1,721,138 research outputs found
La sintassi del soggetto nullo nelle isole tedescofone del Veneto: cimbro e sappadino a confronto
No full textL'interazione fra Germanico e Romanzo in due isole linguistiche: cimbro e ladino centrale a confronto
No full textDie Syntax der Pronominalobjekte und die Form des Partizips: Konservative Merkmale in der Sprachgeschichte des Zimbrischen
No full textDer Zweck dieser Arbeit ist zu zeigen, wie sich die Mechanismen des Sprachwandels entfalten, wenn zwei Sprachen in jahrhundertelangem Kontakt sind. Die Daten stammen aus dem Paradigma der Objektklitika der zimbrischen Mundart, einer deutschen Varietät, die noch heutzutage in drei verschiedenen Sprachinseln in Norditalien gesprochen wird (Luserna/TN, Giazza/VR und Roana/VI) und in engem Kontakt mit den angrenzenden romanischen Dialekten steht.
Man weiß, dass einige syntaktische Phänomene leichter übernommen werden als andere, wenn zwei Sprachen jahrhundertelang in Kontakt stehen. Obwohl der Wortschatz immer die gröβte Rolle beim Sprachkontakt spielt, sind trozdem Fälle von morphologischen und syntaktischen Prägungen in der Literatur beschrieben, die aber viel komplexer zu sein scheinen, so dass diese Prozesse nicht als einfache Űbernahme betrachtet werden können.
Es wird hier gezeigt, dass Sprachkontakt die Aufnahme oder den Verlust einer Regel verhindern oder begünstigen kann: z.B. ist die Subjektinversion (/ die Verb-zweit Restriktion) im Rätoromanischen erhalten geblieben, weil diese Sprache im Kontakt mit dem Deutschen steht.
Wir behaupten, dass jede syntaktische Regel ins strukturelle System der aufnehmenden Sprache integriert werden muss. So ist der Verlust oder das Entstehen eines einzelnen syntaktischen Phänomens nie zufällig, sondern mit der Grammatik der Sprache eng verbunden. Es wird sich hier zeigen, dass der Bereich der zimbrischen Klitika eine besondere Syntax aufweist, die nie das Klitikum vor dem Verb, also in proklitischer Stellung erlaubt, und im Gegensatz zu den Romanischen Sprachen (von nun an RS). Wir werden die Hypothese vertreten, dass das Fehlen an Proklise mit den morphosyntaktischen Eigenschaften des Partizip Perfekts zusammenhängt, das genau wie im Deutschen keine Numerus- und Genuskongruenzmerkmale aufweist. Obwohl das Zimbrische eine Klasse von klitischen Pronomina entwickelt hat, wird die Pronominalsyntax der RS nicht einfach kopiert, sondern der Struktur des Zimbrischen angepasst.
Die Arbeit ist wie folgt eingeteilt: in Abschnitt 2 fassen wir die wichtigsten konservativen und innovativen Merkmale des Zimbrischen zusammen, in Abschnitt 3 und 4 werden wir die Syntax der pronominalen Systeme sowohl in den RS als auch im Deutschen kurz darstellen. In Abschnitt 5 diskutieren wir die Stellung der Klitika im Zimbrischen und bringen die obligatorische Enklise mit der Syntax des Partizips in Zusammenhang
A comparative analysis of Chikungunya and Zika transmission
No full textThe recent global dissemination of Chikungunya and Zika has fostered public health concern worldwide. To better understand the drivers of transmission of these two arboviral diseases, we propose a joint analysis of Chikungunya and Zika epidemics in the same territories, taking into account the common epidemiological features of the epidemics: transmitted by the same vector, in the same environments, and observed by the same surveillance systems. We analyse eighteen outbreaks in French Polynesia and the French West Indies using a hierarchical time-dependent SIR model accounting for the effect of virus, location and weather on transmission, and based on a disease specific serial interval. We show that Chikungunya and Zika have similar transmission potential in the same territories (transmissibility ratio between Zika and Chikungunya of 1.04 [95% credible interval: 0.97; 1.13]), but that detection and reporting rates were different (around 19% for Zika and 40% for Chikungunya). Temperature variations between 22 °C and 29 °C did not alter transmission, but increased precipitation showed a dual effect, first reducing transmission after a two-week delay, then increasing it around five weeks later. The present study provides valuable information for risk assessment and introduces a modelling framework for the comparative analysis of arboviral infections that can be extended to other viruses and territories
Human mobility and time spent at destination: Impact on spatial epidemic spreading
No full textHost mobility plays a fundamental role in the spatial spread of infectious diseases. Previous theoretical works based on the integration of network theory into the metapopulation framework have shown that the heterogeneities that characterize real mobility networks favor the propagation of epidemics. Nevertheless, the studies conducted so far assumed the mobility process to be either Markovian (in which the memory of the origin of each traveler is lost) or non-Markovian with a fixed traveling time scale (in which individuals travel to a destination and come back at a constant rate). Available statistics however show that the time spent by travelers at destination is characterized by wide fluctuations, ranging from a single day up to several months. Such varying length of stay crucially affects the chance and duration of mixing events among hosts and may therefore have a strong impact on the spread of an emerging disease. Here, we present an analytical and a computational study of epidemic processes on a complex subpopulation network where travelers have memory of their origin and spend a heterogeneously distributed time interval at their destination. Through analytical calculations and numerical simulations we show that the heterogeneity of the length of stay alters the expression of the threshold between local outbreak and global invasion, and, moreover, it changes the epidemic behavior of the system in case of a global outbreak. Additionally, our theoretical framework allows us to study the effect of changes in the traveling behavior in response to the infection, by considering a scenario in which sick individuals do not leave their home location. Finally, we compare the results of our non-Markovian framework with those obtained with a classic Markovian approach and find relevant differences between the two, in the estimate of the epidemic invasion potential, as well as of the timing and the pattern of its spatial spread. These results highlight the importance of properly accounting for host trip duration in epidemic models and open the path to the inclusion of such an additional layer of complexity to the existing modeling approaches. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd
Quantifying spatiotemporal heterogeneity of MERS-CoV transmission in the Middle East region: A combined modelling approach
No full textMERS coronavirus cases notified in the Middle East region since the identification of the virus in 2012 have displayed variations in time and across geography. Through a combined modelling approach, we estimate the rates of generation of cases along the zoonotic and human-to-human transmission routes and assess their spatiotemporal heterogeneity. We consider all cases notified to WHO from March 2012 to mid-September 2014. We use a stochastic modelling of the time series of case incidence in the Middle East region to estimate time- and space-dependent zoonotic and human-to-human transmission parameters. The model also accounts for possible lack of identification of secondary transmissions among notified cases. This approach is combined with the analysis of imported cases out of the region to assess the rate of underreporting of cases. Out of a total of 32 possible models, based on different parameterisation and scenario considered, the best-fit model is characterised by a large heterogeneity in time and across space for both zoonotic and human-to-human transmission. The variation in time that occurred during Spring 2014 led to a 17-fold and 3-fold increase in the two transmissions, respectively, bringing the reproductive rate to values above 1 during that period for all regions under study. The model suggests that 75% of MERS-CoV cases are secondary cases (human-to-human transmission), which is substantially higher than the 34% of reported cases with an epidemiological link to another case. Overall, estimated reporting rate is 0.26. Our findings show a higher level of spatial heterogeneity in zoonotic transmission compared to human-to-human, highlighting the strong environmental component of the epidemic. Since sporadic introductions are predicted to be a small proportion of notified cases and are responsible for triggering secondary transmissions, a more comprehensive understanding of zoonotic source and path of transmission could be critical to limit the epidemic spread
Infection propagator approach to compute epidemic thresholds on temporal networks: impact of immunity and of limited temporal resolution
Full text linkThe epidemic threshold of a spreading process indicates the condition for the occurrence of the wide spreading regime, thus representing a predictor of the network vulnerability to the epidemic. Such threshold depends on the natural history of the disease and on the pattern of contacts of the network with its time variation. Based on the theoretical framework introduced in [E. Valdano, L. Ferreri, C. Poletto, V. Colizza, Phys. Rev. X 5, 21005 (2015)] for a susceptible-infectious-susceptible model, we formulate here an infection propagator approach to compute the epidemic threshold accounting for more realistic effects regarding a varying force of infection per contact, the presence of immunity, and a limited time resolution of the temporal network. We apply the approach to two temporal network models and an empirical dataset of school contacts. We find that permanent or temporary immunity do not affect the estimation of the epidemic threshold through the infection propagator approach. Comparisons with numerical results show the good agreement of the analytical predictions. Aggregating the temporal network rapidly deteriorates the predictions, except for slow diseases once the heterogeneity of the links is preserved. Weight-topology correlations are found to be the critical factor to be preserved to improve accuracy in the prediction
Heterogeneous length of stay of hosts' movements and spatial epidemic spread
Full text linkInfectious diseases outbreaks are often characterized by a spatial component induced by hosts' distribution, mobility, and interactions. Spatial models that incorporate hosts' movements are being used to describe these processes, to investigate the conditions for propagation, and to predict the spatial spread. Several assumptions are being considered to model hosts' movements, ranging from permanent movements to daily commuting, where the time spent at destination is either infinite or assumes a homogeneous fixed value, respectively. Prompted by empirical evidence, here we introduce a general metapopulation approach to model the disease dynamics in a spatially structured population where the mobility process is characterized by a heterogeneous length of stay. We show that large fluctuations of the length of stay, as observed in reality, can have a significant impact on the threshold conditions for the global epidemic invasion, thus altering model predictions based on simple assumptions, and displaying important public health implications
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