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Presentazione prove sperimentali in viticoltura biologica 2021: San Michele all’Adige, 5 agosto 2021
Full text linkEntomophilous pollination of raspberry, red currant and highbush blueberry in a mountain area of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (North-eastern Italy)
No full textIn a mountain area of Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (north-eastern Italy), pollinators of cultivated raspberry, red currant and highbush blueberry were studied for three years in a commercial orchard. During the whole flowering period the insect species and the number of pollinators visiting the flowers at different times of the day were observed. The main groups of pollinators visiting the flowers were sampled at different times of the day and at different phases of flowering. Before the flowers opened, some branches (or shoots) were enclosed in netting bags to stop the entrance of insects. In this way fruit from branches with open pollination could be compared with that from covered branches, thus measuring the differences in fruit set, fruit drop, weight, diameter and number of seeds. On raspberry the most active pollinators were honeybees (Apis mellifera), bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and hoverflies (Volucella spp. and Blera fallax). Blueberry flowers were visited mostly by bumblebees (Bombus terrestris and B. pratorum) as the bell-shaped corolla prevents short tongue pollinators (such as honeybees and solitary bees) from reaching nectar glands. Entomophilous pollination of red currant was limited by nectar and pollen competition from wild species flowering at the same time; however, this crop was visited above all by the Hymenoptera of the genus Andrena spp. and Halictus spp. and by hoverflies. In raspberry and blueberry, even if the flowers are considered self-fertile, the effect of entomophilous pollination showed higher fruit set, lower fruit drop and greater fruit size. On red currant few pollinators were observed and no apparent effect on fruit set, drop and weight of fruits was noted comparing branches enclosed or not in netting bags
Working Group "Integrated Protection of Fruit Crops", Subgroup "Soft Fruits": Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Integrated Soft Fruit Production at à Riga (Latvia), 5-7 September 2018
No full textEfficacy and residue field trials of different copper rates on soft fruits
No full textIn 2009, efficacy and residue field trials using different copper rates and formulations were carried out in Trentino region (North-eastern Italy). In a blackberry and a red currant orchard, the following treatments were applied: three copper rates (99, 62 and 37g/hl of metallic copper) of a commercial product containing copper sulphate, one formulation based on copper oxychloride (76g/hl of metallic copper) and a foliar fertilizer containing copper (15g/hl of metallic copper). Untreated plots were used as control. Copper residues on ripe fruits were analysed. Incidence of downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) and anthracnose (Drepanopeziza ribis) was evaluated for blackberry and red currant, respectively. Five applications of the different copper treatments were made on red currant during the growing season. Analysis of copper residues on berries showed the overcoming of the MRL for the treatments with the higher copper concentration (99, 76, 62g/hl of metallic copper) while only the treatments with 37g/hl and 15g/hl remained below the limit of 5mg/kg. On blackberry, seven applications were sprayed and the copper residues resulted below the MRL of 5mg/kg in all the
treatments. In 2009, both anthracnose and downy mildew showed generally a low rate of incidence, nevertheless all the copper treatments significantly reduced the disease development compared to the untreated plots. No clear differences resulted between treatments with high and low copper rates and
even strategies with reduced copper doses were effective to control the target pathogens
Comparative rainfastness assessment of different copper-based fungicides
No full textCopper antimicrobial properties have been well known since the times of ancient Egyptians, who used it to sterilize water and wounds. In the modern era, after the fungicidal properties of the Bordeaux mixture were discovered by Millardet in 1885, several fungicides were developed using different copper compounds as active substances. The long-term success of these products is linked to their high efficacy at affordable costs and the low risk of developing resistance in the target plant pathogens. However, they can be used only as contact fungicides, and most of the active substances can be washed out from the crop canopy by rainfall. Modern agrochemistry allowed the development of new formulations with increasing rainfastness. Therefore, the old assumption that copper fungicides are not helpful in the context of frequent and heavy rainfalls is no longer valid. This study assessed the rainfastness of seven products containing different copper compounds and formulation technologies after applying a simulated rain of 80 mm on grapevine potted plants. Fungicides implementing the newest formulation technology indicated an increase of metallic copper available on the leaf surface of 18.3-76.7% to the standard Bordeaux mixture and 77.5-158.5% to copper sulphate pentahydrated. Parallel efficacy trials done on Plasmopara viticola using the same products revealed a higher efficacy than the reference in heavy rainfalls, consuming less metallic copper per hectare. These results demonstrated that new copper-based fungicides withstand the challenges of extreme weather events and are essential tools for organic farming and IPM strategies
Trichoderma atroviride (cepa SC1) en la prevencion de infecciones por Phaeoacremonium y Phaeomoniella en viveros
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