4,070 research outputs found
La gratuité : un prix !
No full textCet article aborde la question des représentations de la gratuité par les publics des musées et des monuments nationaux français. Dans le domaine culturel et dans une perspective individuelle, ces représentations sont liées à celles du prix, de l'argent et du fait de payer. La gratuité est vue comme un prix : elle supprime le coût monétaire lié à la visite mais ne change rien aux autres coûts monétaires et non monétaires dont elle modifie cependant la perception. Elle annule ce que représente le fait de payer l'entrée : visa » d'entrée dans les musées et les monuments, distance créée entre le visiteur et ces lieux, formalisation de l'engagement du visiteur. Enfin, la gratuité interpelle de façon très controversée la valeur des musées et des monuments, montrant que la gratuité, même dans une perspective individuelle, n'est pas perçue de manière univoque.Pirx, gratuité, musées et monuments
Transmission des chocs de prix internationaux : le cas du riz au Burkina Faso
No full textLa hausse des prix des produits agricoles sur les marchés internationaux durant la période 2006-2008 a entraîné une flambée des prix intérieurs dans certains pays en développement, mais pas dans d'autres. La littérature empirique sur la transmission des chocs des prix internationaux dans les pays en développement reste très mitigée. L'objectif de ce papier est d'évaluer la relation entre le prix du riz importé sur les marchés au Burkina Faso et le prix international, à partir de tests de cointégration linéaire et non linéaire. L'analyse se base sur des séries mensuelles de prix pour deux marchés du Burkina Faso : le marché de Sankaryaré à Ouagadougou et le marché de Dori au nord du pays. Les résultats montrent que les prix du riz importé sur ces deux marchés sont intégrés au prix international. L'élasticité de transmission de long terme apparaît importante. Le modèle TAR révèle une transmission asymétrique dont l'ampleur diffère en fonction de la nature des chocs. Les hausses du prix international se transmettent plus rapidement aux prix intérieurs que les baisses. Ces résultats s'expliquent par le pouvoir de marché des intermédiaires commerciaux, les coûts de transport et les mécanismes d'intervention du gouvernement.marchés des produits de base;modèles autorégressifs à seuil;transmission asymétrique
Effet signal d'une réduction promotionnelle du prix : concept et expérimentation.
No full textL'effet observé à court terme d'une réduction promotionnelle du prix sur la demande est souvent positif du fait de la valorisation des bénéfices offerts par la promotion et par le simple effet signal engendré par la communication promotionnelle. Lorsque le consommateur effectue une évaluation approfondie de l'offre promotionnelle et qu'il manque d'informations (sur le montant de la réduction ou le prix de base), l'information transmise par la promotion, qui est à la source de l'effet signal, est aussi utilisée pour élaborer le cadre du choix. Un conflit entre la cherté perçue et le signal promotionnel peut donc dévaloriser une offre. Dans ces conditions, nous montrons, par l'analyse des résultats d'une expérimentation sur 320 consommateurs, que le changement du cadre du choix résultant d'une offre promotionnelle conduit à un rejet d'achat plus important d'une marque premium pour un produit de grande consommation. Si ce résultat d'un effet négatif d'une réduction promotionnelle du prix sur la demande à court terme est rarement observé sur les ventes, il doit cependant conduire les managers à anticiper une baisse de l'efficacité promotionnelle lorsque la réduction de prix n'est pas indiquée et à en limiter l'usage pour les marques premium.Signaling effect of a promotional price reduction: concept and experimentation Abstract Sales promotion has often positive effects on short term demand effects due to the benefits provided and to the signaling effect of the communication. If information is missing (regular price, price reduction) when consumers have an extended choice process, the information transmitted by the sales promotion communication is used not only as a signal but also to elaborate the choice frame. Thus conflicting information between the promotional signal and perceived expensiveness can reduce perceived value. Under these conditions the author show, through analysis of experimental data on 320 consumers, that changes due to a promotional price reduction can result in higher rejection for a premium brand in a consumer good market. While decreases in sales volume due to promotional price reductions are not frequently observed, such a possibility means that managers have to anticipate a reduction of their promotional effectiveness when price reduction is not indicated (special offer) and to avoid its use for premium brands. Key words: Sales promotion, price reduction, promotion signal, experiment, Gabor & Granger.Gabor et Granger; Promotion des ventes; Réduction de prix; Effet signal; Expérimentation;
Transmission des chocs de prix internationaux : le cas du riz au Burkina Faso
No full textLa hausse des prix des produits agricoles sur les marchés internationaux durant la période 2006-2008 a entraîné une flambée des prix intérieurs dans certains pays en développement, mais pas dans d’autres. La littérature empirique sur la transmission des chocs des prix internationaux dans les pays en développement reste très mitigée. L’objectif de ce papier est d’évaluer la relation entre le prix du riz importé sur les marchés au Burkina Faso et le prix international, à partir de tests de cointégration linéaire et non linéaire. L’analyse se base sur des séries mensuelles de prix pour deux marchés du Burkina Faso : le marché de Sankaryaré à Ouagadougou et le marché de Dori au nord du pays. Les résultats montrent que les prix du riz importé sur ces deux marchés sont intégrés au prix international. L’élasticité de transmission de long terme apparaît importante. Le modèle TAR révèle une transmission asymétrique dont l’ampleur diffère en fonction de la nature des chocs. Les hausses du prix international se transmettent plus rapidement aux prix intérieurs que les baisses. Ces résultats s’expliquent par le pouvoir de marché des intermédiaires commerciaux, les coûts de transport et les mécanismes d’intervention du gouvernement.marchés des produits de base, modèles autorégressifs à seuil, transmission asymétrique
Adiabatic oscillations of non-rotating superfluid neutron stars
No full textWe present results concerning the linear (radial and non-radial) oscillations of non-rotating superfluid neutron stars in Newtonian physics. We use a simple two-fluid model to describe the superfluid neutron star, where one fluid consists of the superfluid neutrons, while the second fluid contains all the comoving constituents (protons, electrons). The two fluids are assumed to be "free" in the sense of absence of vortex-mediated forces like mutual friction or pinning, but they can be coupled by the equation of state, in particular by entrainment. We calculate numerically the eigen-frequencies and -modes of adiabatic oscillations, neglecting beta-reactions that would lead to dissipation. We find a doubling of all acoustic-type modes (f-modes, p-modes), and confirm the absence of g-modes in these superfluid models. We show analytically and numerically that only in the case of non-stratified background models (i.e. with no composition gradient) can these doublets of acoustic modes be separated into two distinct families, which are characterized by either co- or counter-moving fluids respectively, and which are sometimes referred to as "ordinary"- and "superfluid" modes. In the general, stratified case, however, this separation is not possible, and these acoustic modes can not be classified as being either purely "ordinary" or "superfluid". We show how the properties of the two-fluid modes change as functions of the coupling by entrainment. We find avoided mode-crossings for the stratified models, while the crossings are not avoided in the non-stratified, separable case. The oscillations of normal-fluid neutron stars are recovered as a special case simply by locking the two fluids together. In this effective one-fluid case we find the usual singlet f- and p-modes, and we also find the expected g-modes of stratified neutron star models
Hierarchical multistage MCMC follow-up of continuous gravitational wave candidates
No full textLeveraging Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization of the F-statistic, we introduce a method for the hierarchical follow-up of continuous gravitational wave candidates identified by wide-parameter space semi-coherent searches. We demonstrate parameter estimation for continuous wave sources and develop a framework and tools to understand and control the effective size of the parameter space, critical to the success of the method. Monte Carlo tests of simulated signals in noise demonstrate that this method is close to the theoretical optimal performance
Fully coherent follow-up of continuous gravitational-wave candidates: An application to Einstein@Home results
No full textWe characterize and present the details of the follow-up method used on the most significant outliers of the Hough Einstein@Home all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves [J. Aasi et al Phys. Rev. D 87, 042001 (2013)]. This follow-up method is based on the two-stage approach introduced by [M. Shaltev and R. Prix, Phys. Rev. D 87, 084057 (2013)], consisting of a semicoherent refinement followed by a fully coherent zoom. We quantify the efficiency of the follow-up pipeline using simulated signals in Gaussian noise. This pipeline does not search beyond first-order frequency spin-down, and therefore we also evaluate its robustness against second-order spin-down. We present the details of the Hough Einstein@Home follow-up [J. Aasi et al Phys. Rev. D 87, 042001 (2013)] on three hardware-injected signals and on the eight most significant search outliers of unknown origin
R. Reiss, Liebenwerda, Fabrik Technischer Artikel, Weltausstellung Brüssel »Grand Prix«
No full textR. REISS, LIEBENWERDA, FABRIK TECHNISCHER ARTIKEL, WELTAUSSTELLUNG BRÜSSEL »GRAND PRIX«
R. Reiss, Liebenwerda, Fabrik Technischer Artikel, Weltausstellung Brüssel »Grand Prix« ( -
Economics of venue selection for special sporting events: with special reference to the 1996 Melbourne Grand Prix
No full textVenue selection for major sporting attractions can be a highly politicised decision making process. Due to the sometimes controversial nature of venue selection, politicians can be circumspect on related issues including potential economic impacts. This was the case with the Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix held at Albert Park, Melbourne in March 1996. Comments provided by the authorities on matters associated with the venue selection referred to both the opportunity to showcase Melbourne on international and national television due to the proximity of Albert Park to the Melbourne skyline as well as referring to the fact that the Australian Grand Prix had been conducted at Albert Park in the 1950s and therefore the race could be said to be returning home!
However, limited details have been made public regarding the financial aspects of the event. A real challenge was to estimate expenditure by the visitor and the indirect economic benefits on regional economies in the absence of formal data. In the aftermath of the event, however, the media amply reported estimated figures for gross economic gains attributable to the Grand Prix. This paper argues that it is possible to use these estimates of gross economic gains, as reported by the media, to derive the direct contribution of this event.
This paper investigates the comparative benefits of an alternative venue, such as Sandown Park in the Eastern region and concludes that the higher multiplier effects evident in the Melbourne Metropolitan Region ensured that any decision made on economic grounds would favour Albert Park over outlying regions.
Spefically, the paper uses the technique of input-ouput analysis to gauge the relative effects attributable to an event such as the Grand Prix. Media reports of gross economic gains were collected and used as a basis for the analysis. These were then used to derive estimates of direct expenditure by the visitor as well as the contribution to household income and employment opportunities generated by the event. This paper is an applied example of the usefulness of input-output analysis in relation to major sporting attractions. This analysis can therefore reveal a great deal about the subjective decision to hold the Grand Prix at a selected venue over other alternatives. This paper also argues that it is possible to uncover a great deal about venue decisions by interpreting secondary sources. Due to the fact that the multiplier effect is stronger in the Melbourne Metropolitan Region, the authorities might have reason to stage the event wherever economic gains would be maximised.
In the future, events which are not location-dependent , will tend to be staged in well developed economic regions where multiplier effects are higher. Consequently, such decisions are likely to attract negative comment and controversial protests. To counteract such negativity, the authorities' circumspection is at best questionable. Providing that venue decisions can be justified on economic grounds, attacks on the decision from minority groups could be minimised.
This paper makes a contribution to the growing body of literature on the application of input-output analysis. In addition, it contributes to our understanding of venue selection decisions
Inertial modes of non-stratified superfluid neutron stars
No full textWe present results concerning adiabatic inertial-mode oscillations of non-stratified superfluid neutron stars in Newtonian gravity, using the anelastic and slow-rotation approximations. We consider a simple two-fluid model of a superfluid neutron star, where one fluid consists of the superfluid neutrons and the second fluid contains all the comoving constituents (protons, electrons). The two fluids are assumed to be 'free' in the sense that vortex-mediated forces such as mutual friction or pinning are absent, but they can be coupled by the equation of state, in particular by entrainment. The stationary background consists of the two fluids rotating uniformly around the same axis with potentially different rotation rates. We study the special cases of corotating backgrounds, vanishing entrainment, and the purely toroidal r modes analytically. We calculate numerically the eigenfunctions and frequencies of inertial modes in the general case of non-corotating backgrounds, and study their dependence on the relative rotation rate and entrainment. In these non-stratified models, we find avoided crossings only between associated mode pairs, e.g. an 'ordinary' mode and its 'superfluid' counterpart, while other mode frequencies generally cross as the background parameters are varied. We confirm (for the first time in a mode calculation) the onset of a 'two-stream instability' at a critical relative background rotation rate, and we study some of the properties of this instability for the inertial modes
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