33,231 research outputs found
Synthesis of an unnatural product - 4,4' biaryl formation as a macrocyclisation step
No full textA correction to the paper Patel, H. K., Kilburn, J. D., Langley, G. J., Edwards, P. D., Mitchell, T., & Southgate, R. (1994). Synthesis of an unnatural product -- 4,4′ biaryl formation as a macrocyclisation step. Tetrahedron Letters, 35(3), 481-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(94)85086-
Figure 2. A–C. Habits. —A. Phegopteris excelsior N. R. Patel & A. V in Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): A New Species of North American Tetraploid Beech Fern
No full textFigure 2. A–C. Habits. —A. Phegopteris excelsior N. R. Patel & A. V. Gilman (Gilman 98067 & Lambert, VT). —B. Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt. (Gilman 2K123, VT). —C. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée (Gilman 2K082, VT). D–F. Close-ups of basal pinnae. —D. Phegopteris connectilis (Gilman 2K123, VT). —E. Phegopteris excelsior (Gilman 98067 & Lambert, VT). —F. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (House 289434, UC). The approximate basal pinnae length:width ratio for P. hexagonoptera is 3:1, for P. connectilis 4:1, and for P. excelsior 5:1. The basal pinnae of P. connectilis and P. excelsior are usually widest below the middle, and those of P. connectilis are usually widest above the middle.Published as part of Patel, Nikisha R., Fawcett, Susan & Gilman, Arthur V., 2019, Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): A New Species of North American Tetraploid Beech Fern, pp. 211-218 in Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 27 (4) on page 215, DOI: 10.3417/2019409, http://zenodo.org/record/456191
Phegopteris excelsior N. R. Patel & A. V. Gilman. Two 2019
No full textPhegopteris excelsior. CANADA. Nova Scotia: Lower Blomidon, Cody 20242 (MICH); Kings Co., Hersey & Newell s.n. (GH). Quebec: Hatley, Churchill s.n. (GH); Gibraltar, Churchill s.n. (GH); Hatley, Knowlton s.n. (GH); St. Gregoire, Rouleau et al. s.n. (GH); Mt.Rougemont, Sherk & Cinq-Mars 437 ex cult #65374 (MICH). U.S.A. Connecticut: Windsor, Clark s.n. (larger of two specimens on the sheet) (NEBC). Maine: Mars Hill, Gilman 04104 (VT); Cooper, Gilman 06050 (AVG); Molunkus, Gilman 2K199 (AVG); Washington, Gilman 96087 (AVG); Bucksport, Gilman 97261 (AVG); Litchfield, Gilman 98018 (AVG); Strong, Seymour 24090 (VT). New York: Delaware Co., B. D. Gilbert s.n. (GH). Vermont: Cabot, Gilman 01142 (AVG); St. Johnsbury, Gilman 18021 (holotype) (VT); St. Johnsbury, Gilman 96061 (AVG); East Montpelier, Gilman 96118 (AVG); Waterford, Gilman 96248 (AVG); St. Johnsbury, Rooney s.n. (VT); Dorset, Terry s.n. (VT).Published as part of Patel, Nikisha R., Fawcett, Susan & Gilman, Arthur V., 2019, Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): A New Species of North American Tetraploid Beech Fern, pp. 211-218 in Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 27 (4) on page 218, DOI: 10.3417/2019409, http://zenodo.org/record/456191
The relative importance of home and host innovation systems in the internationalisation of MNE R&D: a patent citation analysis
No full texthost innovation systems, internationalisation, MNE, R&D
Tax incentives for R&D
No full textA long-standing concern surrounding the performance of the UK economy is its perceived failure to maintain the same technological pace as its competitors. Industrial research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of GDP fell during the 1980s at a time when all other G7 countries increased the proportion of their output given over to R&D. This ratio is now lower in the UK than in most other G7 countries. If this world-wide trend toward more R&D indicates that industrial production is becoming increasingly science-based, then the UK may be in danger of becoming a relatively low-tech economy. One purpose of this article is to examine whether there is a rational basis for these fears.
Trends in the Internationalisation of R&D: The German Perspective
No full textIn this paper we present latest facts about the R&D activities of German multinational companies abroad and R&D activities of foreign companies in Germany. These results confirm that Germany is still an attractive location for R&D activites of multinational companies in many technological fields. However, the internationalisation of R&D is closely linked with the internationalisation of sales and production. In the commonly accepted eclectic theoretical approach by Dunning direct investment is pushed by companies that have advantages over their competitors in the host countries, where also attractive locational advantages exist. Since R&D is a source of both ownership and locational advantages, it was suggested earlier that instead of owning a technological advantage, companies with technological weaknesses start R&D in countries, which possess a technological advantage, to get access to new technologies. In contrast we found that German firms prefer to do R&D abroad in technological fields in which they hold a technological lead, e.g. in chemicals, pharmaceuticals and motor vehicles, but that they tend to perform R&D in countries which are also strong in these fields. Our results suggest that in most cases it is not the technological superiority of the host country itself which is the decisive locational advantage to attract multinationals' R&D but the lead-market function of that country or region.Multinational company, R&D, Internationalisation
Globalization of R&D and China – Empirical Observations and Policy Implications
No full textAs one of the world’s largest recipients of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), China is emerging as a key global player in Research and Development (R&D). This rapid increase in R&D investment is mainly attributed to the effort of strengthening the indigenous innovation capacity of domestic actors and, to an increasing extent, to the process of globalization of R&D with multinational enterprises as key driving force. This paper provides a detailed overview of the relative importance of foreign R&D in China based on quantitative mapping in terms of R&D inputs, outputs and local linkages in R&D-related activities, combined with an in-depth description of the nature of foreign R&D activities. Our empirical observation suggests that the growing importance of China in the globalization of R&D is more than a ‘flash-in-the-pan’. On one hand, China is facing new challenges, but at the same time is attempting to seize the “window of opportunity” to compete for knowledge and human resources through structural adjustments and new policy initiatives. On the other hand, multinational enterprises from OECD countries are not only intensifying, but also diversifying their activities in a larger number of R&D intensive sectors in China. In such a rapid and dynamic development, China seems to emerge not only as an important source of R&D but also a key magnet of global R&D operations.China; R&D; Globalization; Multinationals
Measuring the Returns to R&D
No full textWe review the econometric literature on measuring the returns to R&D. The theoretical frameworks that have been used are outlined, followed by an extensive discussion of measurement and econometric issues that arise when estimating the models. We then provide a series of tables summarizing the major results that have been obtained and conclude with a presentation of R&D spillover returns measurement. In general, the private returns to R&D are strongly positive and somewhat higher than those for ordinary capital, while the social returns are even higher, although variable and imprecisely measured in many cases. Nous faisons un survol de la littérature économétrique qui mesure les rendements de la recherche-développement. Nous esquissons les modèles théoriques sousjacents et nous discutons en détail les problèmes de mesure et d’économétrie qui se posent quand il s’agit d’estimer ces modèles. Ensuite, nous présentons une série de tableaux qui résument les principaux résultats qui ont été obtenus et nous finissons par une discussion des mesures d’externalité de la recherche. En général, les rendements privés de la recherche sont positifs et légèrement plus élevés que ceux de l’investissement en capital physique et les taux de rendement sociaux de la R-D sont encore plus élevés, mais fragiles et imprécis.returns to R&D, innovation, social returns, spillovers, rendements de la R&D, innovation, rendements sociaux, externalités
Spontaneity and diversity of movement to music is not uniquely human
No full textSix videos of full experimental trials, annotated by author RJJK, of a sulphur-crested cockatoo’s diverse set of spontaneous movements in response to human music. For details, please refer to Jao Keehn, R. J., Iversen, J. R., Schulz, I., & Patel, A. D. (2019). Spontaneity and diversity of movement to music is not uniquely human. Current Biology
Spontaneity and diversity of movement to music are not uniquely human
No full textSix videos of full experimental trials, annotated by author RJJK, of a sulphur-crested cockatoo’s diverse set of spontaneous movements in response to human music. For details, please refer to Jao Keehn, R. J., Iversen, J. R., Schulz, I., & Patel, A. D. (2019). Spontaneity and diversity of movement to music are not uniquely human. Current Biology
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