrmex the scrobe lodges all or most of the scape as the frontal carina is expanded over the whole scrobe. We consider that M. morschi and Cyphomyrmex acquired scrobe-like structures independently. A further strong argument for transferring C. morschi to Mycetophylax is the nesting biology and habitat choice of these ants. As in M. conformis and M. simplex, the nests of M. morschi are exclusively found in the sandy soil of the South Atlantic beaches. The nest architecture and colony size are also similar in the three species (average of 120 workers per colony, Klingenberg et al., 2007), while most Cyphomyrmex species have smaller colonies (see Mueller & Wcislo, 1998; Murakami et al. 2000, Schultz et al. 2002) and seldom occupy sandy dunes. In the results of Schultz & Brady's (2008) molecular phylogenetic study of the Attini, C. morschi and M. conformis grouped together in all topologies and methods of analysis, corroborating our findings based on our current morphological study.Published as part of Klingenberg, C. & Brandão, C. R. F., 2009, Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)., pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 2052 on pages 17-1
Eberhard Klingenberg, Platons 'Nomoi georgikoi' und das positive griechische Recht
No full textGermain Louis R. F. Eberhard Klingenberg, Platons 'Nomoi georgikoi' und das positive griechische Recht. In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 46, fasc. 1, 1977. pp. 334-336
Eberhard Klingenberg, Platons 'Nomoi georgikoi' und das positive griechische Recht
No full textGermain Louis R. F. Eberhard Klingenberg, Platons 'Nomoi georgikoi' und das positive griechische Recht. In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 46, fasc. 1, 1977. pp. 334-336
4-Transitivity and 6-figures in some Moufang-Klingenberg planes
No full textIn this paper, the Moufang-Klingenberg plane over a local alternative ring R of dual numbers is studied. It is shown that its collineation group is transitive on quadrangles. It is therefore shown that the coordinatization of these Moufang-Klingenberg planes is independent of the choice of the coordinatization quadrangle. Also, the concept of 6-figures is extended to these Moufang-Klingenberg planes and it is shown that any 6-figure corresponds to only one inversible m epsilon R
On the hyperbolic Klingenberg plane classes constructed by deleting subplanes
No full textIn this study we investigate the structures constructed by deleting a subplane from a projective Klingenberg plane. If the superplane and the subplane are infinite, then it can be easily seen that the remaining structure satisfies the conditions of a hyperbolic Klingenberg plane. In this study we show that the remaining structure is the hyperbolic Klingenberg plane if the inequality r >= m(2) + m + 1 + root m(2) + m + 2 holds when the superplane and the subplane are finite and t, r and t, m are their parameters, respectively
Ants of the Genus SOLENOPSIS Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Egypt with a description of the worker castes of S. cooperi Donisthorpe, 1947
No full textSharaf, Mostafa R., Taylor, Brian, Klingenberg, Christiana (2009): Ants of the Genus SOLENOPSIS Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Egypt with a description of the worker castes of S. cooperi Donisthorpe, 1947. Zootaxa 2004: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27467
Kalathomyrmex emeryi Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009, new combination
No full textKalathomyrmex emeryi (Forel, 1907) new combination (Figs. 4, 6 h, i, 7 b) Myrmicocrypta emeryi Forel, 1907:144 (worker) Syntypes, Colombia, Dibulla, Santo Antonio, Forel col. (MCSN, examined); Forel 1912: 189 (queen, male) Allotypes; Emery 1913: 251 combination in Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax); Santschi 1916: 383 combination in Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax); Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue). Mycetophylax hummelincki Weber, 1948: 84 (worker) Syntypes, Venezuela, Stat. 121, Cabo Blanco, 19.viii.1936 (P. Wagenaar Hummelinck col.) (not examined); Weber 1958: 263 synonym of Mycetophylax emeryi; Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue). Myrmicocrypta emeryi var. arenicola Forel, 1912: 189 (worker, queen) Synytpes, Argentina, Huasan, 1300 m (Bruch col.) (not examined); Emery 1922: 343 combination in Cyphomyrmex {Mycetophylax); Santschi 1922: 355 combination in Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax); Kempf 1962: 34 combination in Mycetophylax; Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue) Bestelmeyer & Wiens 1996: 1231 (ecology); new synonym. Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax) emeryi var. argentina Santschi, 1916: 383 (worker) Syntypes, Argentina, Santiago del Estero, Rio Salado, (Wagner col.), Buenos Aires, (Bruch col.) (NHMB, examined); Emery 1922: 343 combination in Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax); Kempf 1972: 146 combination in Mycetophylax; Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Myrmicocrypta emeryi var. fortis Forel, 1912: 189 (worker) Syntype, Argentina, Huasan, 1300 m (Bruch col.) (MNHB, examined); Santschi 1922: 355 combination in Myrmicocrypta {Mycetophylax); Bucher, 1974: 63; Kempf 1972: 146 in Mycetophylax ^catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Mycetophylax bolivari Weber, 1948: 84 (worker) Syntypes, Venezuela, Anzoategui: Llanos 17 km N of Soledad, 27.i.1935, across the Orinoco River from Ciudad Bolivar (Weber col.), (not examined); Weber 1958: 263 (Mycetophylax emeryi ssp. bolivari), Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax) emeryi st. gallardoi Santschi, 1922: 354 (worker) Syntypes, Argentina, Province de Buenos-Ayres, Sierra de la Ventana (Bruch, leg.) (NHMB, examined); Kempf 1972: 146 combination in Mycetophylax (catalogue); Brandao, 1991: 358 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Mycetophylax emeryi st. hubrichi Santschi, 1925: 163 (worker) Syntypes, Argentina, Santa Fe, Rosario, (Hubrich, col.) (NHMB, examined); Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Mycetophylax emeryi st. weiseri Santschi, 1929: 303 (worker) Syntypes, Argentina, Catamarca, Corral Quemado, (Weiser, col.) (NHMB, examined); Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Mycetophylax glaber Weber, 1948: 85 (worker) Holotype, Bolivia, Tumupasa, (W.M. Mann col.) (not examined); Kempf 1972: 145 (catalogue); Bolton 1995: 268 (catalogue); new synonym. Worker (Figs. 4 a, b, g, 6 h and 7 b) Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 76): IOD 0.49-0.83; HL 0.54-0.83; CI 85-106; SL 0.48-0.8; SI 84-112; ML 0.23-0.48; MI 34-77; WL 0.70-1.26; PrW 0.26-0.60; PL 0.16-0.30; PPL 0.19-0.35; GL 0.57-0.92; FL 0.52-0.98; TL 2.42-4.03. Color in general yellowish to reddish-brown, some specimens may be darker. Apex of funiculus, clypeus, and masticatory border of mandibles, head vertex, postpetiole, gaster and femora brownish. Mandibles and tarsi yellowish; rest of the body light reddish brown. Under optical scope, body sculpture densely punctuated with exception of lateral parts of pronotum, where the sculpture is more superficial. Mandible disc shiny with piliferous punctuations. Mesosoma covered by a fine layer of "dirt", visible only in SEM images in a way that the sculpture of the integument is "reprinted" in the dirt-layer. Whole body covered by shiny whitish to golden appressed hairs. Long, flexuous hairs covering the mandibles and gular face. Head shape quadrate (see CI). Mandibles with five teeth, apical tooth larger, followed by smaller second and third teeth. After the diastema a small fourth tooth followed by a small denticule. Anterior margin of clypeus gently concave. In lateral view, clypeus triangular. In frontal view latero-posterior margin of clypeus strongly produced forwards over the lateral wings of the clypeus, as rounded trenchant ridges, resulting in two large flat circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate. Median portion of clypeus attains posteriorly the posterior level of the antennal insertions in a generally straight sometimes rounded suture, followed by a small impressed triangular frontal area. A shallowly impressed median line running from the frontal area to the vertex. Frontal lobes reduced, barely covering the antennal insertions, their maximum expansion less than a fourth of a longitudinal median head axis and the lateral margins of head, ending posteriorly at the level of the posterior margin of compound eyes. Lateral carinae bordering the internal margins of the compound eyes, fading out a little after their posterior margins. Compound eyes set slightly before the middle of the head, at maximum width with ten ommatidia and at maximum length with 14 ommatidia. Vertexal margin straight, but occasionally with a median impression. Antennae with flattened scapes, surpassing the posterolateral corners of the head when laid back over the head capsule. First funicular segment as long as the second and the third together. Apical end of funiculus with a three segmented club, only a little wider than the other funicular segments. Ventral face of head flat. Mesosoma. Pronotum without tubercles or distinct protuberances, lateral pronotal margins rounded, without spines or angles. Occasionally the pronotum bearing a blunt obliquely directed spine (specimens from Paraguay and Argentina). Dorsal face of mesonotum evenly rounded, in side view, followed by a small depression and a conical low protuberance. Anepisternum clearly divided from the mesonotum by a carina. In lateral view, basal face of propodeum slightly convex anteriorly, meeting the concave declivous face and about one half shorter than basal face. Propodeal spiracle opening in an angle of 45° in relation to the main body axis. Propodeum with a pair of divergent, short, blunt obtuse angles, directed obliquely upwards. In dorsal view, petiole straight, wider at three fourths of its length, with a vestigially developed ventral process. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subtriangular, with a large impression at posterior margin, forming two distinct lobes, heart-shaped and dorsoventrally flattened. Gaster smooth, without protuberances or carinae. Gyne (Figs. 4 c, d, h and 7 b) Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 10): IOD 0.54-0.64; HL 0.56-0.63; CI 90-107; SL 0.5-0.56; SI 83-100; ML 0.26-0.34; MI 43-61; WL 0.94-1.02; PL 0.16-0.24; PPL 0.2-0.24; GL 0.84-0.98; TL 3.01-3.36. Color, pilosity and main morphological traits of head, propodeal spiracle, petiole, postpetiole and gaster similar as in the conspecific workers. Mandible with five teeth, apical tooth bigger than all the others, followed by smaller second and third triangular teeth; fourth tooth triangular and smaller than the second and third, followed by a small denticle. Compound eyes with 15 ommatidia at maximum width and 17 ommatidia at maximum length. Posterior portion of head with three ocelli, the median superficially impressed at frons. The apical funicular segment as long as the three anterior together. Mesosoma in lateral view with dorsally flattened scutum, in lateral view, dorsum of scutum starts at the anterior third of the pronotum. In dorsal view anterior margin and posterior margin round, the last ending in a carina. Parapsidial lines shallowly impressed. Prescutum reduced, represented only by triangular axillae; scutum-scutellar sulcus deeply impressed. Scutellum subquadrate, anterior third wider than posterior portion, posteriorly rounded. Metanotum reduced, appearing only as small, flattened disc in dorsal view. Katepisternum rectangular; anepisternum only half the size of the katepisternum, subquadrate, and both separated by a distinct groove, ending posteriorly in a carina. Propodeum with a small blunt obliquely upwards directed spine. Male (Figs. 4 e, f, i, 6 i and 7 b) Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 10): IOD 0.21-0.34; HL 0.24-0.34; CI 88-100; SL 0.32-0.42; SI 110-152; ML 0.13-0.18; MI 38-53; WL 0.76-0.92; PL 0.10-0.18; PPL 0.12-0.20; GL 0.68-0.82; TL 2.31-2.58. Color brownish to dark brown. Anterior half of mandibles, funiculus, labrum, legs and apex of gaster light yellow. Under optical scope, body densely punctuated, with exception of shiny gaster, where sculpture is more superficial. Whole body covered by golden, shiny, appressed hairs. Head shape quadrate (see CI). Mandibles with three multidenticulate teeth, apical tooth longer than the others, followed by a smaller second triangular tooth and a denticle, better visible with SEM images (Fig. 6 i). Anterior margin of clypeus straight. Clypeus with a psammophore composed by four setae arising from the meeting of the clypeus and the anteclypeus. Psammophore hairs fine and stiff as long as the length of the two apical segments of funiculus, reaching the apex of the mandibles. In frontal view, clypeus bulging, its posterior margin not forming a trenchant ridge. Frontal lobes reduced, covering only half of the antennal insertions, ending posteriorly at the level of the anterior margin of compound eyes. Lateral carinae marginate the compound eyes anteriorly. Compound eyes set at anterior part of head, at maximum width with 19 ommatidia and at maximum length with 23 ommatidia. Vertexal margin with a median longitudinal impression, resulting from the bulging of the lateral ocelli, posterolateral corners of head rounded. Antennae 13-segmented, scapes rounded, surpassing the posterolateral corners of the head by the length of the three apical segments of the funiculus. First funicular segment with the same length of the second. Funiculus with a three segmented club. The apical funicular segment as long as the two anterior together. Ventral face of head flat. Mesosoma in dorsal view with rounded scutum, almost covering the whole pronotum. Major width of scutum at tegula. Parapsidial lines distinct and in parallel to the main body axis. Axillae subtriangular and scutum-scutellar sulcus deeply impressed. Scutellum subquadrate to subtriangular, wider anteriorly than posteriorly, posterior margin rounded. Katepisternum subquadrate with inferior margin rounded; anepisternum subtriangular. Apex of procoxa fail to attain the anterior margin of katepisternum level. Propodeum basal face occasionally slightly concave, meeting the declivous face in rounded angles. In lateral view, petiole triangular, node rounded dorsally, ventrally straight. In dorsal view, petiole with a shallowly and wide median impression. Postpetiole much wider posteriorly, heart-shaped; ventrally with a vestigial antero-median denticle. Gaster elongated. Legs long and filamentous. Examined material: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, no coll. date (C. Bruch), 3 w (NHMB); Catamarca, no coll. date. (Coronel Weiser), 2 w (NHMB) (Types); Chaco, Chaco National Park, 26°48,522' S 59°36.395' W, 4-6.iv.2003, Scott Solomon col., 2 w, 2 q, 2 m (SMNK); Cordoba, no coll. data (C. Bruch), 2 w, 1 q (MZSP); Cruz Alta, 30.v.1965 (E. Bucher), 1 w (MZSP), Mendoza, Chileiro, no coll. date (Duzione), 3 w (NHMB)(Cotype), Santiago del Estero, no. coll. date (Merkle), 1 w (MZSP); Chaco de Santiago del Estero, Rio Salado, no coll data, 1 w (NHMB) (Holotype of M. emeryi argentina); Rosario, no coll. date (Hubrich), 1 w (MZSP), 3 w (NHMB); La Soledad (Canete), Tucuman: no coll. date. (Weiser), 1 w; 5.xii.1956 (NK 10018) [Nicolas Kusnezov], 3 q (MZSP); Siete de Abil, Dpto. Burruyacu, 8.vi.1965 (E. Bucher) 2 w (MZSP); BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Praia de Tupe (Rio Negro), 3.iii.2002 (C. Rabeling), 32 w (MZSP), 20.iv.2002 (C. Klingenberg), 14 w (MZSP); Praia Paricatuba (Rio Negro), 20.iv.2002 (C. Klingenberg) 4 w (MZSP); Bahia: Juazeiro, x-8.xii.1948 (C. R. Goncalves), 5 w, 1 q (MZSP); Mato Grosso: Porto Murtinho, vii.1960 (B. Kelber), [4680, 3803], 3 w (MZSP); Rondonopolis, 6.iii. 1971 (W. Kempf), [6263], 7 w (MZSP); Tocantins: Goiatins, 9.xi.1999 (C. R. F. Brandao & C. I. Yamamoto), 1 w (MZSP); Para: Alter do Chao, 2°30'S 54° 57W, 15.vii.1998 (M. F. Leite), 2 w (Heraldo Vasconcelos); Paraiba: Juazeirinho, Soledade, 28.i.1956 (C. R. Goncalves), 4 w (MZSP); Pernambuco: Araripina, 2-4.i.1973 (R. Montenegro), [8424, 8426, 8434, 8445], 8 w, 2 q (MZSP); Piaui: Canto do Buriti, 18-22.xi.1991 (C. R. F. Brandao) 23 q, 17 m; 20 km S Floriano, Buriti Sol, 5-12.xi.1991 (C. R. F. Brandao & P. Moutinho), 10 km N Corrente, Faz. Maracuja, 23-27.xi.1991 (C. R. F. Brandao) 1q, 1m (MZSP); Rio Urucui-Preto, 20.ii.1976 (R. Negrett), [12857], 3 w (MZSP); Sao Paulo: Sao Manoel, 10.ii, 6.xi, 8.xii.1988, (E. S. Zanetti), 2 q, 1 w (MZSP); Agudos, ix, 10.x.1958 (R. Mueller), [2752, 2661], 4 w (MZSP), Agudos, 26.xi.1955 (W. Kempf), 2 w, 1 q (MZSP); Itirapina, 18.iii.1966 (W. Kempf), [4422], 1 w (MZSP); GUYANA: Pirara, nest in soil, 4.iv.1996 (Ted Schultz & U. G. Mueller), 4 w [#00303800] (USNM). PARAGUAY: Boqueron: Parque Nacional Tte. Enciso, Zona Administrativa, 21°13'S61°40'W, 6-7.viii.1994 (B. Garcete), 1 w (MZSP); PERU: Huanuco ("Panguana"), Rio Yuyapidris, 16.xii.1984 (M. Verhaagh), 3 w (SMNK), VENEZUELA: Lara, Barquisimeto to Carora km 19, 29.vi.1971 (W. L. Brown), 15 w (MZSP). Comments. Authors often based their descriptions of subspecies and varieties of Kalathomyrmex emeryi on morphological character differences regarded today as minor local variations. It is well known that characters like color and pilosity in general vary within the same ant species and colony. Examples of this usage can be seen in Forel (1912) in his descriptions of Myrmicocrypta emeryi var. arenicola and M. emeryi var. fortis. The two variations differ only by their color, but were collected at the same locality. This may suggest that these taxa are composed of sibling species, but the present criteria do not afford recognition. Another example is given by Santschi (1922), when he states that M. emeryi var. fortis seems to be a transitional form between arenicola and argentina. These examples indicate that the validity of the majority of the described subspecies and variations of K. emeryi is doubtful. The examination of all listed specimens, including the available types, shows that there are variations in color and pilosity, but mostly gradual and sometimes aleatory, and thus we found no ground for a reliable recognition of species or subspecies among then. Although we were not able to locate and examine the type of M. glaber, the description of the species given by Weber (1948) led us to conclude that M. glaber is also identical to K. emeryi. Information on the biology of this species is scant. As mentioned above, Bucher (1974) described the nest architecture of Paramycetophylax bruchi and K. emeryi; both species inhabit sandy soil and prefer places devoid of vegetation. We confirmed this observation for K. emeryi, as we found this species nesting at the beaches of the Rio Negro (AM), Brazil. The nests are quite common at the sandy beaches of the river and can be easily located. In the Amazonian rainy season, the nests become covered by water for months. This observation has been confirmed by Dr. M. Verhaagh in Peru (pers. comm.), who found a K. emeryi nest nearby a river bank covered by high water for several days; when the river returned to its normal water level, the ants reopened the entrance and came out of the nest. According to Bucher (1974), the fungus chambers are located from 60 to 100 cm deep, but can be found deeper due to temperature changes during the year. For the fungus substrate, the species forages for feces of other insects, mainly of Lepidoptera. The ants showed their highest activity during the night. However, we observed K. emeryi in frantic activity during the day in several instances, even with relatively high temperatures and under full sun exposure. Kalathomyrmex emeryi is distributed all over cis-Andean South American. A map of the known records is presented in Fig. 7 b.Published as part of Klingenberg, C. & Brandão, C. R. F., 2009, Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)., pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 2052 on pages 22-2
Kalathomyrmex Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009, new genus
No full text<p>Kalathomyrmex new genus</p> <p>(Figs. 4, 6 h, i, 7 b)</p> <p>Myrmicocrypta (in part): Forel 1907: 144</p> <p>Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax) (in part): Emery 1913: 251; key to species, Santschi, 1922: 357; raised to genus by Santschi 1923: 268</p> <p>Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax) (in part): Santschi, 1916: 383, Gallardo, 1916: 320</p> <p>Type species: Kalathomyrmex emeryi (Forel, 1907), by monotypy.</p> <p>Etymology: from latinized Greek kalathos = basket, referring to the psammophore; myrmekos = ant.</p> <p>Worker: Monomorphic Attini ants. Color yellowish to reddish-brown. Body densely sculptured and covered with short, appressed hairs. Head with long flexuous hairs (with the length of the first funicular segment), six fine and stiff setae with the same length as the apical funicular segment forming a psammophore set at the middle clypeal disc medially and at the posterior margin laterally, reaching or surpassing the anterior limit of the mandibles. Masticatory margin of mandible smooth, without any trace of sculpture. Head subquadrate. Compound eyes at anterior half of the head. Mandibles subtriangular. Clypeus triangular with latero-posterior margin strongly produced forward over the lateral wings of the clypeus, as rounded ridges, resulting in large circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate. Frontal lobes reduced, in frontal view forming an attenuated triangle. Antennae 11-segmented, scapes surpassing the posterolateral corners of the head. Mesosoma slender, pronotum without defined spines, dorsal margin in side view almost straight. Anterior mesonotal tubercles vestigial occasionally developed; postero-dorsal tubercles on mesosoma developed. Propodeum armed with a pair of small spines. Petiole without distinct node and postpetiole at posterior portion with a wide impression, dividing the postpetiole in two distinct lobes. Gaster smooth, without spines or protuberances.</p> <p>Gyne: Color and pilosity as in the conspecific workers, as are the main morphological traits, with three equally developed ocelli. Mesosoma compact, scutum flat and in dorsal view rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. Juncture of scutum and scutellum without hairs medially. Parapsidial lines visible and impressed, prescutum reduced, axillae triangular. Propodeum with small blunt spines. Radial cell of forewing open.</p> <p>Male: Color brown. Body covered by short appressed hairs. Head subquadrate. Compound eyes large, occupying the anterior half of the lateral margin of the head, in full face view. Mandibles slender and elongate. Anterior margin of clypeus straight with long setae, the median only visible in SEM images. Posterior margin bulging to half of antennal insertion level. Frontal lobes reduced, without antennal scrobes. Vertexal margin convex in full face view, posterolateral corners of the head rounded. Antennae 13-segmented; antennal scapes surpassing dorsal margin. In dorsal view, anterior margin of scutum rounded; scutum wider than prescutellum Scutum with a glabrous median stripe. Scutellum subtriangular, with the major width at anterior portion. Postpetiole with median impression posteriorly, gaster smooth. Forewing with an open radial cell.</p> <p>Comments: The here described monotypic genus Kalathomyrmex; with K. emeryi as the type species, presents the following exclusive set of characters: subquadrate head shape; reduced arched frontal lobes; subtriangular mandibles with five teeth; triangular clypeus with latero-posterior margins strongly produced forwards over the lateral wings of the clypeus as rounded ridges, resulting in two large circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate, junction of antennal insertion area and clypeus with long setae, forming a psammophore (apparently non-homologous with the Paramycetophylax psammophore and a putative synapomorphy for Kalathomyrmex); lack of a median clypeal seta (otherwise universal in Attini); noticeably slender body; and median dorsal conical protuberance in the posterior area of the mesonotum. Also, in contrast to the species of Mycetophylax as accepted here, the species of Paramycetophylax and Kalathomyrmex females share a morphological character state of the postpetiole with a large posterior impression, almost dividing it into two lobes. Notwithstanding, in comparison with the morphological distinction accepted for Attini genera, we propose to separate these species in two different genera.</p> <p>Mycetophylax emeryi (Forel, 1907) is formally excluded from Mycetophylax and here designated as the type species of a genus, Kalathomyrmex. We have already discussed that in comparison with other attines, the degree of morphological differentiation of this taxon led us to recognize it as a distinct genus, in particular the seemingly exclusive secondary loss of the median clypeal seta. Kalathomyrmex shares with Myrmicocrypta the character state of the antennal insertion area. It is a deep concavity with rounded anterior margin that projects forward, forming a conspicuous transverse and rounded ridge at the juncture with the posterior margin of the clypeus. The transverse ridge extends medially and is elevated anterior to the frontal lobes. However, other characters listed in the diagnosis exclude Kalathomyrmex from the genera traditionally recognized as Paleoattini. Hence the situation of the antennal insertions may represent a convergence with Myrmicocrypta.</p> <p>Schultz & Brady (2008) studied Kalathomyrmex emeryi specimens from Guyana and Argentina, which consistently come together in their molecular phylogeny as the sister-group of the Neoattini, apparently splitting from the other neoattines 40-50 million years ago, being the oldest living lineage in the Neoattini. The species we are including in the monotypic Kalathomyrmex is widespread in cis-Andean South America, occurring in all its main ecosystems.</p>Published as part of <i>Klingenberg, C. & Brandão, C. R. F., 2009, Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)., pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 2052</i> on pages 21-2
Solenopsis kochi Sharaf, Taylor & Klingenberg, 2009, Stat.n.
No full textSolenopsis kochi Finzi Stat.n. (Plate 2, 3) Solenopsis orbula ssp. kochi Finzi, 1936: 178, fig. 8. Syntype worker, EGYPT: Soloum (Salloum), 23.iii.1933, 31.31° N; 25.09° E (C. Koch); Syntype males, Helouan (Helwan, Cairo), 27.iii.1933, 29.51° N; 31.20° E (W. Wittmer); Syntype gynes, Marsa Matrouh, 21.iii.1933 (unknown collector); Ikingi Mariout, 18.iii.1935, 31.01° N; 29.48° E; Cairo, 12.ii.1933 (MCZC) [examined]. Syntype worker (Plate 2, Fig. d, e). TL 2.0, HL 0.48, HW 0.41, SL 0.30, EL 0.02, AL 0.54, SI 73, CI 85. Head not much longer than broad with slightly convex sides. Occipital margin straight with rounded corners. Head dorsum smooth and shining. Mandibles unsculptured, smooth and shining with long yellow hairs and brown teeth. Anterior clypeal margin with the median portion narrowly concave and with a lateral pair of short, broad basal teeth. Eyes minute, with a single facet set laterally well below midline of head and about 0.04 times the head width. Mesosoma with a distinct metanotal groove. Basal face of propodeum not forming an angle with the declivity. All parts of the head and body with abundant, scattered, long yellow hairs. Colour uniformly yellow. The badly mounted type specimen does not show clearly the characters of the petiole and the postpetiole. Gyne (Plate 2, Fig. f, g). TL 5.7, HL 0.76, HW 0.70, SL 0.54, EL 0.25, AL 1.47, SI 77, CI 92. Head slightly longer than broad with its dorsum smooth and shining with abundant scattered yellow hair pits. Anterior clypeal margin weakly concave. First funicular segment longer than the three following funicular segments together. Eyes large and oval with 17 facets in the longest row. Ocelli oval, the anterior one distinctly larger than the posterior ones. Occipital margin straight with rounded corners. Metanotal groove distinct. Head, mandibular teeth, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole dark brown; gaster and mandibles light brown; antennae and legs yellow. Whole body smooth and shining with scattered yellow hairs. Male (Plate 3, Fig. a, b, c). TL 4.36, HL 0.63, HW 0.68, SL 0.26, EL 0.26, AL 1.54, SI 38, CI 108. Head broader than long with strongly curved sides; above the eyes smooth and shiny; areas in front of eyes, between frontal lobes and between posterior ocelli distinctly rugulose. Mandibles narrow, armed with three teeth. Antennae 13-segmented, scapes long, about 3.7 times longer than broad; first funiculus segment relatively long, 1.6 times longer than broad and thick at its distal end; the following segments are clearly longer than broad, increasing in length toward the end of the funiculus. Dorsum with scattered, long yellow hairs. Mesosoma smooth and shining with scattered long yellow hairs. Petiolar node in profile rounded. Gastral tergites with a few scattered yellow hairs that are abundant at the posterior margins. Solenopsis kochi was described from workers, gynes and males collected by C. Koch, W. Wittmer and an unknown person from different localities including Salloum, Heluan, Ikingi Mariut, Marsa Matrouh and Cairo (Finzi, 1936) This species seems not to have been collected since the original description, as there are no specimens in the Egyptian Entomological collections. As stated in the original description, the head is not much longer than broad with slightly convex sides (Finzi, 1936). This is the most distinctive character for separating this species from S. orbula. After examining the type, MRS has been able to confirm Finzi's description. The lateral margin of the head in S. kochi clearly is convex while it is straight in S. orbula. Consequently, the head is broader in S. kochi (HW 0.41 versus HW 0.32 in S. orbula). In addition, it was found that S. kochi is consistently larger than S. orbula (TL 2.0 versus TL 1.4). Moreover, the scape length in S. kochi is somewhat longer than in S. orbula (SL 0.3 versus SL 0.2). For completeness the measurements of the holotype worker of S. orbula are TL 1.4, HL 0.40, HW 0.32. SL 0.20, EL 0.02, AL 0.40, SI 50, CI 80. It is hoped that the results given here will dispel at least a little of the taxonomic fog surrounding the Egyptian Solenopsis and perhaps clear the way for more detailed systematic work on this genus. Our expectation is that careful exploration would yield many additional and interesting members of the genus Solenopsis. Many parts of Egypt remain poorly collected and likely ant habitats are distributed over the huge deserts and mountainous areas of the country.Published as part of Sharaf, M. R., Taylor, B. & Klingenberg, C., 2009, Ants of the genus Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Egypt with a description of the worker castes of S. cooperi Donisthorpe, 1947., pp. 49-58 in Zootaxa 2004 on pages 55-5
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