111,949 research outputs found
An old reaction revisited: Vilsmeier-Haack formylation of benzo[1.3]dioxole for the synthesis of heliotropin
No full text38. A new economical and environmentally friendly synthesis of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene
No full textA new vapor phase process for the synthesis of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (or tetramethyl-butadiene) by dehydration of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiiol on solid acid catalysts is described. This synthesis is an interesting example of an economical and environmentally friendly process of industrial interest
author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 – Supplemental material for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct
No full textSupplemental material, author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct by George Wood, Daria Roithmayr and Andrew V. Papachristos in Socius</p
PM2.5 chemical composition and source apportionment in the Po Valley : the Med particles and Supersito projects preliminary results
No full textRecent studies claim that PM10 is responsible for the most significant short-term effects on human health, while PM2.5 is likely responsible for the most severe health effects overall. Therefore, well-characterized PM2.5 data are requested by epidemiological studies to better understand the relationship between air pollution and adverse health effects. Med Particles and Supersito projects aim at a better understanding of the PM air pollution characteristics in some European cities of the Mediterranean region and their interconnections with human health. A common goal of the two projects is to perform the PM2.5 mass closure and source apportionment in an area where scarse information on this size fraction is still available. In this paper we discuss preliminary results about the PM2.5 chemical composition and its source apportionment obtained for Bologna urban area. The city of Bologna is located in the south-eastern part of the Po valley (Italy), a region which is considered a pollution hot spot as many exceedances of the 50/2008 EU Directive daily limit value for PM10 are registered. The sampling period has been from October 2012 to March 2013. This is typically a period when the Po valley weather is characterized by several days of thermal inversion, fog, absence of wind and low temperature. Parallel 24-h samplings have been carried out on quartz fibre and PTFE filters at the urban station in Bologna. Ions (nitrate, sulphate, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, bromide and phosphate) have been analysed by ion chromatography on quartz fibre filters. Elemental and Organic Carbon (EC/OC) have been analysed on quartz fibre filters with a transmittance thermal-optical instrument (Sunset Laboratory inc.) using the EUSAAR-2 thermal protocol. Levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan have been determined on PTFE filters using high performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection following the procedure described in Piazzalunga et al. (2010). Elemental analysis (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ba, Pb) has been performed by ED-XRF spectrometry on PTFE filters. The chemical characterization performed on about 200 samples allows to detect specific components or sources of particulate matter such as marine aerosol (Na, Cl, Mg), mineral dust (Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Sr), secondary inorganic components (e.g. sulphates and nitrates), biomass burning products (levoglucosan, K+, Zn, Rb), heavy oil combustion (V, Ni), incinerator emissions (K, Zn, Pb), traffic (EC, OC, Cu, Fe, Mn), and industrial emissions (EC, OC, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb).
The whole dataset is analysed by Positive Matrix Factorization to identify major PM2.5 sources impacting the area and to obtain source apportionment.
This study was funded by the EC LIFE Environment Program under the project “Med-Particles - Particles size and composition in Mediterranean countries: geographical variability and short-term health”. Funding has been also obtained from the project “Supersito” approved and financed by Regione Emilia- Romagna and Regional Agency of Environmental Protection (Arpa) of Emilia-Romagna (DGR 428/2010).
Piazzalunga A., Fermo P., Bernardoni V., Vecchi R., Valli G., De Gregorio M.A. (2010). Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 90 (12): 934–94
Enhancing Transparency in Defining Studied Drugs: The Open-Source Living DiAna Dictionary for Standardizing Drug Names in the FAERS
No full textIntroduction: In refining drug safety signals, defining the object of study is crucial. While research has explored the effect of different event definitions, drug definition is often overlooked. The US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) records drug names as free text, necessitating mapping to active ingredients. Although pre-mapped databases exist, the subjectivity and lack of transparency of the mapping process lead to a loss of control over the object of study. Objective: We implemented the DiAna dictionary, systematically mapping individual free-text instances to their corresponding active ingredients and linking them to the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (WHO-ATC) classification. Methods: We retrieved all drug names reported to the FAERS (2004–December 2022). Using existing vocabularies and string editing, we automatically mapped free text to ingredients. We manually revised the mapping and linked it to the ATC classification. Results: We retrieved 18,151,842 reports, with 74,143,411 drug entries. We manually checked the first 14,832 terms, up to terms occurring over 200 times (96.88% of total drug entries), to 6282 unique active ingredients. Automatic unchecked translations extend the standardization to 346,854 terms (98.94%). The DiAna dictionary showed a higher sensitivity compared with RxNorm alone, particularly for specific drugs (e.g., rimegepant, adapalene, drospirenone, umeclidinium). The most prominent drug classes in the FAERS were immunomodulating (37.40%) and neurologic drugs (29.19%). Conclusion: The DiAna dictionary, as a dynamic open-source tool, provides transparency and flexibility, enabling researchers to actively shape drug definitions during the mapping phase. This empowerment enhances accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretability of results
“As to the reasons of the high activity of a commercial pentasil-type zeolite in the vapor-phase Fries rearrangement”
No full textRiduzione catalitica di ossido di azoto con etilene su catalizzatori a base di rame. Un’interpretazione cinetica
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