59 research outputs found
Is the early percutaneous spine total care to treat the polytrauma patient a good way?
No full textThe “ideal“ timing and modality of fracture fixation for unstable thoracolumbar spine fractures in multiply injured patients remains controversial. The concept of “damage control orthopedics” is expressed. We presented a case report of a 27 years' old male who sustained a multilevel spine fractures associated a floating knee (Fraser's Type A), ulna fracture and carpal scaphoid fracture in July 2014 after car accident (very high energy trauma). All these fractures were treated in early total care. We reported a case control to discuss about the early spinal total care associated at orthopedic total care in patients with multiple trauma
Comparison of biomechanical stability of osteosynthesis materials in long bone fractures
No full textAim To calculate stress and deformation under the force of pressure and bending in the dynamic compression plate (DCP), locking compression plate (LCP), selfdynamisable internal fixator (SIF) and locked intramedullary nail (LIN) in the models of juvidur, beef tibia bone (cadaver) and software of bone model simulator.
Methods Juvidur and bone models were used for the experimental study, static tests were performed with SHIMADZU AGS-X tester. CATIA software was used to create a 3D model for the SCA simulator, while software ANSYS to calculate the tension and deformation for compressive and bending forces. Stress and deformation analysis was performed with the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Results Weight coefficients of research methods were different (juvidur=0.3; cadaver=0.5; SCA Simuator=0.2), and weight coefficients of the force of pressure Kp=0.5 and bending forces in one plane K1=0.25 and K2=0.25 in another plane, the overall result on the dilatation of DCP, LCP, LIN and SIF on juvidur and veal cadaver models showed that the first ranking was the LIN with a rank coefficient KU-LIN = 0.0603, followed by the IFM with KU-IFM = 0.0621, DCP with KU-DCP = 0.0826 and LCP with KU-LCP = 0.2264.
Conclusion Dilatation size did not exceed 0.2264 mm, hence the implants fulfilled biomechanical conditions for the internal stabilization of bone fractures. Prevalence goes to the locked intra-medullar nailing and Mitković internal fixator in the treatment of diaphyseal, transversal, comminuted fractures in relation to DCP and LCP
Locking retrograde nail, non-locking retrograde nail and plate fixation in the treatment of distal third femoral shaft fractures: radiographic, bone densitometry and clinical outcomes
No full textAbstract Background Distal third femoral shaft fractures are characterized by increasing incidence and complexity and are still considered a challenging problem (high morbidity and mortality). No consensus on best surgical option has been achieved. This study aims to investigate radiographic, mineral bone densitometry and clinical outcomes of locking retrograde intramedullary (LRN) nailing, non-locking retrograde intramedullary nailing and anatomical locking plate to surgically treat distal third femoral shaft fractures in young adults. Our hypothesis was that there is no significant statistical difference among the surgical options in terms of results (radiographic, bone densitometry and outcomes assessment). Methods Retrospective study: 90 patients divided into three groups (group 1 LRN, group 2 NLRN, group 3 plating). Average age was respectively 42.67 (± 18.32), 44.27 (± 15.11) and 42.84 (± 18.32) years. Sex ratio F:M was respectively 2.75, 2.33 and 2.00. AO Classification, KOOS, NUSS and RUSH score, VAS, DEXA scans and plain radiographs were used. Evaluation endpoint: 12 months after surgery. Results There were no statistical differences in terms of surgery time, transfusions, and wound healing. Results were similar with regard to average time of bone healing, RUSH scores, VAS, KOOS, regression between RUSH and VAS, average correlation clinical–radiographic results and patients outcomes. Conclusions Our results showed no statistical difference in the use of LNR, NLNR and plating for treatment of distal third femur shaft fractures in terms of radiographic, bone densitometry and clinical outcomes. Good subjective and objective results are provided by all three techniques. The choice among the studied techniques must be based on surgeons’ experience, indications and subjective patients’ aspects. The absence of relevant similar data in the published literature does not allow definitive validation (or rejection) of our hypothesis. A more powered study with a bigger cohort is needed for definitive validation
Results of application of external fixation with different types of fixators
No full textIntroduction. Extra-focal or external fixation is the method of fracture fixation through the healthy part of the bone using pins or wires. Objective. The aim was to determine which external splints (Ortofix, Mitković, Charnley and Ilizarov) had the best biomechanical properties in primary stabilization of spiral, transverse and commutative bone fractures. Methods. To determine the investigation methodology of biomechanical characteristics of the external fixator we used mathematical and computer simulator (software), juvidur physical model and clinical examination. Results. Values of advancing fragments in millimetres obtained by the study of mathematical and computer simulator (software): Charnley - 0.080 mm, Mitković M 20 - 0.785 mm, Ilizarov - 2.245 mm and Ortofix - 1.400 mm. In testing the juvidur model the following values were obtained: the external fixator Mitković M20 - 1.380 mm, Ortofix - 1.470 mm, Ilizarov - 2.410 mm, and Charnley - 2.510 mm. Clinical research of biomechanical characteristics of the effect of vertical force yielded the following results: Mitković M20 - 0.89 mm, Ortofix - 0.14 mm, Charnley - 0.80 mm and Ilizarov - 1.23 mm. Conclusion. When determining the total number of the stability test splints under the effect of vertical force (compression) and force effect in antero-posterior, later-lateral plane of cross, spiral and comminuted long bone fractures, the best unified biomechanical stability was shown by the following external fixators: firstly, Mitković M20 (0.93mm), secondly, Charnley fixator (1.14 mm), thirdly, Ortofix (1.22 mm), and fourthly, Ilizarov (1.60 mm)
Treatment of Achilles tendon rupture using different methods
No full textBackground/Aim. Today there are controversies about searching for the ideal surgical method (conservatively with plaster cast, with open and percutaneous tenorrhaphy) for repairing a ruptured Achilles tendon. The aim of this study study was to examine the results of treating Achilles tendon ruptures in patients by using the following methods: percutaneous suturing, open surgery technique and non-surgical treatment by plaster cast immobilisation. Methods. Forty two patients treated at our facility in the period August 2003 - September 2010 for Achilles tendon ruptures were included in the study. They were operated on by using different orthopedic procedures (percutaneous reconstruction of the Achilles tendon, open surgery, plaster cast only) and two anaesthesia technique (spinal aneasthesia and local infiltrational anaesthesia). The following parameters were monitored after interventions performed and compared: duration of hospital stay, postsurgical complications, incidence of the reruptures of the Achilles tendon and time for full leg functionality. Results. The patients sustained their respective injuries in the following manner: 8 of them while pursuing sports activities, 24 while pursuing recreational activities, 4 at workplace, 4 while performing everyday activities, and 2 of the patients did not know how they had sustained their injuries. The average age of the patients was 40.5, with 37 (88%) men and 5 (12%) women. Surgeries were performed under spinal anaesthesia in 29 (69%) patients, and in 5 (12%) patients tenorrhaphy was performed under local anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was not used in 8 (19%) patients treated with plaster cast. We performed percutaneous reconstruction of the Achilles tendon in 19 (45%) patients. A total of 14 (33%) patients were treated under spinal anaesthesia, and 5 (11.9%) under local infiltrational anaesthesia with 2% xylocain. We treated 15 (36%) patients with open surgery. The patients treated conservatively stayed in hospital on average for up to 5 hours. Those who underwent an percutaneous surgery stayed 2 days and those who underwent an open surgery stayed 9 days. A total of 28 (66%) patients from the given series experienced no complications. The patients treated with open surgical reconstruction experienced skin complications ranging from inflammatory changes on the skin in 6 (14%) patients to dehiscence and skin necrosis in 3 (7%). The 5 (11.9%) patients whose ruptured Achilles tendon was treated percutaneously experienced temporary redness and delayed healing of the incision(s) longer than 5 mm. A total of 3 (7%) patients treated with open surgery and 1 (2%) patient treated with percutaneous tenorrhaphy had temporary peroneal nerve prolapses. A total of 7 (16.6%) patients had reruptures: 4 were treated with plaster cast, 2 underwent open surgery, and 1 was treated percutaneously. Out of the 8 patients who were treated with plaster cast, 4 sustained reruptures and 3 of the 4 had diabetes. Conclusion. Surgical treatment, percutaneous tenorrhaphy, performed in a small operating theatre under local anaesthesia, should be preferred in cases of fresh ruptures of the Achilles tendon
Challenges in the management of floating knee injuries: Results of treatment and outcomes of 224 consecutive cases in 10 years
No full textIntroduction: Floating knee is a flail knee joint resulting from fractures of the shafts or adjacent metaphyses of the femur and the ipsilateral tibia. It is usually associated with several complications and mortality. This study was designed to present our experience with the treatment of this injury. Material and method: This study was performed between January 2004 and December 2014. 224 cases of floating knee injuries gathered from the 34,480 lower extremities trauma files were studied, and the target information recorded. The injuries most frequently occurred in subjects between 16 and 35 years of age (60.71%), and in male subjects (85.71%). The most frequent mechanism of injury was traffic accident (92.85%). External fixation was the common type of treatment (82.14%) in emergency or as a definitive treatment. The treatment was performed within 24 h of the trauma. We performed a 36-month follow up with clinical examination, radiographs, assessing the complications, and using the Modified Cincinnati Rating System Questionnaire (MCRSQ) and the Karlström/Olerud Score (KOS) to evaluate the progression of the outcomes. Results: Early complications included 8 cases of compartment syndrome, 60 open fractures and 24 partially amputated limbs. A total amputation was performed in 3 patients. The most common late complication was heterotopic calcifications of the knee (n = 68, 30.6%). Good scores for MCRSQ and KOS were obtained only after patients were sent to a reference center for knee surgery. Conclusions: Our experience revealed that the complication rate associated with floatingknee injuries remains high, regardless of the performed treatment. Surgeons should focus on reducing complications while treating these severe injuries
Serbian native speakers' acquisition of verb patterns in English language
No full textOva doktorska disertacija istražuje usvajanje glagolskih obrazaca u engleskom
jeziku kod govornika srpskog jezika i to putem ispitivanja značajnih faktora koji utiču
na njihovo usvajanje, kao što su motivacija i stavovi. Pored toga, istraživanje se bavi i
analizom grešaka koje nastaju prilikom njihovog usvajanja. Shodno tome, prevashodni
cilj nam je da utvrdimo u kojoj meri glagolski obrasci stvaraju poteškoće prilikom
učenja i usvajanja engleskog jezika kao stranog kod filološki i nefilološki
orijentisanih studenata, kao i uzroke uočenih poteškoća.
Nakon teorijskog dela koji obuhvata problematiku glagolskih obrazaca u
engleskom i srpskom jeziku i kritičkog osvrta na pregled literature, pristupili smo
empirijskom delu rada na čijem smo početku naveli metode rada, a to su metoda teorijske
analize, deskripcija, klasifikacija, kao i mešovita metoda, kojom se kombinuju
kvantitativna i kvalitativna istraživanja. Uzorak istraživanja čini 30 studenata prve
godine studijskog programa Engleski jezik i književnost i 30 studenata prve godine
studijskog programa Računarska Tehnika na Državnom univerzitetu u Novom Pazaru,
akademske 2015/2016 godine. U svrhu dobijanja relevantnih podataka korišćena su dva
merna instrumenta: test i anketni upitnik. Na početku semestra studenti su radili
kvalifikacioni test (eng. Placement test) na osnovu kojeg je određen prosečni nivo
poznavanja engleskog jezika, zatim su radili početni test poznavanja engleskih obrazaca,
da bi, na kraju drugog semestra, studenti radili završni test poznavanja glagolskih
obrazaca, sačinjen na osnovu nastavnih jedinica koje su obrađivane na časovima kako bi
se stekao uvid u eventualni napredak studenata u periodu od dva semestra. U cilju
analize grešaka studenata nivoa poznavanja engleskog jezika B1 i B2, nacrtom
istraživanja je predviđena kvantitativna analiza grešaka na testovima znanja
glagolskih obrazaca vođena postavljenim hipotezama istraživanja, u kombinaciji sa
kvalitativnom analizom grešaka ispitanika na testovima znanja glagolskih obrazaca
čije je svrha bila utvrđivanje najfrekventnijih grešaka, otkrivanje glavnih razloga
grešaka, a krajnji cilj prikupljanje relevantnih podataka koji se mogu iskoristiti u
procesu unapređenja nastavnog procesa. Statističke metode i tehnike koje su korišćene
prilikom prikaza rezultata početnih i završnih testova obuhvataju sledeće:
frekvencije (f) i procenti (%) za prikaz strukture uzorka i odgovora ispitanika;
Aritmetička sredina (AS), Standardna devijacija (SD), Minimum (MIN) i Maksimum
(MAKS) za prikaz izraženosti rezultata; Paired samples t test (t) i značajnost (p) za
poređenje razlika početnog i završnog testa poznavanja glagolskih obrazaca; T test za
nezavisne uzorke (t) i značajnost (p) za poređenje razlika nivoa B1 i B2. Rezultati
statističke analize potvrdili su prve dve hipoteze, odnosno, da glagolski obrasci
predstavljaju poteškoću u učenju i da postoji statistički značajna razlika u usvajanju
glagolskih obrazaca kod dve posmatrane grupe ispitanika. Dalje, rezultati testova
pokazali su da su uzroci uočenih grešaka interferencija, odnosno negativni transfer
maternjeg jezika, kao i preterana generalizacija pravila građenja vremena u engleskom
jeziku, dodavanja nepotrebnih predloga. Kao još jedan mogući uzrok grešaka uzima se i
nedovoljan input koji studenti dobijaju tokom školovanja.
Drugi deo istraživanja odnosi se na ispitivanje motivacije i stavova studenata
putem anketnog upitnika. Statističke tehnike i metode koje smo koristili prilikom
obrade dobijenih podataka su: Aritmetička sredina (AS) i Standardna devijacija (SD),
Minimum (MIN) i Maksimum (MAX); t test za nezavisne uzorke i značajnost (t i p) i
jednosmerna ANOVA i značajnost (F i p), Pirsonov koeficijent korelacije i značajnost
(r i p). Rezultati ovog dela istraživanja nisu u skladu sa postavljenim hipotezama, s
obzirom da su pokazali da su svi ispitanici visoko motivisani za učenje engleskog
jezika i da izražavaju pozitivan stav prema učenju glagolskih obrazaca. Ipak, rezultati
testova pokazuju da studenti imaju poteškoća sa glagolskim obrascima i da, uprkos
pozitivnim stavovima, ne ostvaruju očekivani uspeh na pomenutim testovima znanja, što
se može objasniti teorijom namernog ponašanja, gde je namera uslov da se neko ponašanje
i izvrši. Rezultati sprovedenog istraživanja mogu imati brojne pedagoške implikacije na
nastavu glagolskih obrazaca u engleskom jeziku na tercijarnom nivou učenja engleskog
jezika, jer ukazuju da treba posvetiti više pažnje jezičkom fenomenu glagolskog obrasca
putem vežbi u relevantnom kontekstu u cilju unapređenja nastave engleskog jezika kao
stranog.This doctoral dissertation investigates verb patterns’ acquisition of Serbian native
speakers through examination of the main factors influencing their acquisition, such as
motivation and attitudes. In addition, this research investigates analysis of the errors made in the
verb patterns’ acquisition process. Therefore, our main goal is to determine to which extent verb
patterns represent a difficulty during the learning and acquisition process of English as a foreign
language to philologically and non-philologically oriented students, including causes of the
perceived difficulties.
After theoretical part comprising intricacies of verb patterns in English and Serbian
language, as well as critical review of literature, we provided empirical part of the paper, at the
beginning of which research methods were presented: method of theoretical analysis,
description, classification, combination method including quantitative and qualitative researches.
Research sample comprises 30 first-year students of the Study programme of Information
Technologies, as well as 30 first-year students of the Study programme of English language and
literature at the State university of Novi Pazar, during the academic year 2015/2016. With the
purpose of obtaining relevant data, two research instruments are included: test and questionnaire.
At the beginning of the semester the students took Placement test, with the purpose of
determining their average level of English language knowledge; then they took the initial test of
knowledge on English verb patterns; finally, at the end of the second semester, the students took
the final test of knowledge on the verb patterns, comprised on the basis of teaching units covered
during the classes, in order to get an insight into the students’ potential progress during the
period of two semesters. During the process of errors classification and analysis, only those
errors made within the main verb and the corresponding complement are taken into
consideration, including the following: wrong choice, wrong tense, wrong spelling, and addition
error types. For the purpose of B1 and B2 English level students’ error analysis, research draft
presupposes quantitative error analysis of the verb patterns’ tests in accordance with research
hypotheses, combined with the qualitative error analysis of the verb patterns’ tests aiming at
determining the most frequent errors, revealing main causes of the errors, with the ultimate goal
of collecting relevant data that can be used in the enhancement of teaching process. Statistical
methods and techniques, through which the results of initial and final tests are revealed, include:
frequencies (f) and percentages (%) for showing the structure of research sample and subjects’
answers; Аrithmetic mean (AM), Standard Deviation (SD), Minimum (MIN) and Maximum
(MAKS) for showing results; Paired samples t test (t) and significance (p) for comparing
differences between initial and final tests; T test for independent samples (t) and significance (p)
for comparing differences between B1 and B2 levels. Results of statistical analysis confirmed the
first two hypotheses, claiming that verb patterns represent a difficulty in learning and that there is
a statistically significant difference in the acquisition of verb patterns between the two observed
groups. In addition, test results reveal that the main sources of perceived errors are interference,
or negative transfer of mother tongue, as well as overgeneralization of rules for tense formation
in English language, and addition of unnecessary prepositions. Insufficient input students are
exposed to during their education, as another possible cause of errors, is taken into account.
Second part of the research is concerned with examining students’ motivation and
attitudes through the use of a questionnaire. Statistical methods and techniques applied during
analysis of the obtained data include:Аrithmetic mean (AM) and Standard deviation(SD),
Мinimum (MIN) and Maximum (MAX); t test for independent samples and significance (t and
p) and oneway АNOVA and significance (F and p), Pearson correlation coefficient and
significance (r and p). Results of this part are not in accordance with the third hypothesis, given
that they revealed that all the participants are highly motivated for learning English language,
and they have positive attitude towards learning verb patterns. Nevertheless, the results indicate
that students have difficulties with verb patterns and that, despite the positive attitudes, do not
achieve expected success at the abovementioned tests, which can be explained by the theory of
planned behavior, where intention is condition for executing certain behavior.
Results of the current research can have a number of pedagogical implications on the
teaching of verb patterns at the tertiary level of learning English language, indicating that more
attention should be paid to the phenomenon of verb pattern through implementation of exercises
in relevant context with the aim of enhancing teaching English as a foreign language
Serbian native speakers' acquisition of verb patterns in English language
No full textOva doktorska disertacija istražuje usvajanje glagolskih obrazaca u engleskom
jeziku kod govornika srpskog jezika i to putem ispitivanja značajnih faktora koji utiču
na njihovo usvajanje, kao što su motivacija i stavovi. Pored toga, istraživanje se bavi i
analizom grešaka koje nastaju prilikom njihovog usvajanja. Shodno tome, prevashodni
cilj nam je da utvrdimo u kojoj meri glagolski obrasci stvaraju poteškoće prilikom
učenja i usvajanja engleskog jezika kao stranog kod filološki i nefilološki
orijentisanih studenata, kao i uzroke uočenih poteškoća.
Nakon teorijskog dela koji obuhvata problematiku glagolskih obrazaca u
engleskom i srpskom jeziku i kritičkog osvrta na pregled literature, pristupili smo
empirijskom delu rada na čijem smo početku naveli metode rada, a to su metoda teorijske
analize, deskripcija, klasifikacija, kao i mešovita metoda, kojom se kombinuju
kvantitativna i kvalitativna istraživanja. Uzorak istraživanja čini 30 studenata prve
godine studijskog programa Engleski jezik i književnost i 30 studenata prve godine
studijskog programa Računarska Tehnika na Državnom univerzitetu u Novom Pazaru,
akademske 2015/2016 godine. U svrhu dobijanja relevantnih podataka korišćena su dva
merna instrumenta: test i anketni upitnik. Na početku semestra studenti su radili
kvalifikacioni test (eng. Placement test) na osnovu kojeg je određen prosečni nivo
poznavanja engleskog jezika, zatim su radili početni test poznavanja engleskih obrazaca,
da bi, na kraju drugog semestra, studenti radili završni test poznavanja glagolskih
obrazaca, sačinjen na osnovu nastavnih jedinica koje su obrađivane na časovima kako bi
se stekao uvid u eventualni napredak studenata u periodu od dva semestra. U cilju
analize grešaka studenata nivoa poznavanja engleskog jezika B1 i B2, nacrtom
istraživanja je predviđena kvantitativna analiza grešaka na testovima znanja
glagolskih obrazaca vođena postavljenim hipotezama istraživanja, u kombinaciji sa
kvalitativnom analizom grešaka ispitanika na testovima znanja glagolskih obrazaca
čije je svrha bila utvrđivanje najfrekventnijih grešaka, otkrivanje glavnih razloga
grešaka, a krajnji cilj prikupljanje relevantnih podataka koji se mogu iskoristiti u
procesu unapređenja nastavnog procesa. Statističke metode i tehnike koje su korišćene
prilikom prikaza rezultata početnih i završnih testova obuhvataju sledeće:
frekvencije (f) i procenti (%) za prikaz strukture uzorka i odgovora ispitanika;
Aritmetička sredina (AS), Standardna devijacija (SD), Minimum (MIN) i Maksimum
(MAKS) za prikaz izraženosti rezultata; Paired samples t test (t) i značajnost (p) za
poređenje razlika početnog i završnog testa poznavanja glagolskih obrazaca; T test za
nezavisne uzorke (t) i značajnost (p) za poređenje razlika nivoa B1 i B2. Rezultati
statističke analize potvrdili su prve dve hipoteze, odnosno, da glagolski obrasci
predstavljaju poteškoću u učenju i da postoji statistički značajna razlika u usvajanju
glagolskih obrazaca kod dve posmatrane grupe ispitanika. Dalje, rezultati testova
pokazali su da su uzroci uočenih grešaka interferencija, odnosno negativni transfer
maternjeg jezika, kao i preterana generalizacija pravila građenja vremena u engleskom
jeziku, dodavanja nepotrebnih predloga. Kao još jedan mogući uzrok grešaka uzima se i
nedovoljan input koji studenti dobijaju tokom školovanja.
Drugi deo istraživanja odnosi se na ispitivanje motivacije i stavova studenata
putem anketnog upitnika. Statističke tehnike i metode koje smo koristili prilikom
obrade dobijenih podataka su: Aritmetička sredina (AS) i Standardna devijacija (SD),
Minimum (MIN) i Maksimum (MAX); t test za nezavisne uzorke i značajnost (t i p) i
jednosmerna ANOVA i značajnost (F i p), Pirsonov koeficijent korelacije i značajnost
(r i p). Rezultati ovog dela istraživanja nisu u skladu sa postavljenim hipotezama, s
obzirom da su pokazali da su svi ispitanici visoko motivisani za učenje engleskog
jezika i da izražavaju pozitivan stav prema učenju glagolskih obrazaca. Ipak, rezultati
testova pokazuju da studenti imaju poteškoća sa glagolskim obrascima i da, uprkos
pozitivnim stavovima, ne ostvaruju očekivani uspeh na pomenutim testovima znanja, što
se može objasniti teorijom namernog ponašanja, gde je namera uslov da se neko ponašanje
i izvrši. Rezultati sprovedenog istraživanja mogu imati brojne pedagoške implikacije na
nastavu glagolskih obrazaca u engleskom jeziku na tercijarnom nivou učenja engleskog
jezika, jer ukazuju da treba posvetiti više pažnje jezičkom fenomenu glagolskog obrasca
putem vežbi u relevantnom kontekstu u cilju unapređenja nastave engleskog jezika kao
stranog.This doctoral dissertation investigates verb patterns’ acquisition of Serbian native
speakers through examination of the main factors influencing their acquisition, such as
motivation and attitudes. In addition, this research investigates analysis of the errors made in the
verb patterns’ acquisition process. Therefore, our main goal is to determine to which extent verb
patterns represent a difficulty during the learning and acquisition process of English as a foreign
language to philologically and non-philologically oriented students, including causes of the
perceived difficulties.
After theoretical part comprising intricacies of verb patterns in English and Serbian
language, as well as critical review of literature, we provided empirical part of the paper, at the
beginning of which research methods were presented: method of theoretical analysis,
description, classification, combination method including quantitative and qualitative researches.
Research sample comprises 30 first-year students of the Study programme of Information
Technologies, as well as 30 first-year students of the Study programme of English language and
literature at the State university of Novi Pazar, during the academic year 2015/2016. With the
purpose of obtaining relevant data, two research instruments are included: test and questionnaire.
At the beginning of the semester the students took Placement test, with the purpose of
determining their average level of English language knowledge; then they took the initial test of
knowledge on English verb patterns; finally, at the end of the second semester, the students took
the final test of knowledge on the verb patterns, comprised on the basis of teaching units covered
during the classes, in order to get an insight into the students’ potential progress during the
period of two semesters. During the process of errors classification and analysis, only those
errors made within the main verb and the corresponding complement are taken into
consideration, including the following: wrong choice, wrong tense, wrong spelling, and addition
error types. For the purpose of B1 and B2 English level students’ error analysis, research draft
presupposes quantitative error analysis of the verb patterns’ tests in accordance with research
hypotheses, combined with the qualitative error analysis of the verb patterns’ tests aiming at
determining the most frequent errors, revealing main causes of the errors, with the ultimate goal
of collecting relevant data that can be used in the enhancement of teaching process. Statistical
methods and techniques, through which the results of initial and final tests are revealed, include:
frequencies (f) and percentages (%) for showing the structure of research sample and subjects’
answers; Аrithmetic mean (AM), Standard Deviation (SD), Minimum (MIN) and Maximum
(MAKS) for showing results; Paired samples t test (t) and significance (p) for comparing
differences between initial and final tests; T test for independent samples (t) and significance (p)
for comparing differences between B1 and B2 levels. Results of statistical analysis confirmed the
first two hypotheses, claiming that verb patterns represent a difficulty in learning and that there is
a statistically significant difference in the acquisition of verb patterns between the two observed
groups. In addition, test results reveal that the main sources of perceived errors are interference,
or negative transfer of mother tongue, as well as overgeneralization of rules for tense formation
in English language, and addition of unnecessary prepositions. Insufficient input students are
exposed to during their education, as another possible cause of errors, is taken into account.
Second part of the research is concerned with examining students’ motivation and
attitudes through the use of a questionnaire. Statistical methods and techniques applied during
analysis of the obtained data include:Аrithmetic mean (AM) and Standard deviation(SD),
Мinimum (MIN) and Maximum (MAX); t test for independent samples and significance (t and
p) and oneway АNOVA and significance (F and p), Pearson correlation coefficient and
significance (r and p). Results of this part are not in accordance with the third hypothesis, given
that they revealed that all the participants are highly motivated for learning English language,
and they have positive attitude towards learning verb patterns. Nevertheless, the results indicate
that students have difficulties with verb patterns and that, despite the positive attitudes, do not
achieve expected success at the abovementioned tests, which can be explained by the theory of
planned behavior, where intention is condition for executing certain behavior.
Results of the current research can have a number of pedagogical implications on the
teaching of verb patterns at the tertiary level of learning English language, indicating that more
attention should be paid to the phenomenon of verb pattern through implementation of exercises
in relevant context with the aim of enhancing teaching English as a foreign language
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF CLINICAL AND ULTRASOUND EXAMINATIONs OF DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP
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