36,283 research outputs found
The use of coarser taxonomic resolution in studies of predation on marine sedimentary fauna
No full textGiven the logistical difficulties, cost, and time involved in species-level identifications, several authors have proposed the use of coarser taxonomic resolution (e.g. family, order) in studies of pollution. The use of surrogates instead of species relies on their sufficiency to detect community responses to the pollution gradient without appreciable loss of information. No studies, however, have applied this approach to experimental studies such as community responses to predation disturbance and evaluated the performance of surrogates at the spatial scales typical of experiments. We addressed both problems by analyzing the results of three predation experiments carried out in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland. We pooled species data into coarser taxonomic categories (family to class) and determined whether effects of predation that were evident at the species level were also evident with the use of each coarser surrogate and increasing data transformation. Our results indicate that non-transformed data at the family level represent a reasonable surrogate of species; however, the ability to discriminate between ambient and (predator) manipulated sediments is gradually lost with data transformation and with the pooling of species into coarser taxonomic categories. Successive data transformation indicates that in this system predation plays a strong role oil dominant but not necessarily rare species. Moreover, our results suggest that varying reliability of surrogates precludes the identification of a single general level of taxonomic sufficiency to be used in experimental studies. The use of surrogates, therefore, is suggested only after scrutiny and evaluation, and should be limited to preliminary studies where biodiversity has been well described. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.PT: J; CR: AMJAD S, 1983, MAR POLLUT BULL, V14, P178 BOWMAN MF, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P1802 CLARKE KR, 1994, CHANGES MARINE COMMU DAUVIN JC, 2003, MAR POLLUT BULL, V46, P552 DEFEO O, 2004, AQUAT CONSERV, V14, P65 ELLIS D, 1985, MAR POLLUT BULL, V16, P459 FERRARO SP, 1995, ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM, V14, P1031 FROST TM, 1992, ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR, V1, P215 GIANGRANDE A, 2000, AQUAT CONSERV, V13, P451 GOMEZGESTEIRA JL, 2000, MARINE POLLUTION B, V40, P1017 GRAY JS, 1988, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V46, P151 GRAY JS, 2001, SCI MAR S2, V65, P41 HUTCHINGS P, 1998, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V7, P1133 JAMES RJ, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V118, P187 KARAKASSIS I, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V227, P125 KEMP WM, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX, P3 KING RS, 2002, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V21, P150 KRASSULYA N, 2001, CBMS SKRIFTSERIE, V3, P131 LASIAK T, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V250, P29 MAURER D, 2000, MAR POLLUT BULL, V40, P98 MAY RM, 1990, NATURE, V347, P129 MISTRI M, 2001, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V81, P339 NARAYANASWAMY BE, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V257, P59 OLAFSSON EB, 1994, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL, V32, P65 OLSGARD F, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V149, P173 OLSGARD F, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V172, P25 OLSGARD F, 2000, J AQUAT ECOSYST STRE, V7, P25 OLSGARD F, 2003, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V12, P1033 PAGOLACARTE S, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V212, P13 PEARSON TH, 1978, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL AN, V16, P229 PRANCE GT, 1994, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V345, P89 QUIJON PA, 2005, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V285, P137 QUIJON PA, 2005, OECOLOGIA, V144, P125 RAKOCINSKI CF, 1997, ECOL APPL, V7, P1278 SCHOCH GC, 2001, INTERTIDAL BIOTA PUD SNELGROVE PVR, 1999, BIOSCIENCE, V49, P129 SOMERFIELD PJ, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V127, P103 SOMERFIELD PJ, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V127, P113 SOMERFIELD PJ, 2000, MAR BIOL, V136, P1133 SOMERFIELD PJ, 2002, J ANIM ECOL, V71, P581 TERLIZZI A, 2003, MAR POLLUT BULL, V46, P556 VANDERKLIFT MA, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V136, P137 WARWICK RM, 1988, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V46, P181 WARWICK RM, 1988, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V46, P167 WARWICK RM, 1993, AUST J ECOL, V18, P63; NR: 45; TC: 0; J9: J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL; PG: 10; GA: 022MCSource type: Electronic(1
Hubas-prog/ASSEMBLE-MICROBE: Second release
No full textThis is the second release of the Supp. Mat. of article entitled "Identity and sequence: The effect of multiple stressors on microphytobenthos assemblages" by James E V Rimmer, Cédric Hubas, Adam Wyness, Bruno Jesus, Morgan Hartley, Andrew J Blight, Antoine Prins, David M Paterson. This new release includes a readme file with indications about R scripts and Script correspondance to help the reader
Errors in juvenile copepod growth rate estimates are widespread: problems with the Moult Rate method
No full textThe ‘Moult Rate’ (MR) method has been used widely to derive stage-specific growth rates in juvenile copepods. It is the most common field-based method. Unfortunately, the equation underlying the method is wrong and, consequently, large errors in juvenile growth rate estimates are widespread. The equation derives growth from the mean weight of 2 consecutive stages (i and i + 1) and the duration of stage i. The weight change and the period to which this change is attributed are, therefore, offset. We explore this potential source of error in the MR method critically. Errors arise as a result of 2 primary factors: (1) unequal durations of successive stages and (2) unequal rates of growth of successive stages. The method of deriving the mean weight (arithmetic or geometric) also has an impact and is examined. Using a steady-state assumption, a range of scenarios and the errors that arise are examined. The literature is then reviewed and the size of errors resulting from MR method application in both field and laboratory situations is estimated. Our results suggest that the MR method can lead to large errors in growth estimation in any stage, but some stages are particularly prone. Errors for the C5 stage are often large because the following stage (the adult) does not moult, and has a different rate of body weight increase. For the same reason, errors are also great where the following stage is not actively moulting (e.g. when diapausing). In these circumstances, published work has commonly greatly underestimated growth. For example, MR growth ranges from 11 to 47% of the value derived correctly for this stage, gi_corr (calculated assuming the non-moulting stage does not grow). In late stages that are followed by actively moulting stages, the MR method has commonly given values in excess of 150% of gi_corr, but underestimation also occurs, with values <90% of gi_corr. We propose new methods and equations that overcome these problems. These equations are written with and without within-stage mortality included. The equations are relatively insensitive to mortality rates within the range found in the field, but only provided that the stage duration is not determined from moult rate. Stage duration estimates obtained from measuring moulting rates of field-collected animals are very sensitive to mortality rates of the animals prior to capture, and field mortality rates are often high enough to produce dramatic over-estimation of stage duration
Data visualisation in R
No full textCílem práce je představit možnosti grafického zobrazení dat a ukázat implementaci těchto zobrazení v R. Grafická zobrazení jsou rozdělena dle počtu a charakteru proměnných. Jednotlivá zobrazení jsou popsána a je ukázán postup jejich tvorby. Zobrazení jsou porovnávána mezi sebou a je diskutován jejich přínos stejně tak jako výhody a nevýhody oproti ostatním. Je předvedena jejich implementace v R. Dále je rozvedena tvorba grafů v R obecně, včetně druhotného přizpůsobování a kombinování těchto grafů. Jsou prezentovány autorem vytvořené funkce umožňující tvorbu některých z méně tradičních grafů.The aim of this thesis is to present ways of visualising data using R. Based on the number and types of variables suitable visualisation methods are presented. These methods are described and their creation is explained. They are further discussed and compared. Implementation of these methods in R is shown. Finally, the ways of customizing and combining graphs in R are presented, including some custom author-created functions
Mortality of marine planktonic copepods : global rates and patterns
No full textUsing life history theory we make predictions of mortality rates in marine epi-pelagic copepods from field estimates of adult fecundity, development times and adult sex ratios. Predicted mortality increases with temperature in both broadcast and sac spawning copepods, and declines with body weight in broadcast spawners, while mortality in sac spawners is invariant with body size. Although the magnitude of copepod mortality does lie close to the overall general pattern for pelagic animals, copepod mortality scaling is much weaker, implying that small copepods are avoiding some mortality agent/s that other pelagic animals of a similar size do not, We compile direct in situ estimates of copepod mortality and compare these with our indirect predictions; we find the predictions generally match the field measurements well with respect to average rates and patterns. Finally, by comparing in situ adult copepod longevity with predation-free laboratory longevity, we are able to make the first global approximations of the natural rates of predation mortality. Predation and total mortality both increase with increasing temperature; however, the proportion that predation makes of total adult mortality is independent of ambient temperature, on average accounting for around 2/3 to 3/4 of the total
Differential regulatory roles of crustacean predators in a sub-Arctic, soft-sediment system
No full textThe role of predation in structuring soft-sediment communities varies as a function of the number and composition of predators that co-occur in a given habitat. In Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, contrasting abundances or predators in different areas of the bay may contribute to different regulatory roles of predators on infauna. To test this hypothesis, results from a field exclusion experiment were compared with 5 laboratory experiments that measured the individual effects of the main crustacean predators of the bay: snow crab, rock crab, and toad crab. In the field experiment, the exclusion of predators generated clear differences in infaunal composition, and 2 species (the polychaete Pholoe tecta and the clam Macoma calcarea) dominated exclusion treatments. Predator exclusion also resulted in a significant increase in density, but only a modest increase in infaunal diversity. In the laboratory, fresh, undisturbed sediment cores were paired with similar cores, protected by mesh and exposed to each crab species in order to test for their potential effects on infaunal communities. Results indicate that snow crab and rock crab have clear effects on species composition and, as was the case with the field experiment, the infaunal species P. tecta and M calcarea dominated exclusion treatments for both predatory crabs. These predators also reduced total infaunal density, but only rock crab significantly reduced species richness. In contrast, toad crab effects were not significant. Given that snow crab and rock crab are both targeted by commercial fisheries in Atlantic Canada, our results suggest that crab fishery removal may have multiple indirect effects on infaunal communities.PT: J; CR: AGARDY T, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P761 AMBROSE WG, 1984, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V17, P109 ARMONIES W, 1992, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V83, P197 BARBEAU MA, 1994, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V180, P103 BARBEAU MA, 1994, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V182, P27 BEAL BF, 2001, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V264, P133 BLACKBURN TH, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V141, P283 BRETHES JCF, 1984, CRUSTACEANA, V47, P235 BUNDY A, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P1153 COLBOURNE EB, 2002, 0234 NAFO SCR COMEAU M, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P262 COMMITO JA, 1985, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V26, P289 COMMITO JA, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P1 DAVIS JLD, 2003, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V293, P23 DRUMMONDDAVIS NC, 1982, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V39, P636 DUTIL JD, 1997, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V212, P81 ELNER RW, 1979, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V36, P537 ENNIS GP, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P2242 FAUCHALD K, 1979, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL AN, V17, P193 FAUCHALD P, 2002, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V231, P279 FERNANDES TF, 1999, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V241, P137 FINELLI CM, 2000, ECOLOGY, V81, P784 FOLK RL, 1980, PETROLOGY SEDIMENTAR GABRIEL KR, 1971, BIOMETRIKA, V58, P453 GILBERT D, 1993, CAN DATA REP HYDROGR, V122, P1 GILBET D, 1996, CAN DATA REP HYDROGR, V143, P1 GREEN RH, 1979, SAMPLING DESIGN STAT GUNTHER CP, 1992, NETH J SEA RES, V30, P45 HALL SJ, 1990, AM NAT, V136, P657 HILBORN R, 1997, MONOGRAPHS POPULATIO, V28 HINES AH, 1990, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V67, P105 HOOPER RG, 1986, CRUSTACEANA, V50, P257 HUDON C, 1989, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V52, P155 HULBERG LW, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P1130 KNEIB RT, 1991, AM ZOOL, V31, P874 LEFEBVRE L, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P1167 LENIHAN HS, 2001, MARINE COMMUNITY ECO, P253 LOVRICH GA, 1997, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V211, P225 MALLET P, 1996, 9698 DFO MOODY KE, 1993, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V168, P111 NADEAU M, 1998, J SHELLFISH RES, V17, P905 NORKKO A, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V212, P131 OLAFSSON EB, 1994, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL, V32, P65 ORENSANZ JML, 1998, REV FISH BIOL FISHER, V8, P117 PACE ML, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX, P157 PALOMO G, 2003, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V290, P211 PAUL AJ, 2001, P CRAB 2001 S AL SEA PETERSON CH, 1979, ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, P233 POSEY MH, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P2155 QUIJON PA, IN PRESS OECOLOGIA RAMEY PA, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V262, P215 REAL LA, 1979, ECOLOGY, V60, P481 ROBICHAUD DA, 1991, FISH B-NOAA, V89, P669 ROUSE GW, 2001, POLYCHAETES SAINTEMARIE B, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P903 SAINTEMARIE B, 1997, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V54, P496 SALIERNO JD, 2003, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V287, P249 SCARRATT DJ, 1972, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V29, P161 SCHNEIDER DC, 1997, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V216, P129 SEITZ RD, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P2435 SEITZ RD, 2001, ICES J MAR SCI, V58, P689 SIH A, 1998, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V13, P350 SOKAL RR, 1994, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES SQUIRES HJ, 1996, CAN MANUSCR FISH AQU, V2359 SQUIRES HJ, 2003, J NORTHW ATL FISH SC, V32, P2738 STEELE MA, 1996, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V198, P249 STEHLIK LL, 1993, J CRUSTACEAN BIOL, V13, P723 STEPHEN DW, 1986, FORAGING THEORY STEWARTOATEN A, 2001, ECOL MONOGR, V71, P305 THOMPSON RJ, 1989, P INT S KING TANN CR, P283 THRUSH SE, 1999, AUST J ECOL, V24, P344 THRUSH SF, 1986, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V30, P221 TREMBLAY MJ, 1994, CAN TECH REP FISH AQ, V2021 TRUEBLOOD DD, 1994, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V39, P1440 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1996, 34 IOC UNESCO WEISSBERGER EJ, 1999, OECOLOGIA, V119, P461 WIECZOREK SK, 1995, J CRUSTACEAN BIOL, V15, P236 WILSON WH, 1986, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V32, P35 WILSON WH, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V21, P221 WORM B, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P162 YAMADA SB, 1996, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V204, P59 ZAJAC RN, 1998, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V375, P227; NR: 82; TC: 4; J9: MAR ECOL-PROGR SER; PG: 13; GA: 899ZSSource type: Electronic(1
Predation regulation of sedimentary faunal structure: potential effects of a fishery-induced switch in predators in a Newfoundland sub-Arctic fjord
No full textThe collapse of the cod fishery in Newfoundland has coincided with marked increases in abundances of snow crab, pandalid shrimp, and other crustaceans that prey on sedimentary infauna. A 3-year sampling program in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland indicates differences in composition and number of these predators in the two main arms of the fjord that coincide with strong differences in benthic community structure. To test whether predation pressure contributes to the observed patterns in sedimentary fauna, exclusion field experiments with full and partial cages were deployed in both arms at 30-m depth and sampled along with ambient sediments at 0-, 4-, and 8-week periods. Predation significantly influenced species composition, abundance and, in some cases, diversity. The most striking changes included increases in the polychaetes Pholoe tecta and Ophelina cylindricaudata in exclusions relative to controls, and concurrent declines in the polychaete Paradoneis lyra and the cumacean Lamphros fuscata. In laboratory experiments, fresh non-disturbed sediment cores from each experimental area were either protected or exposed to snow crab, the most abundant predator in the bay. A snow crab inclusion experiment was also carried out in the field, using cages similar to those used for exclusions. Despite differences in sedimentary faunas in the two arms, both types of experiments detected a predator effect that was very similar to that documented in exclusion experiments. Thus, despite differences in the scales associated with each type of manipulation, our results suggest that crab predation is a significant structuring force in Newfoundland sedimentary communities. Given the historical changes that have occurred in predator composition as a result of cod over-fishing, we hypothesize that broad-scale community changes may be taking place in North Atlantic benthic ecosystems.PT: J; CR: AGARDY T, 2000, ICES J MAR SCI, V57, P761 AMBROSE WG, 1984, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V17, P109 BARKAI A, 1988, S AFR J MARINE SCI, V7, P117 BERGSTROM BI, 2000, ADV MAR BIOL, V38, P57 BLACKBURN TH, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V141, P283 BOTSFORD LW, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P509 BRETHES JCF, 1984, CRUSTACEANA, V47, P235 BRETHES JCF, 1987, J CRUSTACEAN BIOL, V7, P667 BUNDY A, 2001, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V58, P1153 CLARK ME, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V178, P69 COMEAU M, 1998, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V55, P262 COMEAU M, 1999, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V56, P1088 COMMITO JA, 1985, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V26, P289 CONAN GY, 1996, HIGH LATITUDE CRABS, P59 CONNELL JH, 1983, AM NAT, V121, P789 COOPER SD, 1990, ECOLOGY, V71, P1503 DRUMMONDDAVIS NC, 1982, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V39, P636 ENGLUND G, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P2316 ENNIS PG, 1990, CAN ATL FISH ADV COM, V90, P1 FERNANDES TF, 1999, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V241, P137 FOLK RL, 1980, PETROLOGY SEDIMENTAR FRID CLJ, 1989, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V126, P163 GABRIEL KR, 1971, BIOMETRIKA, V58, P453 GILBERT D, 1993, CANADIAN DATA REPORT, V122, P63 GONI R, 1998, OCEAN COAST MANAGE, V40, P37 GRASSLE JF, 1976, OECOLOGIA, V25, P13 GREEN RH, 1979, SAMPLING DESIGN STAT HALL SJ, 1990, AM NAT, V136, P657 HIMMELMAN JH, 1971, MAR BIOL, V9, P315 HINDELL JS, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V224, P231 HOOPER RG, 1975, BONNE BAY MARINE RES, P295 HOOPER RG, 1986, CRUSTACEANA, V50, P257 HUDON C, 1989, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V52, P155 HULBERG LW, 1980, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V37, P1130 HUTCHINGS JA, 1996, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V53, P943 JACKSON JBC, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P629 JAMIESON GS, 2002, ALIEN INVADERS CANAD, P179 JENNINGS S, 1998, ADV MAR BIOL, V34, P201 KEMP WM, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX, P3 KNEIB RT, 1988, ECOLOGY, V69, P1795 KNEIB RT, 1991, AM ZOOL, V31, P874 KOELLER P, 2000, J NW ATLANTIC FISHER, V27, P37 LEFEBVRE L, 1991, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V48, P1167 LENIHAN HS, 2001, MARINE COMMUNITY ECO, P253 LILLY GR, 2000, J NW ATL FISH SCI, V27, P45 MAGURRAN AE, 1988, ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY MALLET P, 1996, 9698E DFO, P4 MCGUINNESS KA, 1997, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V153, P37 MICHELI F, 1997, ECOL MONOGR, V67, P203 MICHELI F, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1396 MYERS RA, 1996, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V138, P293 OLAFSSON EB, 1994, OCEANOGR MAR BIOL, V32, P65 OUELLET P, 1994, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V51, P123 OUELLET P, 1995, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V126, P163 PAUL AJ, 2002, ALASKA SEA GRANT, P876 PAULY D, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P860 PETERSON CH, 1979, ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, P233 PETERSON CH, 1984, AM NAT, V124, P127 PETERSON CH, 1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V111, P289 PETRAITIS PS, 1999, ECOLOGY, V80, P429 POSEY MH, 1991, ECOLOGY, V72, P2155 POWLES H, 1968, FISH RES BRD CANADA, V997, P1 QUIJON PA, 2005, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V285, P137 RIVARD DH, 1971, UNPUB SURVEY MARINE, P18 ROBERTS D, 1989, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V126, P271 SAINTEMARIE B, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P903 SAINTEMARIE B, 1998, 9838 CAN ATL FISH SC, P19 SCARRATT DJ, 1972, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V29, P161 SCHIERMEIER Q, 2002, NATURE, V419, P662 SCHNEIDER D, 1978, NATURE, V271, P353 SCHNEIDER DC, 2001, BIOSCIENCE, V51, P545 SEITZ RD, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P2435 SIMARD Y, 1990, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V47, P1526 SMITH B, 1996, OIKOS, V76, P70 SOKAL RR, 1994, BIOMETRY PRINCIPLES SQUIRES HJ, 1996, CAN MAN REP FISH AQU, V2359, P235 SQUIRES HJ, 2003, J NW ATLANTIC FISHER, V32, P27 THOMPSON RJ, 1989, P INT S KING TANN CR, P283 THRUSH SE, 1999, AUST J ECOL, V24, P344 THRUSH SF, 1997, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V216, P1 TRUEBLOOD DD, 1994, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V39, P1440 VANDEKOPPEL J, 2001, ECOLOGY, V82, P3449 VIRNSTEIN RW, 1977, ECOLOGY, V58, P1199 WIECZOREK SK, 1995, J CRUSTACEAN BIOL, V15, P236 WIENS JA, 2001, SCALING RELATIONS EX, P61 WILLIAMS AB, 1984, SHRIMPS LOBSTERS CRA WILSON WH, 1991, ANNU REV ECOL SYST, V21, P221 WITMAN JD, 1992, OECOLOGIA, V90, P305 WOODIN SA, 1976, J MARKETING RES, V34, P25 WOODIN SA, 1999, AUST J ECOL, V24, P291 WORM B, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P162; NR: 91; TC: 1; J9: OECOLOGIA; PG: 12; GA: 944LMSource type: Electronic(1
Spatial linkages between decapod planktonic and benthic adult stages in a Newfoundland fjordic system
No full textThe relative importance of predatory decapod crustaceans in sedimentary communities depends on the spatial variability in their abundance and composition. At the scale of a fjord, such spatial patterns could be related to sill-mediated larval supply. This study examines larval and adult distributions of abundant predatory decapods at six representative sites in a sub-arctic Newfoundland fjord during three consecutive summers. Adult snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and toad crab (Hyas coarctatus, H. araneus) characterized outer areas of the fjord, whereas pandalid shrimp (Pandalus montagui) dominated inner areas, and rock crab (Cancer irroratus) showed only minor spatial differences. Multivariate analysis and nonparametric comparisons of larval abundance and composition suggest that the sill separating inner and outer areas of the fjord results in differences in larval supply that correspond to adult abundances for at least two of the species analyzed here: snow crab and pandalid shrimp. Although larval abundance was not related to adult distribution when all zoeal stages were considered, correspondence between larval and adult patterns emerged when only late stages (zoeae >= II) were included in the multivariate analyses. Nonparametric comparisons supported these results, indicating significant differences in larval abundance inside and outside the sill for corresponding species and stages. Our results suggest that larval supply may play a critical role in establishing adult spatial patterns at the scale of the entire fjord for some species, but a less relevant role at the finer scale represented by the sites and habitats located at each side of the sill.PT: J; CR: ASTHORSSON OS, 1991, J PLANK RES, V13, P91 BERGSTROM BI, 1991, SARSIA, V76, P133 BROOKINS KG, 1985, ESTUARIES, V8, P60 BUTMAN CA, 1989, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V134, P37 CHRISTY JH, 1998, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V174, P51 CLARK ME, 1999, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V178, P69 COMEAU M, 1991, 1817 FISH AQ SCI CONAN GY, 1996, HIGH LATITUDE CRABS, P59 CONAN GY, 2002, LIFE HIST FISHERY MA CONNOLLY SR, 1998, AM NAT, V151, P311 COREY S, 1981, CRUSTACEANA, V41, P21 DAVIDSON KG, 1991, 1762 FISH AQ SCI DAVIS JLD, 2003, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V293, P23 DIBACCO C, 2000, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V45, P871 EGGLESTON DB, 1995, ECOL MONOGR, V65, P193 EGGLESTON DB, 1998, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V223, P111 EPIFANIO CE, 2001, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V52, P51 ETHERINGTON LL, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V204, P179 FELDER DL, 1985, CRUSTACEAN ISS, V2, P163 GABRIEL KR, 1971, BIOMETRIKA, V58, P453 GAGNON M, 1983, J PLANKTON RES, V5, P289 GAINES SD, 1992, NATURE, V360, P579 GARLAND ED, 2002, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V47, P803 GILBERT D, 1993, 122 HYDR OC SCI GILG MR, 2003, ECOLOGY, V84, P2989 GRABE SA, 2003, J PLANKTON RES, V25, P417 GRASSLE JF, 1976, OECOLOGIA, V25, P13 HAYNES EB, 1981, FISH B US, V79, P421 HAYNES EB, 1985, FISH B-NOAA, V83, P253 HOBBS RC, 1992, MAR BIOL, V112, P417 HOLTE B, 1998, POLAR BIOL, V19, P375 HOOPER RG, 1975, BONNE BAY MARINE RES HOOPER RG, 1986, CRUSTACEANA, V50, P257 HUDON C, 1993, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V50, P1422 JOHNS DM, 1981, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V5, P75 LANTEIGNE M, 1985, THESIS U MONCTON MON LARSEN LH, 1997, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V355, P101 LAZZARI MA, 2002, ESTUARIES, V5, P1210 LENIHAN HS, 2001, MARINE COMMUNITY ECO, P253 LEWIS AG, 1986, J PLANKTON RES, V8, P1079 LIPCIUS RN, 1997, MAR FRESHWATER RES, V48, P807 LOCKE A, 1988, J PLANKTON RES, V10, P185 LOCKE A, 2002, 2606 FISH AQ SCI LOVRICH GA, 1997, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V211, P225 MA HG, 2004, J MAR RES, V62, P837 MELVILLESMITH R, 1981, S AFR J ZOOL, V16, P10 MENGE BA, 2000, ECOL MONOGR, V70, P265 MEYERHARMS B, 1993, NETH J SEA RES, V31, P153 MOKNESS PO, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V209, P257 MOKNESS PO, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V250, P215 MOLONEY CL, 1994, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V113, P61 MORGAN SG, 2001, MARINE COMMUNITY ECO, P159 OLMI EJ, 1991, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V151, P169 OUELLET P, 1996, 2019 FISH AQ SCI PALMA AT, 1999, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V241, P107 PAULA J, 2001, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V215, P251 QUIJON PA, 2005, IN PRESS OECOLOGIA QUIJON PA, 2005, POLAR BIOL, V28, P495 ROBICHAUD DA, 1989, J SHELLFISH RES, V8, P13 ROBINSON M, 2000, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V194, P133 ROBLES CD, 1997, ECOLOGY, V78, P1400 ROEGNER C, 2003, ESTUARIES, V26, P1058 ROFF JC, 1984, 1322 FISH AQ SCI SAINTEMARIE B, 1995, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V52, P903 SANDIFER PA, 1975, ESTUARINE COASTAL MA, V3, P269 SKOLD M, 2003, MAR ECOL-PROG SER, V250, P163 SNELGROVE PVR, 1999, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V44, P1341 SQUIRES HJ, 1993, J NW ATLANTIC FISHER, V15, P1 SQUIRES HJ, 1996, 2359 FISH AQ SCI SQUIRES HJ, 1996, NAFO SCI COUNCIL STU, V33, P1 SQUIRES HJ, 2000, J NW ATL FISH SCI, V18, P43 STARR M, 1994, J PLANKTON RES, V16, P1137 THRUSH SE, 1999, AUST J ECOL, V24, P344 TODD CD, 1998, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V375, P1 TODD CD, 2003, J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL, V290, P247 TRUEBLOOD DD, 1994, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V39, P1440 UNDERWOOD AJ, 1989, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V4, P16 WAINWRIGHT TC, 1993, J CRUSTACEAN BIOL, V13, P36 WEHRTMANN IS, 1994, ESTUARIES, V17, P509 WIECZOREK SK, 1995, J CRUSTACEAN BIOL, V15, P236 YUND PO, 1991, LIMNOL OCEANOGR, V36, P1167 ZAR JH, 1974, BIOSTATISTICAL ANAL; NR: 82; TC: 0; J9: J MAR RES; PG: 22; GA: 956TOSource type: Electronic(1
Design of a GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cell for maximum daily, monthly, and yearly energy output
No full textSolar concentrator cells are typically designed for maximum efficiency under the AM1.5d standard spectrum. While this methodology does allow for a direct comparison of cells produced by various laboratories, it does not guarantee maximum daily, monthly, or yearly energy production, as the relative distribution of spectral energy changes throughout the day and year. It has been suggested that achieving this goal requires designing under a nonstandard spectrum. In this work, a GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cell is designed for maximum energy production by optimizing for a set of geographically-dependent solar spectra using detailed numerical models. The optimization procedure focuses on finding the best combination of GaInP bandgap and GaInP and GaAs sub-cell absorber layer thicknesses. It is shown that optimizing for the AM1.5d standard spectrum produces nearly maximum yearly energy. This result simplifies the design of a dual-junction device considerably, is independent of the optical concentration up to at least 500 suns, and holds for a wide range of geographic locations. The simulation results are compared to those obtained using a more traditional, ideal-diode model. (C) 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI:10.1117/1.3633244
R v Ireland; R v Burstow [1998] AC 147, House of Lords
No full textEssential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Ireland; R v Burstow [1998] AC 147, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.</p
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