1,005 research outputs found
Introduction to Public Protection
No full textThis chapter explores the complexities of ‘public protection’, which is undoubtedly a specialist area of policing. It explores the ‘crisis’ occasioned by the decentralisation of public protection units within police forces, due to government budget cuts to services in England and Wales.
Several chapters focus on harms against marginalised communities, notably honour based abuse, forced marriage and FGM and advise around sensitive policing whilst ensuring ‘race anxiety’ does not occasion under policing. The chapters of domestic abuse, rape and modern slavery, although specific to adults also impact child victims. The varied dimensions of child abuse and child protection are explored, notably child neglect, child sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation and the sudden unexplained deaths of children. The crime of forced marriage along with crimes against older people (cybercrime and doorstep crime) also include vulnerable adult abuse due to extant health conditions and/or disabilities. This chapter outlines the overarching contributions made within this edited collection. The concluding chapter identifies iterative themes across all author contributions. These expose problematic policing as well as elements of good practice. These facets are important to recognise in order to improve victim treatment and ensure public protection offences are thoroughly investigated and prosecuted
Conclusions to Public Protection
No full textThe purpose of this collection has been to provide a theoretical and evidence-based understanding of victimology, as well as grasp the diverse field, legislation, procedures and practices within the remit of public protection
Investigating the ‘Doorstep crimes’ of Distraction Burglary and Rogue Trader
No full textDistraction Burglary and Rogue Trader fraud are crimes involving the systematic and disproportionate repeat victimisation of older people on their ‘doorstep’ and inside their homes. This chapter delineates the distinctions and overlaps between such ‘artifice’ crimes. Under reporting and under recording of these incidents as ‘crimes’ is prevalent in which some officers breach National Crime Recording Standards (NCRS). Narrative scripts include promoting the perception these crimes are “civil disputes”, as well as suggesting perpetrators are bona fide ‘legitimate’ tradespersons. The competency of the victim is also questioned where seemingly ‘confused’ burglary victims “consent” to perpetrators entering their home. Another iterative theme is of no property being stolen, which is often combined with an assertion that no offender(s) entered the property, thereby negating the ‘trespass’. Such scripts are utilised by officers to deconstruct and decriminalise the crime event, thereby justifying a ‘no crime’ decision and no requirement for further investigation.
Although rogue trader is equally traumatic for victims, as well as more financially lucrative for perpetrators, fraud is treated as a lesser crime and deemed a low policing priority; which is a surprise given that fraud constitutes 41% of all recorded crime in England and Wales (House of Commons, 2023)
Policing Honour Based Abuse and Forced Marriage
No full textThis chapter identifies the similarities of HBA/FM with ‘traditional’ forms of domestic abuse, as well as delineating the distinctly cultural ‘specificities’ of these crimes.
‘Victim blaming’ is apparent, whereby perpetrating family members discredit and undermine accounts of child victims and those suffering poor mental health. ‘Accepting’ these explanations leads to inaction and under protection by police and social service practitioners. An area of improvement is to ensure these incidents are appropriately recorded as crimes in line with National Crime Recording Standards (NCRS). Moreover, the role of women in effecting and sanctioning such abuses, particularly mothers, is important to recognise to ensure safeguarding can be effective.
To support practitioners in effective decision making, warning signs indicating the onset of HBA/FM will be explained, such as girls becoming sexually active or children being “too westernised”. The interconnectedness of HBA and FM will be explored, along with the distinction between ‘forced’ and arranged’ marriage. Due to the uneven power relations and higher status enjoyed by men, HBA remains undoubtedly a highly gendered crime affecting women and girls. However, this chapter additionally underlines the impact of crimes on vulnerable and marginalised groups, notably LGBTQ communities, children and vulnerable adults with learning or physical disabilities
Predicting missing field boundaries to increase per-field classification accuracy
No full textWith the emergence of very high spatial resolution satellite images, the spatial resolution gap which existed between satellite images and aerial photographs has decreased. A study of the potential of these images for tree species in" monoculture stands" identification was conducted. Two Ikonos images were acquired, one in June 2000 and the other in October 2000, for an 11- by 11-km area covering the Sonian Forest in the southeastern part of the Brussels-Capital region (Belgium). The two images were orthorectified using a digital elevation model and 1256 geodetic control points. The identification of the tree species was carried out utilizing a supervised maximum-likelihood classification on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Classifications were performed on the orthorectified data, NDVI transformed data, and principal components imagery. In order to decrease the intraclass variance, a mean filter was applied to all the spectral bands and neo-channels used in the classification process. Training and validation areas were selected and digitized using detailed geographical databases of the tree species. The selection of the relevant bands and neo-channels was carried out by successive addition of information in order to improve the classification results. Seven different tree species of one to two different age classes were identified with an overall accuracy of 86 percent. The seven identified tree species or species groups are Oaks (Quercus sp.), Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Purple Beech (Fagus sylvatica purpurea), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire var. corsican), and Larch (Larix decidua Mill.)
Geological survey of Victoria : [Australia] / von Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil / 14/SE [Muckleford]
No full textsurveyed, engraved and published under the direction of Alfred R. C. Selwyn Govt. geologist at the Geological Survey Office Melbourne. C. D. H. Aplin & George Ulrich Assistants, J. D. Brown engraver, hills by D. Tulloch and R. Shepherd, J. Wilkinson Draughtsman, Joseph Puttman coloris
Geological survey of Victoria : [Australia] / von Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil / 13/SW [Faraday]
No full textsurveyed, engraved and published under the direction of Alfred R. C. Selwyn Govt. geologist at the Geological Survey Office Melbourne. C. D. H. Aplin & George Ulrich Assistants, J. L. Ross & James D. Brown engraver, hills by D. Tulloch, J. Wilkinson Draughtsman, Joseph Puttman colorist, Frederick McCoy palaeontologis
Growth of the lichen Rhizocarpon lecanorinum, with comments on Aplin-Hill and lichenometric curves
No full textThe radial growth rate of a foliose or crustose lichen initially accelerates, then approaches a limiting (asymptotic) rate. In many cases, the thallus; margin remains intact and continues radial growth at an unreduced linear rate. A number of lichenometric curves for Rhizocarpon geographicum have suggested a different pattern. For most of its lifespan, this species reportedly grows at a rate well below that attained in young thalli. In the present study, a set of growth rate data for R. lecanorinum is presented and interpreted with reference to the Aplin-Hill model. This species has a shorter lifespan than R. geographicum, and achieves its maximum growth rate more rapidly, possibly owing to a higher ratio of photobiont to mycobiont mass in very young thalli
Planigale tealei Aplin, Cooper, Travouillon & Umbrello 2023, sp. nov.
No full textPlanigale tealei Aplin, Cooper, Travouillon & Umbrello sp. nov. (Fig. 11, 15–17, Tables 2, 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ABF8285C-BD8F-4FEE-BE79-0CE5B7995486 Formerly referred to as ‘ Planigale sp. Mt Tom Price’ by the following authors: Blacket et al. (2000) and Westerman et al. (2016), and as ‘ Planigale sp. 2 ’ by Gibson & McKenzie (2009) and Umbrello et al. (2020). Holotype. WAM M47923 adult male; Millstream, Western Australia, 21°17’14” S, 117°15’51” E. Collected by W. Manson, 2 nd July 1997. Spirit and skull. Specimen located in the Western Australian Museum Mammal collection, Welshpool, Western Australia. Paratypes. WAM M47841, adult female; Tom Price, Western Australia 22°48’26” S, 117°45’00” E. Collected by S. Anstee and N. K. Cooper, 12 th November 1997. Spirit and skull. Liver tissue ABTC161752; pouch young from M47841 stored at ‒80 °C at WAM. WAM M47683, adult female; Tom Price, Western Australia 22°48’25” S, 117°47’03” E. Collected by S. Anstee, 15 th May 1997. Spirit and skull, note specimen selected due to intact skull, spirit specimen is in poor condition. WAM M55123, adult male; Roy Hill, Western Australia 22°25’12” S, 119°45’34” E. Collected by R. J. Teale et al., 5 th July 2004. Spirit specimen with liver and heart tissue stored at ‒80 °C at WAM. Etymology. Named in honour of Roy Teale, who has supported the work of the Western Australian Museum over many decades and collected many of the specimens used in this study. Material examined. Refer to Table 1 for a list of all P. tealei specimens examined in this study, labelled as Planigale sp. Mt Tom Price in Table 1. Diagnosis. Planigale tealei is considerably smaller in all external and cranial dimensions than each of P. kendricki, P. maculata, P. novaeguineae and P. gilesi. It further differs from each of these taxa in having a more depressed cranium and differs from P. gilesi in retaining upper and lower third premolars. It is slightly smaller than P. tenuirostris and further differs from this species in having a considerably more depressed cranium with a shorter rostrum. It is most similar in size and craniodental morphology to P. ingrami, but it differs from this taxon in having a longer snout and proportionally larger pes, and in lacking a distinct eye ring. The cranium differs from that of all named forms of P. ingrami in having a broadly rounded rather than square posterior nasal suture, a broader interorbital region, more rounded and elongate alisphenoid tympanic process that makes broad contact with the rostral tympanic process of the petrosal, a less flattened occiput and proportionally larger premolars.Published as part of Umbrello, Linette S., Cooper, Norah K., Adams, Mark, Travouillon, Kenny J., Baker, Andrew M., Westerman, Mike & Aplin, Ken P., 2023, Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 5330 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5330.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/824888
Planigale kendricki Aplin, Cooper, Travouillon & Umbrello 2023, sp. nov.
No full textPlanigale kendricki Aplin, Cooper, Travouillon & Umbrello sp. nov. (Fig. 10–13, Tables 2, 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DCFFF2D7-37E8-4DB1-BE82-E4DC10ADCF2D Formerly referred to as ‘ Planigale 1’ by the following authors: Blacket et al. (2000) and Westerman et al. (2016), and Planigale sp. 1 by Gibson & McKenzie (2009) and Umbrello et al. (2020). Holotype. WAM M41812: subadult male with incompletely erupted P 3; Barlee Range Nature Reserve, Western Australia, 23°23’21” S, 115°53’12” E. Collected by P. Kendrick, 13 th June 1994. Spirit and skull. Liver tissue, ABTC61747. Specimen located in the Western Australian Museum Mammal collection, Welshpool, Western Australia. Paratypes. WAM M15160: adult male, Mt Bruce, Western Australia, 22°38’15” S, 118°08’00” E (note: this location is now the Marandoo mine site). Collected by J. Burt, 2 nd February 1976. Spirit and skull. WAM M25773, adult female, Karlamilyi National Park, Western Australia, 22°18’51” S, 122°03’19” E. Collected by R. Hart, 18 April 1986. Spirit and skull. WAM M51581: adult female, Mandora, Western Australia, 19°47’52” S, 121°26’52” E. Collected by P. Kendrick, 18 th October 1999. Spirit and skull. Liver tissue, ABTC97502; ABTC161754. Etymology. Named in honour of Dr Peter Kendrick, in recognition of his major contribution to the understanding of the vertebrate fauna of north-western Australia. Material examined. See Table 1 for a list of all Planigale kendricki specimens examined in this study, referred to as Planigale 1 in the table. Diagnosis. Planigale kendricki (Fig. 10) is more rufous than all other members of the genus except perhaps some individuals of P. ingrami. It is substantially larger than each of P. ingrami, P. tenuirostris and P. sp. Mt Tom Price, and smaller than P. novaeguineae and P. gilesi. It is most similar in body size to some populations of P. maculata but differs from all populations of this taxon in its brighter dorsal and facial patterning. Craniodentally, it differs from all other Planigale species except P. tenuirostris in having more elongate nasals that invade deeply between the frontals. It further differs from typical P. maculata, and P. novaeguineae in having a more depressed cranium, a longer and narrower snout, and larger entoconids on M 1–3. It further differs from P. gilesi in having three upper premolars (reduced to two in P. gilesi). It also differs from P. tenuirostris in having less reduced M 1–4 protocones and less reduced entoconids on M 1–3 (usually absent on M 1–2 in P. tenuirostris).Published as part of Umbrello, Linette S., Cooper, Norah K., Adams, Mark, Travouillon, Kenny J., Baker, Andrew M., Westerman, Mike & Aplin, Ken P., 2023, Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 5330 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5330.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/824888
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