2,095 research outputs found
INCREASING WEED-MANAGEMENT TOOLS WITH AN HERBICIDE SAFENER FOR CONTROL OF ANNUAL GRASSES IN WHEAT
No full textThe Pacific Northwest is a highly productive wheat growing region of the world. One of the challenges confronting wheat farmers in the region is control of weeds below levels that negatively impact crop yield. Annual grasses are most troublesome to wheat farmers in the region due to similarities in growth habits between wheat and annual grasses. Growers often rely on preemergence or early postemergence herbicides for control of annual grasses. Preemergence herbicides include the very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA) inhibitors, such as flufenacet, pyroxasulfone or their premix with other herbicides while early postemergence herbicides include (1) acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, such as diclofop, pinoxaden, and (2) acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, such as flucarbazone, pyroxsulam, mesosulfuron. However, selection pressure from consistent herbicide use resulted in annual grasses evolving resistant populations to multiple groups of herbicides, leaving growers with few herbicide options for control. The very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides are effective herbicides for control of annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds in corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton and sorghum with few reported cases of resistance. Pyroxasulfone, a VLCFA inhibitor, controls annual grass and small-seeded broadleaf weeds such as Italian ryegrass, barnyardgrass, foxtails, crabgrasses, Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp in corn, wheat and soybeans at low use rate with efficacy also against populations resistant to glyphosate, acetolactate synthase inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors and triazines. Despite the use of several VLCFA inhibitors for over six decades, potential problem associated with herbicides in the group is crop injury. Differential tolerance of crop varieties under adverse environmental conditions or soil type could hinder the selective use of some herbicides. Herbicide safeners, applied either as tank mixture with the herbicide for preemergence or postemergence use or as seed treatments in the form of seed dressing have been used to protect crops from herbicide injury. Safeners increase the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in herbicide detoxification including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glycosyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Fluxofenim (Concep III, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC) is a widely used seed treatment safener for protection of sorghum from S-metolachlor injury at the rate of 0.4 g ai kg-1 seed. Perhaps, fluxofenim could protect newly bred wheat cultivars of the Pacific Northwest from soil-applied preemergence herbicides. Chapter 1 includes a general introduction to wheat production in Idaho, challenges of annual grass control in wheat, herbicide options for annual grass control in wheat, effectiveness of very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides in annual grass control, tolerance of crops to VLCFA inhibitors via rapid metabolism, concept of crop safening, history, mechanism of action and use. Chapter 2 provides information on series of experiments evaluating the protection of soft white wheat varieties and a hard spring wheat variety from very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides using fluxofenim safener. Data analysis showed that fluxofenim protection of soft white wheat varieties from VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides was variety-dependent. Fluxofenim significantly increased dry biomass of varieties LWW 15-72223, LWW 14-75044, Bruneau and UI Sparrow for S-metolachlor and dimethenamid-P herbicides, and LWW 15-72458 for pyroxasulfone herbicide. Varieties 09-15702A, UI Castle CL+ and UI Palouse CL+ were however tolerant to the three herbicide treatments regardless of fluxofenim treatment at the herbicide rates evaluated. Dose-response analysis showed effective doses resulting in 10% biomass reduction due to fluxofenim-alone treatment ranged from 0.55 g ai kg-1 seed for UI Magic CL+ to 1.23 g ai kg-1 seed for UI Palouse CL+. Effective doses resulting in 90% tolerance to S-metolachlor due to fluxofenim ranged from 0.07 g ai kg-1 seed for UI Castle CL+ to 0.55 g ai kg-1 seed for Brundage 96 and a similar pattern of response to dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone herbicides were also observed for the varieties, suggesting UI Castle CL+ has some level of tolerance to the herbicides. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) assay revealed that variety UI Castle CL+ had a 58% increase in GST specific activity relative to UI Sparrow and Brundage 96 with 30% and 38% increase in enzyme activity respectively at 0.36 g ai kg-1 seed treatment. Chapter 3 describes experiments to determine fluxofenim protection of six soft white winter wheat varieties selected based on prior greenhouse experiments from S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P or pyroxasulfone injury under field conditions. Wheat density, height, head count and grain yield were evaluated in response to herbicide treatments with or without fluxofenim safener. Results indicated that fluxofenim had a negative impact on parameters observed in these field studies. Fluxofenim at 0.4 g ai kg-1 seed sorghum label rate failed to confer protection to soft white wheat varieties in the field studies conducted in fall 2018. The results of these field studies were therefore inconclusive and efficacy of fluxofenim to protect winter wheat would need to be evaluated further under different environmental conditions and soil types.masters, M.S., Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
Evaluating Research Impact through Open Access to Scholarly Communication
Get PDFScientific research is a competitive business – in order to secure funding, promotion and tenure researchers must demonstrate their work has impact in their field. To maximise impact researchers undertake high priority research, aim to get results first, and publish in the highest impact journals. The Internet now presents a new opportunity to the scholarly author seeking higher impact: s/he can now make their work instantly accessible on the Web through author self-archiving. This growing body of open access literature (coupled with new publishing models that make journals available for-free to the reader) maximises research impact by maximising the number of people who can read it, and making it available sooner. Open access also provides a new opportunity for bibliometric research. This thesis describes the relatively recent phenomenon of open access to research literature, tools that were built to collect and analyse that literature, and the results of analyses of the effect of open access and its effect on author behaviour. It shows that articles self-archived by authors receive between 50-250% more citations, that rapid pre-printing on the Web has dramatically reduced the peak citation rate from over a year to virtually instant and how citation-impact – now widely used for evaluation – can be expanded to include a new web metric of download impact
Authorship of 2 Timothy: Neglected Viewpoints on Genre and Dating
No full textThis thesis will explore the authorship, genre, and date of Paul’s Second Letter to Timothy. 2 Timothy, alongside 1 Timothy and Titus, constitute what scholars term the “Pastoral Epistles”. The Pastoral Epistles identify themselves to be from the hand Paul. However, since the early 19th century, a majority of scholars have questioned this claim and argued in favor of a pseudonymous author who wrote in Paul’s name after his death. Consequently, they are often dated sometime after the death of Paul (~62 CE) and taken to be a reflection of late 1st century/2nd century Christianity. The differences between the Pastorals and Paul’s other letters in areas such as vocabulary, style, and theology are often cited in backing up this claim. This thesis first surveys what scholarship has to say about these differences and possible solutions. Subsequently, the case will be made for 2 Timothy’s uniqueness amongst the “Pastoral Epistles” and why the Pastoral Epistles should be studied as three separate letters rather than as a group. The focus will then turn to the consequences of grouping 2 Timothy with 1 Timothy and Titus and what consequences reconsideration of 2 Timothy’s dating and genre can have for our understanding of its nature and provenance
Book Review: Sun Tzu in Space: What International Relations, History, and Science Fiction Teach Us About Our Future
No full textAuthor: Gregory D. Miller
Reviewed by: Lieutenant Colonel Timothy S. Martin, director, Defense Strategy Course, US Army War College, and Captain Stephanie St. Louis, strategic planner, Office of the Chief of Army Reserve, Fort Belvoir
Sun Tzu in Space combines an examination of history and science fiction to assess what humanity’s future in space could look like through an international relations lens. The reviewer sees it as “a pulse check on the potential for violent future conflicts” and recommends it for policymakers and science fiction enthusiasts alike.
©2025 Timothy G. Martin and Stephanie St. Louishttps://press.armywarcollege.edu/parameters_bookshelf/1108/thumbnail.jp
Seminal contributions of Timothy J. Crow
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge
University Press. This is an Open Access article,
distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution licence (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which
permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and
reproduction, provided the original article is
properly cited.We recall the life and work of Timothy J. Crow, whose contributions provided great insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and continue to shape many questions in the field. We compile his key works relating to psychotic disorders, focusing on the trajectory of his theoretical stance. Our account is interlaced with our own interpretation of the evidence that influenced Crow's arguments over the years as well as his scientific method. Crow has had a significant impact on the neuroscience of schizophrenia. Many of his observations are still valid and several questions he raised remain unanswered to date.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/seminal-contributions-of-timothy-j-crow/25B0EA70F496D0D3351937E44ADDD45
A web-based screening tool for near-port air quality assessments
Get PDFAuthor(s): Isakov, Vlad; Barzyk, Timothy M; Smith, Elizabeth R; Arunachalam, Saravanan; Naess, Brian; Venkatram, Akul
AN INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIOR WITHOUT EXTINCTION
No full textWe manipulated relative reinforcement for problem behavior and appropriate behavior using differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) without an extinction component. Seven children with developmental disabilities participated. We manipulated duration (Experiment 1), quality (Experiment 2), delay (Experiment 3), or a combination of each (Experiment 4), such that reinforcement favored appropriate behavior rather than problem behavior even though problem behavior still produced reinforcement. Results of Experiments 1 to 3 showed that behavior was often sensitive to manipulations of duration, quality, and delay in isolation, but the largest and most consistent behavior change was observed when several dimensions of reinforcement were combined to favor appropriate behavior (Experiment 4). Results suggest strategies for reducing problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior without extinction.Peer reviewedFinal article publishedAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderAutismConcurrent schedulesDifferential reinforcementExtinctionProblem behavio
Exploiting Domain Knowledge in Making Delegation Decisions
Get PDF@inproceedings{conf/admi/EmeleNSP11, added-at = {2011-12-19T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Emele, Chukwuemeka David and Norman, Timothy J. and Sensoy, Murat and Parsons, Simon}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/20a08b683088443f1fd36d6ef28bf6615/dblp}, booktitle = {ADMI}, crossref = {conf/admi/2011}, editor = {Cao, Longbing and Bazzan, Ana L. C. and Symeonidis, Andreas L. and Gorodetsky, Vladimir and Weiss, Gerhard and Yu, Philip S.}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27609-5_9}, interhash = {1d7e7f8554e8bdb3d43c32e02aeabcec}, intrahash = {0a08b683088443f1fd36d6ef28bf6615}, isbn = {978-3-642-27608-8}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {117-131}, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, timestamp = {2011-12-19T00:00:00.000+0100}, title = {Exploiting Domain Knowledge in Making Delegation Decisions.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/admi/admi2011.html#EmeleNSP11}, volume = 7103, year = 2011
Crime and Inflation in U. S. Cities
No full textObjectivesThe current study replicates prior national-level research on the relationship between crimes committed for monetary gain and inflation in a sample of 17 U. S. cities between 1960 and 2013. Methods A random coefficients model is used to estimate the effects of inflation on the change in acquisitive crime over time, controlling for other influences. Results The estimates yield significant effects of inflation on acquisitive crime rates in the 17 cities. City-specific coefficients reveal nontrivial variation across the cities in the significance, size, and impact of inflation on acquisitive crime.Conclusions Continued low inflation rates should restrain future crime increases in many US cities. U. S. monetary policy should be evaluated with respect to its effect on crime.Accepted Author ManuscriptOLD Urban Renewal and Housin
Controlling annual grasses in sagebrush communities with higher resistance and resilience is crucial to prevent fire risk and invasion expansion
No full textInvasive annual grasses, such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), pose a significant threat to western rangelands by outcompeting native plants and increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires. Frequent fires have reduced or eliminated native shrubs as annual grasses have invaded rangelands. This research aimed to quantify three aspects of the management of cheatgrass-invaded rangelands: (1) control of annual grasses, native plant community response, and modeled fire behavior after an aerial application of the herbicide indaziflam, (2) flammability of cheatgrass and two native perennial grasses, and (3) classification of shrub canopy volume with structure-from-motion photogrammetry techniques.Invasive annual grasses pose a significant fire risk and can quickly expand, even in low elevation mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) plant communities that have naturally high resistance to invasion and resilience to disturbance. Reducing the impact of annual grasses requires an effective tactic for annual grass control. The chosen tactic must minimize any negative effects and be maintained long enough to reduce plants emerging from the soil seedbank. One potential solution is the use of indaziflam, a new pre-emergent herbicide that has demonstrated promising results in reducing annual grasses for at least three years in natural areas throughout the western United States. The first chapter of this dissertation evaluated the efficacy of indaziflam in reducing annual grass foliar cover and its impact on native plant foliar cover and fuel continuity in mountain big sagebrush plant communities near Hailey, Idaho. A total of 19 ha were treated with indaziflam in September 2020, and 32, 900 m2 permanent assessment plots were established within treated and untreated areas. Foliar cover and fuel continuity were measured one and two years post-treatment along 3, 30-m long transects per plot. To better understand the potential impact of control measures on fire behavior, customized fuel beds based on field measurements were developed to model fire behavior across the treated and untreated areas under three different environmental scenarios. The results showed that indaziflam treatment significantly reduced annual grass foliar cover across all plant community types, while not affecting fuel continuity or native perennial plant foliar cover, even in areas with dense shrub cover. Mean untreated annual grass foliar cover was 11% and 38% one- and two-years post-treatment, while treated cover was 4% and 10%, respectively. Total and herbaceous fuel loading did not differ by indaziflam application, and shrubs contributed the most to total fuels. Indaziflam treated areas had slightly lower modeled rates of spread, flame lengths, and reaction intensity than untreated areas, but these differences were only present in areas with low shrub cover. These findings suggest that indaziflam application is an effective tactic for controlling annual grasses with minimal impacts to resident native plants in high resistance and resilience sagebrush communities for at least two years. Cheatgrass increases fire risk and alters plant communities in the sagebrush steppe grasslands of the Great Basin (USA) and adjacent sagebrush steppe areas, yet no studies have contrasted its flammability to native perennial grasses. The second dissertation chapter focused on the flammability of cheatgrass compared to two native perennial grasses, Columbia needlegrass (Achnatherum nelsonii) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), across a range of fuel moistures. Cheatgrass increased overall mass consumption, flaming duration, and flame length when combined with the two perennial grass species. The extent of flammability increase was influenced by the proportion of cheatgrass in the mixture, with flaming duration and thermal dose being particularly sensitive to cheatgrass fuel moisture. Maximum temperature and flame length during perennial grass combustion remained similar, regardless of the presence of cheatgrass. Furthermore, the flammability of Columbia needlegrass was higher when burned with cheatgrass than anticipated based on the flammability of each species alone. Cheatgrass may pre-heat Columbia needlegrass, leading to increased mass consumption, flaming duration, and thermal dose. This study provides experimental evidence supporting previous qualitative observations of cheatgrass altering fire behavior and increasing fire risk. Cheatgrass increased flammability of these two native perennial bunchgrasses throughout a range of fuel moistures and should be considered in fire management decisions. Shrub canopy volume is an important ecological indicator in rangeland ecosystems and is closely related to biomass, fuel loading, wildlife habitat, site productivity, and ecosystem structure. Traditional field techniques for estimating shrub canopy volume are tedious and time-consuming and pose challenges that alternate methods may alleviate. The third dissertation chapter explored the suitability of using drone-collected data to estimate shrub canopy volume for seven dominant shrub species within mountain big sagebrush plant communities in southern Idaho, USA. First, height and canopy widths of 103 shrubs of eight species was measured in the field. Then, canopy volume for each individual shrub was re-estimated using two techniques (allometric or volumetric) from a 3D representation of the study area which was created using structure-from-motion photogrammetry. The volumetric method, which involved converting point clouds to raster canopy height models, outperformed the allometric method and was more reproducible and robust to user-related variability. Drone-estimated volume closely matched field-estimated volume (R2 > 0.9) for three larger shrub species: A. tridentata subsp. tridentata, A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana, and Purshia tridentata. These findings demonstrate that drone-collected images can be used to assess shrub canopy volume for at least five upland sagebrush steppe shrub species and support the integration of drone data-collection into rangeland vegetation and fuels monitoring. Additionally, the study demonstrates the potential for automating canopy volume estimates using point cloud-based automatic shrub detection algorithms. The research presented here provides compelling evidence of the threat posed by invasive annual grasses in sagebrush plant communities with naturally high resistance and resilience. The presence of cheatgrass increases the flammability of two native perennial grasses across various fuel moisture levels. The interaction across fuel types (grasses and shrubs) emphasizes the importance of low cost, accurate assessment of shrub canopy volume through use of unmanned aerial systems. Rangeland condition, fuel abundance and fuel distribution are important parameters measured with this drone-based technique. Mitigating the risk of annual grasses is imperative, and indaziflam is an effective tool for controlling them for at least two years, with minimal impact on native species.doctoral, Ph.D., Plant Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2023-0
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