343 research outputs found
Può un uomo generarsi nell’utero di una capra o di una cagna? Una quaestio di Urbano da Bologna nel commento alla Physica di Averroè
No full textIn Latin Europe, the controversy over spontaneous generation of perfect animals – namely those whose breeding occurs through sexual reproduction – is received in different ways, varying from positions very close to Avicenna’s, as in the case of Pietro Pomponazzi, to interpretations that rather refer to Averroes’ perspective. To this ‘Averroist front’ undoubtedly belongs the figure of Urbano da Bologna, author of the Expositio commenti Averrois in VIII libros Physicorum – a work that can be defined a supercommentary to Averroes’ Physica – composed in Bologna around 1334. The present study aims to provide the complete transcription of a quaestio that is present in the work – but which was disputed according to its author also in public – as an example of the elaboration of the theme of spontaneous generation in the early 14th century. The text deals with many aspects of the problem, especially elaborating on the correspondence between each specific form and its appropriate matter, in the light of the lively debates of the time, and reveals a mature understanding of Aristotle’s natural philosophy and its Averroist interpretation
An online trajectory planning method for visually guided assisted reaching through a rehabilitation robot
No full textSeveral manipulators or exoskeleton are characterized by having a concave workspace in the operational space due to mechanical limits. This article proposes an online trajectory planning method for performing visually guided assisted reaching through a rehabilitation robotic exoskeleton, the L-Exos, in its concave workspace. To evalute the proposed methodology in a rehabilitation application, we set-up a computer vision based system that can automatically identify target objects in the workspace and generate a robot assisted movement to reach them through the L-Exo
Individual features facilitate stimulus processing in a proto-arithmetic task in newborn domestic chicks
No full textSurveillance of new HIV infections/diagnoses in Puglia Region (South Italy), years 2007-2011
No full textBACKGROUND:
The aim of the study is to describe temporal trend, distribution and characteristics of new HIV infections detected in Puglia Region in years 2007-2011.
METHODS:
Case surveillance data for all individuals newly diagnosed with HIV infection in these years were analysed. Risk factors associated with late presentation at diagnosis were analysed by multivariate logistic analysis.
RESULTS:
In the years 2007-2011 a total of 632 new diagnoses of HIV infection were notified. 573 (90,7%) of all cases were residents (83,8% Italians, 16,2% migrants). Among residents, 76,8% were males (median age 36 years), 23,2% females (median age 30 years). On the whole, 58,3% were late presenters (LP) and 40,8% were subjects with advanced HIV disease (AHD). At multivariate analysis, older age and being a migrant were risk factors significantly associated with late presentation at diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS:
Clinical-epidemiological analysis of new HIV diagnosis/infections in Puglia shows a high proportion of LP and AHD. The results of the study strongly suggest the need to promote access to counselling and screening services of subjects at high risk of late presentation for a better targeting of information campaigns
PRINCIPIO DI ESAURIMENTO E FUNZIONE ATTRATTIVA DEL MARCHIO
No full textScopo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare il rapporto tra il principio di esaurimento e la c.d. “funzione attrattiva” del marchio, al fine di verificare se – a quasi tre decenni di distanza dalle prime pronunce della Corte di Giustizia che si sono occupate del tema – l’attuale livello di protezione della rinomanza (o, più in generale, della c.d. brand reputation) del marchio non possa far presagire un profondo ripensamento dell’istituto dell’esaurimento del marchio così come lo si è conosciuto sino ad oggi.
Il lavoro, prese le mosse dalla ricognizione storico-giuridica dei fondamenti su cui si basa l’esaurimento, ne passa in rassegna la nozione, i fondamenti, l’inquadramento tra i vari paradigmi economico-giuridici, gli elementi costitutivi – compresa la possibilità di configurare l’immissione in commercio nei contratti diversi da quelli traslativi della proprietà – ed i limiti di operatività territoriale, anche con riguardo al regime post-Brexit.
In particolare, alla fine del capitolo dedicato all’istituto nei suoi lineamenti generali, speciale attenzione viene dedicata alla questione, accantonata ma non sopita, del c.d. esaurimento internazionale, del quale si prova a fornire una lettura alternativa alla posizione oggi abbracciata dalla giurisprudenza dominante.
Smarcata l’esegesi dell’istituto, si passa all’esame dei motivi legittimi, norma “aperta” entro la quale vengono convenzionalmente fatte rientrare tutte quelle fattispecie che – a partire dall’alterazione dello stato del prodotto – vengono ritenute potenzialmente interferenti con l’“oggetto specifico” del diritto di marchio, conducendo un’analisi che mette in luce il rapporto esistente tra i motivi legittimi e le diverse funzioni giuridicamente protette del marchio di volta in volta coinvolte.
Infine, si analizzano i casi in cui l’esigenza di garantire la libera circolazione delle merci può trovare valido ostacolo nella tutela del goodwill del segno distintivo, spesso preservato attraverso l’implementazione di sistemi di distribuzione chiusi e selettivi, a protezione degli investimenti in reputazione del brand.
Negli ultimi anni appare infatti consolidatasi la tendenza a dilatare il potere escludente del titolare del marchio, che, complice una certa elasticità definitoria, ha comportato l’avvicinamento tra le nozioni di “marchio di lusso e di prestigio” e di “marchio che gode di rinomanza” e con esse l’inevitabile centralità della nozione di “pregiudizio” all’immagine del marchio quale punto di equilibrio tra liceità e illiceità delle rivendite.
Alla parte più propriamente ricognitiva circa i casi in cui tale “grave” pregiudizio alla reputazione si verifica, nei canali distributivi online e retail, se ne affianca una più critica, orientata a richiamare l’attenzione dell’interprete sulla necessità di adottare un diverso criterio definitorio che, mettendo al
centro il messaggio sull’origine comunicato dal marchio, possa evitare l’appannarsi della certezza del diritto e con essa l’erosione del mercato secondario.The purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between the doctrine of exhaustion and the so-called “advertising function” of the trademark, in order to verify whether - almost three decades after the first decision of the European Court of Justice that dealt with the latter - the current level of protection of the well-known trademarks (or, more generally, of the so-called brand reputation) might not presage a deep rethinking of trademark exhaustion as it has been known until today.
This work, starting from the historical and legal landmarks of the exhaustion doctrine, addresses its notion and framework among various economics and legal perspectives, key elements – including the relationship between put into trade and agreements not assigning ownership – and the regional-EU limitation, also focusing on post-Brexit regime.
Moreover, at the end of the chapter dedicated to the exhaustion theory in its general outline, special attention is paid to the shelved but still unsolved issue of the so-called international exhaustion, on which a perspective different by the one shared by most of the case law is adopted.
Furthermore, the work moves on to an examination of legitimate reasons, an “open” notion within which are conventionally included all scenarios – starting from the alteration of the state of the product – which are considered to potentially harm the “content” of the trademark right. The analyisis is conducted highlighting the relationship between legitimate reasons and the different legally protected functions of the trademark.
The following part it is dedicated to the analysis of the relationship between the aim to ensure the free movement of goods and the need to protect trademark goodwill, which is often preserved by the owners through the implementation of closed and selective distribution systems.
Indeed, in recent years, the trend of protection of the trademark owner position, which has resulted in a contamination between the notions of “luxury and prestige trademarks” and “well-known trademarks”, have inevitably outlined the centrality of the notion of brand reputation tarnishment as the balance point between lawfulness and unlawfulness of resales.
The third part of this work offers a landmark of decisions and cases in which such “severe” harm to brand reputation occurs, in online and retail sales. The following and final section is aimed to call the interpreter's attention to the need to adopt a different criterion to assess whether this harm to reputation of a luxury brand be considered “severe”, focusing on how the message about the origin of goods can avoid the lack of legal certainty and the erosion of the secondary market
Passive Grouping Enhances Proto-Arithmetic Calculation for Leftward Correct Responses
No full textBaby chicks and other animals including human infants master simple arithmetic. They discriminate 2 vs. 3 (1 + 1 vs. 1 + 1 + 1) but fail with 3 vs. 4 (1 + 1 + 1 vs. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1). Performance is restored when elements are grouped as 2 + 1 vs. 2 + 2. Here, we address whether grouping could lead to asymmetric response bias. We recoded behavioural data from a previous study, in which separate groups of four-day-old domestic chicks underwent an arithmetic task: when the objects were presented one-by-one (1 + 1 + 1 vs. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1), chicks failed in locating the larger group irrespective of its position and did not show any side bias; Experiment 1. When the objects were presented as grouped (2 + 1 vs. 2 + 2), chicks succeeded, performing better when the larger set was on their left; Experiment 2. A similar leftward bias was also observed with harder discriminations (4 vs. 5: 3  +  1 vs. 3  +  2), with baby chicks succeeding in the task only when the larger set was on the left (Experiments 3 and 4). A previous study showed a rightward bias, with tasks enhancing individual processing. Despite a similar effect in boosting proto-arithmetic calculations, individual processing (eliciting a right bias) and grouping (eliciting a left bias) seem to depend on distinct cognitive mechanisms
A new bounded jerk on-line trajectory planning for mimicking human movements in robot-aided neurorehabilitation
No full textFirst Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with Sexual Transmission among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in Puglia, South Italy, 2017
No full textFirst Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with Sexual
Transmission among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM)
in Puglia, South Italy, 201
Numerical cognition in birds
No full textAvian species are one of the most diverse and adaptable groups of animals: there are far more species of birds than of mammals, and they occupy a broad range of habitats. Birds and mammals split from a common ancestor over 300 million years ago. Yet certain bird species can perform complex mental tasks, including numerical problems, at levels similar to — and in some cases surpassing — primates, including great apes. Birds thus offer a privileged perspective on the cognitive functions underlying numerical abilities and their evolution. Moreover, birds provide excellent models for studying the ontogenetic development and neural mechanisms underlying numerical computations. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive picture of the contribution of avian studies to understanding numerical cognition, including behavioural laboratory studies, field studies and neurobiological investigations. We also critically examine the methodologies, interpretations and limitations of selected key studies. By synthesizing current knowledge and situating it within the broader field of cognitive research, we highlight the importance of a comparative perspective in understanding the role of evolutionary convergence in the emergence of cognitive functions
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