500 research outputs found
Il contributo delle aree assestate a fronte delle richieste poste dal protocollo di Kyoto: un esempio dalla Regione Veneto
No full textIl Protocollo di Kyoto consente ai Paesi inseriti nell’Annesso I, come l’Italia, di avvalersi delle attività legate alla Gestione Forestale come misura complementare per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi fissati in sede internazionale. Obiettivo del presente studio è realizzare un’indagine preliminare volta a proporre una prima valutazione del ruolo che possono assumere, in tale contesto, le aree assestate presenti nel nostro Paese.
Utilizzando il database «Gestione Piani di Assestamento» della Direzione Regiona- le Foreste ed Economia Montana del Veneto (PILLI e ANFODILLO, 2006) sono stati stimati lo stock e le capacità fissative delle fustaie assestate presenti nel territorio regionale. A tale scopo è stata utilizzata sia la metodologia proposta dalle Good Practice Guidance dell’Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, con l’impiego di fattori di espansione della biomassa (NABUURS et al., 2003), sia un modello funzionale basato sull’applicazione di equazioni allometriche (PILLI et al., 2006).
I risultati, oltre ad evidenziare la possibilità di pervenire ad una stima diretta delle capacità fissative di tali formazioni sfruttando le sole informazioni assestamentali già disponibili, eventualmente integrate da specifiche indagini, dimostrano le potenzialità offerte dall’applicazione di equazioni allometriche in loco dei fattori di espansione della biomassa ricavati da fonti bibliografiche
L'impiego dei dati assestamentali per la stima dello stock di carbonio ai fini delle richieste poste dal protocollo di Kyoto
No full textParties included in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol, like Italy, may choose to elect Forest Management as additional human-induced activity to attain the goals of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In Italy the majority of areas subjected to forest plans satisfy the definition of Forest Management proposed by the Marakesh Accords. However, the data commonly available from forest compartments cannot be directly used to estimate the total aboveground biomass by allometric equations because the data are not spatially (data differ among compartments) or temporally (data sampled in different years) uniform. This study proposes a methodology for using such non-uniform data, which has been tested on a dataset of forest compartments provided by the Veneto Region (NE Italy). A series of specific diameter distributions was associated to each forest compartment by applying cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The Bootstrap procedure was applied to update the available data, referring them to the same year. The results satisfied the requirements of the "Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry " of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change since the uncertainties were quantified. After the analysis, forest compartment data were suitable for application of allometric equations, without need for further extensive sampling
L'applicazione del Protocollo di Kyoto nel settore forestale:il ruolo dello Stato e delle Regioni e le necessarie sinergie
No full textAccording to art. 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol, Parties included in Annex I shall report the net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from afforestation, reforestation and deforestation activities. To assess these activities, Italy has to define methods to estimate land use change occurring after 31 December 1989. On the other hand, Italy elected forest management as additional human-induced activity to attain the goals of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The paper considers the key-role that central and regional Administrations may have in order to solve some specific problems regarding data collection and management issues
Nuove prospettive di mitigazione per il settore forestale nella revisione delle politiche climatiche europee
No full textIl Green Deal ha l’obiettivo di rendere l’Unione Europea il primo continente neutrale da un punto di vista climati co entro il 2050. Il settore dell’uso del suolo, che include la gestione forestale e i prodotti forestali legnosi (Land
Use, Land Use Change and Forestry; LULUCF), giocherà un ruolo fondamentale nel bilanciare le emissioni di gas
effetto serra in altri settori nel percorso verso la neutralità climatica. In particolare, gli sforzi principali per la mi tigazione saranno rivolti all’aumento delle rimozioni nette di gas effetto serra dall’atmosfera da parte del settore
forestale nel prossimo decennio, invertendo così il trend negativo dell’ultimo periodo. In questo contesto, la
Commissione Europea ha già proposto le revisione delle politiche climatiche più rilevanti per il settore dell’uso
del suolo e delle foreste (Regolamento LULUCF 2018/841), cercando possibili allineamenti con altre strategie
quali la nuova strategia forestale europea e la strategia europea per la tutela della biodiversità. Tuttavia, cresce la
preoccupazione su come le politiche climatiche relative al settore forestale riusciranno effettivamente a bilancia re gli sforzi di mitigazione nei vari settori con la conservazione della biodiversità, l’adattamento al cambiamento
climatico e il mantenimento della sostenibilità socio-economica della filiera foresta-legno-energia. Con questo
contributo, forniamo una disamina delle possibili implicazioni della proposta di revisione del Regolamento LU LUCF 2018/841 rispetto alla mitigazione forestale, mostrando le opzioni politiche e gli obiettivi climatici al 2030.
In particolare, ci concentriamo sugli aspetti innovativi del Regolamento LULUCF, come ad esempio la distribu zione degli sforzi di mitigazione fra gli Stati Membri, le traiettorie potenziali per raggiungere gli obiettivi climati ci nel breve periodo, l’integrazione maggiore con altre politiche (Politica Agricola Comune, strategia europea per
la tutela della biodiversità), il miglioramento nella disponibilità e qualità dei dati per il monitoraggio delle risorse
forestali, gli incentivi previsti per gli operatori economici, il ruolo dei prodotti forestali nel sequestro di carbonio
e la valutazione dell’impatto dei disturbi naturali. Inoltre, mostriamo le possibili sinergie fra obiettivi di mitiga zione e miglioramento delle capacità di resilienza e adattamento, conservazione della biodiversità e uso sosteni bile del legno, così come previsti dalla nuova strategia forestale europea. Discutiamo quindi le sfide principali
alle pratiche gestionali forestali a scala nazionale e sovranazionale per rispettare gli impegni climatici e simulta neamente valorizzare altri beni e servizi, e forniamo infine alcune raccomandazioni per migliorare l’implementa zione delle politiche climatiche relative alle foreste nel quadro più ampio del Green Deal europeo
Proposta di una metodologia di analisi della variazione di superficie boscata tramite foto aeree nella Comunità Montana del Grappa (TV) in riferimento all'applicazione del Protocollo di Kyoto.
No full textAccording to art. 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol, Italy, like other Parties included in Annex I, shall report the net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from afforestation, reforestation and deforestation activities (ARD). To evaluate these activities, Italy has to elaborate methods to estimate the conversion of non-forested to forested land, occurred after 31 December 1989. The aim of this study was to test a methodology to estimate the ARD activities. The approach was experimented in the Comunità Montana del Grappa (about 10500 ha) considered as a pilot area in the Prealpine region (NE Italy). The land-use change relative to the forest area was assessed by multitemporal classification of 1131 sampling points on orthocorrected aerial photos relative to 1991, 1996 and 1999. The forest area based on different definitions (minimum land cover equal to 10%, 20% or 30% and minimum surface equal to 2000 m2 or 5000 m2) was also assessed. Between 1991 and 1999, the total increment of the forest area was equal to 224 ha. However, the estimated increment was strongly related to the minimum surface (2000 m2 vs 5000 m2) of the forest definition. The proposed procedure was relatively easy to implement and highlighted the role of ARD and revegetation to attain the goals appointed from the Kyoto Protocol
Forest functions and space: a geohistorical perspective of European forests
No full textThe history of man has been linked to the history of wood since prehistoric
times and because the forest is the main place where this resource is available,
forest spaces are also directly linked to the evolution of human society.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the historical evolution of the functions
assigned by humans to forests, highlighting how they affect the production
of space from a diachronic perspective. Focusing our attention on some
European countries, we highlight that although historically, wood production
was the most important function provided by wooded lands, other functions
were also attributed to forests. The awareness of these functions emerged
when an overexploitation of forest resources produced a lack of a specific service.
When these services corresponded to a societal demand, they produced
welfare benefits for the society, which were recognized as forest functions.
Thus even the functions evolved in time according to the evolution of societal
needs. Evaluating when and how each societal demand emerged, and consequently
the moment each function was recognized, is an essential prerequisite
even for a more accurate interpretation of current forest management practices.
Not only is the temporal dimension of forest functions relevant, so is the
spatial scale, which may differ considerably between them, ranging from the
specific forest area and its owner for the productive function; to the catchment
area and its inhabitants for the protective function; to a potentially
larger area for the cultural and biodiversity function; and to the entire globe
for the carbon-retention function. The strict, and sometimes competing, interactions
between these functions may also be recognized in the production of
space, which evolved in time according to the evolution of the corresponding
societal needs. A forest parcel assigned to a productive function is a material
space, marked in the field by colored signs, but it may also be virtually represented
by a forest model or be part of some protected area. But this picture
would change if, instead of looking at the present, we consider the past and
the different sensations and representations concerned with forests. These
complex interactions, between different functions and spatial dimensions, justify
the need to balance a segregative management system with a wider, multifunctional
integrated approach. What has emerged from our study is that to
reach this difficult equilibrium, it is useful to consider the production processes
of these forest spaces. Through this analytical approach, we can understand
the interactions occurring over time between the evolution of the
demands expressed by society and the main changes occurred on the forest
landscape
Measuring the food microstructure by two-point cluster function
No full textThe clustering of pores of three types of bread was studied by measuring the two point cluster function,
C2(r). The ability of this function in describing the connectivity among the structure elements of bread
was proved by comparing the C2(r) of a “reference” and a “reconstructed” bread image having the same
porosity fraction and lineal path distribution function, L(r). The two point cluster function of the void
phase of two commercial, “Pan Briosce” and “Pancarre”, and a non commercial, “White”, bread enabled
to highlight significant differences of their topological properties. “White” bread was characterized from
more homogeneous pores with a lower degree of connectivity while the “Pancarre” samples exhibited
voids highly connected producing pores bigger in size and with a shape extremely complex. Furthermore,
for the first time it was proved as the microstructure information of the two point cluster function
allows discriminating the 90% of the total variace of bread samples
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