88,339 research outputs found
Trachysphyrus uspallatae Porter
No full textTrachysphyrus uspallatae Porter Material Examined. 2 females, Argentina, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, San Pedro, 1600 m, 30- IV-2000, P. Fidalgo (FSCA, IMLA) This species was previously known only from Uspallata in Mendoza Province some 500 km distant in the southern Subandean Desert (Porter 1967). The specimens now recorded from La Rioja Province differ from the type series only in lacking white bands on gastric tergites 4-7.Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Trachysphyrus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the albomarginatus species group from northwestern Argentina, pp. 1-9 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (55) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.517013
The Environmental Porter Hypothesis: Theory, Evidence and a Model of Timing of Adoption
Get PDFThe Porter Hypothesis postulates that the costs of compliance with environmental standards may be offset by adoption of innovations they trigger. We model this hypothesis using a game of timing of technology adoption. We show that times of adoption are earlier the higher the non-adoption tax. The environmental tax turns the preemption game with low profits into a game with credible precommitment yielding high profits (pro-Porter). If there is a precommitment game without environmental taxes, the introduction of a tax leads to lower profits (anti-Porter). An evaluation of the empirical literature indicates that the Porter hypothesis holds even for profit-maximizing firms under multiple market imperfections such as imperfect competititon, X-inefficiency, and agency costs. These are more likely to be present in sectors with large firms. In many case studies that we evaluate, though, we detect an element of explicit or implicit subsidies for environmentally friendly behaviour, which is in line with Pigovian policies.Environmental Policy, Strategic Trade Theory, Technology Adoption, Porter Hypothesis
The Environmental Porter Hypothesis as a Technology Adoption Problem?
Get PDFThe Porter Hypothesis postulates that the costs of compliance with environmental standards may be offset by adoption of innovations they trigger. We model this hypothesis using a game of timing of technology adoption. We show that times of adoption are earlier the higher the non-adoption tax. The environmental tax turns the preemption game with low profits into a game with credible precommitment yielding high profits (pro-Porter). If there is a precommitment game without environmental taxes, the introduction of a tax leads to lower profits (anti-Porter).economics of technology ;
Environmental policy without costs? A review of the Porter hypothesis
Get PDFThis paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature connected to the so called Porter Hypothesis. That is, to review the literature connected to the discussion about the relation between environmental policy and competitiveness. According to the conventional wisdom environmental policy, aiming for improving the environment through for example emission reductions, do imply costs since scarce resources must be diverted from somewhere else. However, this conventional wisdom has been challenged and questioned recently through what has been denoted the “Porter hypothesis”. Those in the forefront of the Porter hypothesis challenge the conventional wisdom basically on the ground that resources are used inefficiently in the absence of the right kind of environmental regulations, and that the conventional neo-classical view is too static to take inefficiencies into account. The conclusions that can be made from this review is (1) that the theoretical literature can identify the circumstances and mechanisms that must exist for a Porter effect to occur, (2) that these circumstances are rather non-general, hence rejecting the Porter hypothesis in general, (3) that the empirical literature give no general support for the Porter hypothesis. Furthermore, a closer look at the “Swedish case” reveals no support for the Porter hypothesis in spite of the fact that Swedish environmental policy the last 15-20 years seems to be in line the prerequisites stated by the Porter hypothesis concerning environmental policy.Environmental policy; the Porter hypothesis; productivity; profitability
The Porter Hypothesis and Hyperbolic Discounting
Get PDFWe examine pollution-reducing R&D by a monopoly firm producing a dirty product. In a dynamic framework with hyperbolic discounting, we establish conditions under which the Porter hypothesis goes through, i.e. environmental regulation increases R&D, thus reducing pollution, as well as increasing firm profits. This is likely to hold whenever R&D costs are at an intermediate level, and the planning horizon of the firms is large.Porter hypothesis; abatement tax; R&D; hyperbolic discounting;
The Porter hypothesis and hyperbolic discounting
Get PDFWe examine pollution-reducing R&D by a monopoly firm producing a dirty product. In a dynamic framework with hyperbolic discounting, we establish conditions under which the Porter hypothesis goes through, i.e. environmental regulation increases R&D, thus reducing pollution, as well as increasing firm profits. This is likely to hold whenever R&D costs are at an intermediate level, and the planning horizon of the firms is large.Porter hypothesis, abatement tax, R&D, hyperbolic discounting.
Phycitiplex unicinctus Porter 2008, new species
No full textPhycitiplex unicinctus Porter, new species (Fig. 3) Description. Female Holotype. Color: scape light reddish brown, flagellum black with a white band above on segments 5 (at apex) to 9; head and mesosoma with faint reddish staining on mandibles and around clypeus and with white markings as in P. tricinctus except no white on center of face, tegula not wholly white (brownish behind), no white blotch on mesopleural disc, scutellum white only on basal 0.6 with black toward apex, and dorsal metapleuron entirely black; gaster as in P. tricinctus but with a broad white apical band only on tergite 4 and with a little white in and briefly above lower hind corners of tergites 5 and 6; legs red but without white markings, blackish toward base anteriorly on fore and mid coxa, tibiae and tarsi dull red with weak dusky staining. Length of forewing: 4.6 mm. Flagellum: first segment 5.2 times as long as deep at apex. First gastric tergite: postpetiole moderately expanded, 1.5 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex, distinctly micro-reticulate and with many small and faint shallow punctures which are mostly sparser than subadjacent and emit short, slightly overlapping setae. Ovipositor straight, slender, strongly compressed, sheathed portion 0.50 times as long as forewing, nodus low and marked by a tiny notch, straight in profile between notch and apex, tip 0.26 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Type material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, 1-15-XI-2003, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Relationships. This species is distinctive in its sparse white markings (e.g., gaster with a white apical band on fourth tergite only), faintly punctate second gastric tergite, and long, straight ovipositor.Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.517014
The Porter Hypothesis and Hyperbolic Discounting
Get PDFWe examine pollution-reducing R&D by a monopoly firm producing a dirty product. In a dynamic framework with hyperbolic discounting, we establish conditions under which the Porter hypothesis goes through, i.e. environmental regulation increases R&D, thus reducing pollution, as well as increasing firm profits. This is likely to hold whenever R&D costs are at an intermediate level, and the planning horizon of the firms is large.Porter hypothesis, abatement tax, R&D, hyperbolic discounting.
Unmasking the Porter hypothesis: Environmental innovations and firm-profitability
Get PDFWe examine impacts of different types of environmental innovations on firm profits. Following Porter's (1991) hypothesis that environmental regulation can improve firms' competitiveness we distinguish regulation induced and voluntary environmental innovations. We find that innovations which reduce environmental externalities reduce firms' profits, as long as they are induced by regulations. However, innovation that increases a firm's material or energy efficiency in terms of material or energy consumption has a positive impact on profitability. This positive result holds both for regulation induced and voluntary innovations, although the effect is significantly larger for regulation-driven innovation.We conclude that the Porter hypothesis does not hold in general for its 'strong' version but has to be qualified by the type of environmental innovation. Our finding rest on firm level data from the German part of the Community Innovation Survey in 2009. --Environmental innovation,environmental regulation,Porter hypothesis,competitiveness
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