159 research outputs found
Editorial: The Genetic Overlap Between Cognitive Abilities and a Transdiagnostic Vulnerability for Psychopathology
Get PDFCognitive abilities, such as working memory, selective attention, inhibition, alertness, and flexibility, are collectively known as executive functioning (EF), which is essential in daily life routines. For instance, EF is important when planning a series of actions, in novel situations, or during the performance of complex tasks. General intelligence, or g, is a related construct and involves, for instance, the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, and learn from experience. The concept g is usually measured with a psychometric intelligence test. It has been known for more than a decade that EF and, in particular, g are negatively correlated with psychopathology. Yet, the underlying source of this correlation is largely unknown.</p
Eurasian Tench (Tinca tinca): the next Great Lakes invader
Get PDFA globally invasive fish, Eurasian Tench (Tinca tinca), is spreading through the St. Lawrence River and poses an imminent invasion threat to the Great Lakes. Following its illegal release into a tributary of the St. Lawrence River in 1991, Tench has spread throughout the riverâ s main stem over the past decade and its abundance in commercial fishing bycatch in the river has grown exponentially. The Tench is a generalist benthic consumer with largely undocumented ecological impacts in North America. Reports from other invaded regions indicate that it can compete with other benthic fishes, host a diverse assemblage of parasites and pathogens, degrade water clarity in shallow lakes, limit submerged macrophyte growth, reduce gastropod populations, and promote benthic algal growth through top-down effects. Risk assessments and climate-match models indicate that the Great Lakes are vulnerable to Tench invasion, and they signal the need for timely comprehensive actions, including development and implementation of monitoring and rapid-response protocols, including prevention or slowing of natural dispersal through canals.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
Tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) as an object of non-traditional aquaculture (a review)
No full textPurpose. Tench (Tinca tinca)is a popular species of cyprinids that lives in our waters. It has small scales that are firmly embedded in the mucous membrane of the skin. This is one of the few European fish that has sexual dimorphism. Tench is found in almost all regions of Europe, except the northern part of Great Britain, Iceland and the northern part of the Scandinavian countries. Interestingly, this species can be found in waters with low salinity, especially in the Baltic Sea, in its coastal zone. This species easily survives in waters with low oxygen content. As a rule, it prefers standing or, at best, poorly flowing waters. The ideal conditions for tench are shallow waters with warm water and developed vegetation. In deeper lakes, it lives in the coastal zone. Its meat is considered valuable. High economic importance and low production of tench in aquaculture in recent years has led to the development of scientific activities aimed at determining the most optimal possible production parameters of this species.
Findings. The author of the work reviewed and analyzed professional scientific literature sources, manuals and textbooks of domestic and foreign authors on the cultivation of tench as an object of non-traditional aquaculture. In particular, the historical aspects of tench cultivation, its biological characteristics and features of breeding are considered.
Practical value. The review of literature sources can be useful for the preparation of lecture material during the training process for specialists in specialty 207 “Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture”, including specialists in ichthyology, veterinary medicine, zoology
Introduction to the Special Issue on ‘The Genetic Architecture of Neurodevelopmental Disorders’
Get PDFMajority of human traits do not show evidence for sex-specific genetic and environmental effects
No full textSex differences in the etiology of human trait variation are a major topic of interest in the social and medical sciences given its far-reaching implications. For example, in genetic research, the presence of sex-specific effects would require sex-stratified analysis, and in clinical practice sex-specific treatments would be warranted. Here, we present a study of 2,335,920 twin pairs, in which we tested sex differences in genetic and environmental contributions to variation in 2,608 reported human traits, clustered in 50 trait categories. Monozygotic and dizygotic male and female twin correlations were used to test whether the amount of genetic and environmental influences was equal between the sexes. By comparing dizygotic opposite sex twin correlations with dizygotic same sex twin correlations we could also test whether sex-specific genetic or environmental factors were involved. We observed for only 3% of all trait categories sex differences in the amount of etiological influences. Sex-specific genetic factors were observed for 25% of trait categories, often involving obviously sex-dependent trait categories such as puberty-related disorders. Our findings show that for most traits the number of sex-specific genetic variants will be small. For those traits where we do report sexual dimorphism, sex-specific approaches may aid in future gene-finding efforts
Systematic Review: How the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Polygenic Risk Score Adds to Our Understanding of ADHD and Associated Traits
No full textObjective: To investigate, by systematically reviewing the literature, whether the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) polygenic risk score (PRS) associates with ADHD and related traits in independent clinical and population samples. Method: PubMed, Embase and PsychoInfo were systematically searched, alongside study bibliographies. Quality assessments were conducted, and a best-evidence synthesis was applied. Studies were excluded when the predictor was not based on the latest ADHD genome-wide association study, when PRS was not based on genome-wide results, or when the study was a review. Initially, 197 studies were retrieved (February 22, 2020), and a second search (June 3, 2020) yielded a further 49 studies. From both searches, 57 studies were eligible, and 44 studies met inclusion criteria. Results: Included studies were published in the last 3 years. Over 80% of the studies were rated excellent, based on a standardized quality assessment. Evidence of associations between ADHD PRS and the following categories was strong: ADHD, ADHD traits, brain structure, education, externalizing behaviors, neuropsychological constructs, physical health, and socioeconomic status. Evidence for associations with addiction, autism, and mental health were mixed and were, so far, inconclusive. Odds ratios for PRS associating with ADHD ranged from 1.22% to 1.76%; variance explained in dimensional assessments of ADHD traits was 0.7% to 3.3%. Conclusion: A new wave of high-quality research using the ADHD PRS has emerged. Eventually, symptoms may be partly identified based on PRS, but the current ADHD PRS is useful for research purposes only. This review shows that the ADHD PRS is robust and reliable, associating not only with ADHD but many outcomes and challenges known to be linked to ADHD.</p
Erratum to: Majority of human traits do not show evidence for sex-specific genetic and environmental effects (Scientific Reports, (2017), 7, 1, (8688), 10.1038/s41598-017-09249-3)
No full textA correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper
Behavioural genetics methods
Get PDFThe question of why people show individual differences in their behaviours and capacities has intrigued researchers for centuries. Behaviour genetics offers us various methods to address this question. The answers are interesting for a range of research fields, varying from medicine to psychology, economics and neuroscience. Starting with twin and family studies in the late 1970s, the field of behaviour genetics has rapidly developed by applying molecular genetic techniques next to, and sometimes combined with, family data. The overarching conclusion at this point in time is that all measured human traits are to some extent heritable, and that many genetic variants, with each exerting a small effect, explain this heritability. Against this backdrop, we offer readers who might be less familiar with behaviour genetics a brief Primer on the topic. Sitting atop our list of goals is to be a resource for scholars interested in applying the widely useful techniques of the field to their particular specialty, regardless of what that might be
The relation between ADHD symptoms and fine motor control: a genetic study
Get PDFPrevious research has shown that fine motor control (MC) performance, measured with a computerized task, was less accurate in children with ADHD and in their unaffected siblings, compared to healthy children. This might indicate a shared genetic etiology between MC and ADHD; it was therefore suggested that MC could serve as endophenotype for ADHD. We examined the association between ADHD symptoms (AS) and MC in a genetically informative design that can distinguish between a genetic and a nongenetic familial etiology for the association. Participants were 12-year-old twins and their siblings (N = 409). AS were rated on a continuous scale with the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal behavior scale (SWAN). MC accuracy and stability was measured with the computerized pursuit task of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT). Analyses were performed with Structural Equation Modelling. AS were weakly associated with MC accuracy of the left and right hand (r =-.10/-.10). No association with MC stability was found (r =-.01/-.03). AS were highly heritable (75%), while MC accuracy of the right hand and MC stability showed no genetic influences. For MC accuracy of the left hand, variance was explained by genetic (10%), common environmental (23%), and unique environmental variances. The association between MC accuracy of the left hand and AS was explained by a shared genetic influence but the genetic correlation was low (r =-.14). The phenotypic and genetic associations between AS and computerized MC were weak, suggesting that fine MC is not a proper endophenotype for ADHD. © 2010 Psychology Press
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