705 research outputs found
Spatial, socio-economic and demographic variation of childlessness in India: A special reference to reproductive health and marital breakdown
No full textBackground/Objective India observe double burden of fertility – childlessness along with high fertility, which brings it close to a developed country. Childlessness has serious demographic, social and health implications. We explored spatial variation of childlessness women in India along with several socio-economic and demographic correlates. Further we examined maternal and reproductive health problems among childless women and linkages between marital breakdown (divorce) and childlessness, in comparison to fertile women.
Methods Cross-sectional data from 27,505 currently married women, aged 21-49 years, who were interviewed in 1998-99 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2). These women had been filtered out from all India samples (90,303) based on criteria such as, age more than 20 years, currently not using any family planning methods, marital duration more than 3 years and staying with their husband. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence odds ratios for childlessness, adjusting for various covariates.
Results Overall, 7% of currently married women in India were childless. Southern (10.9) and Western (10.7) region shows highest percentage of childless women while central region exhibits lowest (4.7%) percentage of childlessness. Andhra Pradesh state shows highest percent of childless women (13.3%) followed by Goa (11.8%). Women with high school complete and above education (OR:1.16;p=0.053), women belonging to other religion (OR:1.51;p=0.004), women belonging to other (general) caste (OR:1.20;p=0.007), women belonging to higher standard of living households (OR:1.30;p<0.0001), currently not working women (OR:1.42;p<0.0001), spousal age gap of 15 years and above (OR:1.55;p<0.0001) were more likely to be childless whereas women in rural area (OR:0.53;p<0.0001) and Muslims women (OR:0.53;p<0.0001) were almost half likely to be childless than their counterparts.
Maternal health problems, self reported reproductive health problems and violence against women also emerged significantly higher among childless women than fertile women. Autonomy, examined in terms of women’s decision-making on what to cook and obtaining health care, we found childless women in both type of decision-making are behind the fertile women. The study also found that there is a more than five-fold gap in childlessness between divorced women (37.8%) and currently married women (7%).
GJMEDPH 2012; Vol. 1, issue 6
1Population Council, New Delhi, India 2 South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
3 Dept. of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
*Corresponding Author
South Asia Network for Chronic Disease (SANCD),
Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI),
First Floor, C-1/52 Safdarjung Development Area,
New Delhi 110016, INDIA [email protected] or [email protected]
Conflict of Interest—none
Author’s Contribution
PA conceived and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote and drafted the manuscript; SU and SA helped for important intellectual content of the manuscript; all authors are responsible for final editing and approval of the manuscript.
1 www.gjmedph.com Vol. 1, No. 6 2012
Conclusion The study has clearly brought out various dimensions of childlessness at the national and state level. Our study indicates wide differences in the prevalence of childlessness among women by their place of residence, religion, caste/tribe status, educational attainment and standard of living. Along with population problems of high fertility in India, the issue of childlessness should also be considered in a more rational manner. More medical facilities especially infertility clinics are needed to address the problems. Going through the miserable situation of childless women in India regarding their poor health, lack of autonomy and social problems, attention is needed to mitigate the psychosocial trauma associated with childlessness
Does rural to urban migration improve Indian women\u27s health status and knowledge of AIDS
No full textThe present paper explores the effect of patterns and duration of migration upon health and morbidity condition of women and knowledge and awareness of AIDS. Cross-sectional data from India\u27s second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998–99) is used for this study. Analysis is based on 73,558 women age 15–49 years who belonged to different streams of migration. Bivariate as well as multivariate techniques have been used for data analysis. Women migrating towards rural area are more underweight than migrating towards urban area whereas reverse for overweight. However, women migrating from rural to rural area were more anaemic than women migrating from rural to urban area. Significant differences were also found for morbidity conditions like asthma, tuberculosis, jaundice, malaria and some reproductive health problems according to streams of migration. Knowledge of AIDS also significantly differs according to the stream and duration of migration. We found stream of migration and duration of migration plays a key role in health, morbidity condition and knowledge of AIDS among women. Therefore, quality of health care in urban areas should be more widely disseminated in rural areas to improve the health status of women. Also the information-education-communication (IEC) programmes related to AIDS should be made more strengthened and effective through television, radio and also through the school teachers to reach the rural masses in India
The benefits of growth for Indonesian Workers
No full textIndonesia's adopted development model has proved to be the most successful in alleviating poverty and benefiting workers in developing countries. The government's development efforts focused on agriculture, education, and transport infrastructure. It emphasized providing productive employment opportunities and gradually improving the labor quality through education and training. The wage, employment, and income growth rates were left to market forces. Although the rapid growth of labor-intensive manufacturing has led to more jobs and higher wages benefiting workers, workers employed in these industries have expressed growing dissatisfaction. They complain about problems of child labor, the denial of centrally mandated wages and benefits to workers, poor working conditions, and the abuse of young female workers. The government has tried to improve worker's wages and working conditions by centrally mandating higher labor standards, relying principally on minimum wages. Enforcement has improved and, despite low compliance, minimum wages are beginning to bite. Indonesians are debating whether they need labor intensive industries and whether it is a mistake to base Indonesia's growth on cheap labor. They argue that if labor is more expensive, manufacturers must substitute some capital for labor. However, if labor-intensive industries are rejected, the capacity of the economy to absorb plentiful workers will be reduced. The main alternatives are to push up wages now, or to let wages be determined by market forces and strengthen institutions that could improve working conditions, such as labor unions. The author recommends maintaining flexible labor markets and allowing market forces to set the pace of change, while strengthening labor unions.Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Health Promotion,Labor Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Work&Working Conditions,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Work&Working Conditions,Municipal Financial Management
Induced abortion and women\u27s reproductive health in India
No full textDespite the intensive national campaign for safe motherhood and legalization of induced abortion (IA), morbidity from abortion has remained a serious problem for Indian women. This study examined the consequences of IA on women\u27s reproductive health. Analysis used data of 90,303 ever-married women age 15–49 years, included in India\u27s second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998–99). Binary logistic regression methods were used to examine the consequences of IA on women\u27s reproductive health. Independent of other factors, the likelihood of experiencing any reproductive health problems was 1.5 times higher (OR,1.46; 95% CI,1.33–1.60; P \u3c 0.001) among women who had one IA and 1.9 times higher (OR,1.85; 95% CI,1.52–2.27; P \u3c 0.001) among women who had two or more IA compared to women with no history of IA. Study suggests that IA may have negative consequences for women\u27s reproductive health
Efficient inference of convolutional neural networks on general purpose hardware using weight repetition
No full textDeep Neural Networks (DNNs) have begun to permeate all corners of electronic society due to their high accuracy and machine efficiency per operation. Recent work has shown how weights within and across DNN filters have large degrees of repetition due to the pigeonhole principle and modern weight quantization schemes, and that this weight repetition can be harnessed improve DNN inference efficiency in an accelerator/ASIC context. This thesis develops new techniques so that weight repetition leads to an efficiency gain on general-purpose and programmable SIMD-based architectures such as CPUs equipped with vector extensions. We show how to write high-performance software that does not require hardware modifications and can cope with the irregularity introduced by weight repetition schemes. Overall, our highly parallel software kernel achieves up to 1:51 speedup in runtime of inference over state-of-the-art baseline.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2021-05-01The student, Rohit Agrawal, accepted the attached license on 2019-04-23 at 21:40.The student, Rohit Agrawal, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2019-04-23 at 21:43.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2019-04-24 at 15:53.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #13851 on 2019-08-22 at 16:23:40Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-23T20:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Vitamin A supplementation among children in India: Does their socioeconomic status and the economic and social development status of their state of residence make a difference?
No full textBackground: India has the largest percentage/number of vitamin A deficient children in the world. However, the effectiveness of a program of vitamin A supplementation at the population level has been rarely examined. We aim to examine the status of vitamin A supplementation among preschool children in India and its association with their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and the social and economic development level of the State in which they reside. Materials and Methods: Data are from a cross-sectional study of 20,802 children aged 12-35 months whose mothers participated in the National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS-3) conducted during 2005-2006. The association between the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the children, the social and economic development status of the State in which they reside and vitamin A supplementation status was examined by means of unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models. Results: Only 25% of the children in India received vitamin A supplementation, indicating a poor coverage, and the differences between the States were wide ( \u3c 10% to \u3e 45%). Rural children (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.10-1.30; P \u3c 0.0001) and children of educated mothers (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 2.04-2.83; P \u3c 0.0001) were more likely to receive vitamin A supplementation than others. Children born in a higher birth order (6+) (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.46-0.63; P \u3c 0.0001) and those residing in states with low levels of social and economic development (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.46-0.57; P \u3c 0.0001) were only about half as likely to receive vitamin A supplementation as their counterparts. Conclusion: The national vitamin A supplementation program in India did not reach a majority of preschool children in 2005. Greater maternal formal education, higher household wealth status and high social development status of their State of residence appears to be an important determinant for receipt of a vitamin A supplementation by preschool children in India
Prevalence, trends, and determinants of menopause in India: NFHS 1992–93 to NFHS 2005–06
No full textObjectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of menopause in three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), determine correlates of menopause, and estimate the age of start of menopause in Indian women. Methods: Three rounds of NFHS data collected during 1992–93, 1998–99, and 2005–06 were analyzed. The NFHS was carried out using a uniform sample design all over the country. Age adjusted complex sample analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and probit analysis were carried out. Results: The prevalence of menopause (natural and surgical) remained similar from 1992–93 to 2005–06 among Indian women. A higher prevalence and earlier onset of menopause was associated with farming, no education, belonging to a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, underweight, higher parity, and motherhood before 16 years of age. The age of the start of menopause did not increase much from the first to third round of NFHS. Conclusions: Women of poor socio-economic status have an earlier age at menopause and may be unable to utilize their full reproductive potential
Women\u27s childhood experience: A perspective from rural Haryana, India
No full textThe childhood experience of women is an important aspect of study in order to promote a change in women\u27s fertility behavior and individual perpetration of gender discrimination. We looked into different dimensions and correlates of childhood experiences by exploring data of 329 women in an ethnographic survey conducted in five villages of Haryana, India. We found women\u27s childhood experiences in rural Haryana were relatively worse; a significant proportion of women had faced food discrimination during their childhood and also were abused/cursed by the family because of their gender. Almost none of the women were asked for their opinion before arranging their marriage and in most cases their marriage was considered a burden. We conclude that a life cycle approach should be taken to examine the situation of girls in rural India starting from early childhood into adolescence and womanhood in order to solve the problem of high gender discrimination within the society
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