2,290 research outputs found
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
Get PDFAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Observation of psi(3686) -> e(+)e(-)chi(cJ) and chi(cJ) -> e(+)e(-)J/psi
No full textKolcu, Onur Buğra (Arel Author)Using 4.479 x 10(8) psi(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, we search for the decays psi(3686) -> e(+)e(-)chi(cJ) and chi(cJ) -> e(+)e(-)J/psi, where J = 0, 1, 2. The decays psi(3686) -> e(+)e(-)chi(cJ) and chi(cJ) -> e(+)e(-)J/psi are observed for the first time. The measured branching fractions are B(psi(3686) -> e(+)e(-)chi(cJ)) = (11.7 +/- 2.5 +/- 1.0) x 10(-4), (8.6 +/- 0.3 +/- 0.6) x 10(-4), (6.9 +/- 0.5 +/- 0.6) x 10(-4) for J = 0, 1, 2, and B(chi(cJ) -> e(+)e(-)J/psi) = (1.51 +/- 0.30 +/- 0.13)x10(-4), (3.73 +/- 0.09 +/- 0.25)x10(-3), (2.48 +/- 0.08 +/- 0.16)x10(-3) for J = 0, 1, 2, respectively. The ratios of the branching fractions B(psi(3686) -> e(+)e(-)chi(cJ))/B(psi(3686) -> gamma chi(cJ)) and B(chi(cJ) -> e(+)e(-)J/psi)/B(chi(cJ) -> gamma J/psi) are also reported. Also, the alpha values of helicity angular distributions of the e(+)e(-) pair are determined for psi(3686) -> e(+)e(-)chi(c1,2) and chi(c1,2) -> e(+)e(-)J/psi
Does a pitch center exist in auditory cortex?
No full text Pitch perception is an important component of hearing, allowing us to appreciate melodies and harmonies as well as recognize prosodic cues in speech. Multiple studies over the last decade have suggested that pitch is represented by a pitch-processing center in auditory cortex. However, recent data (Barker D, Plack CJ, Hall DA. Cereb Cortex. In press; Hall DA, Plack CJ. Cereb Cortex 19: 576–585, 2009) now challenge these previous claims of a human “pitch center.” </jats:p
Temporal factors in referential intensity coding.
No full textThree experiments investigated the finding [Plack et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 1141-1149 (1995)] that intensity discrimination under backward masking can be improved by presenting an additional, "proximal," tone burst shortly before or after the pedestal. All the stimuli used in the experiments were 30-ms, 1-kHz sinusoids. In the first experiment, intensity discrimination was measured for a 50-dB SPL pedestal presented 100 ms before an 80 dB SPL masker. A proximal tone burst was presented either before or after the pedestal, separated from the pedestal by a brief silent gap. For the conditions in which the proximal burst was before the pedestal, adding a proximal burst with a higher level than the pedestal produced an improvement in intensity discrimination. The most effective level of the proximal burst increased as the gap was increased. For the conditions in which the proximal burst was after the pedestal, two listeners showed an improvement when the proximal burst was lower in level than the pedestal, and one listener showed an improvement when the proximal burst was higher in level than the pedestal. In a second experiment, detection threshold measurements showed that good performance was not dependent on the proximal burst making the pedestal in one of the two observation intervals. The final experiment used a selective training procedure to demonstrate that listeners were basing performance on two conflicting strategies, namely, to pick the interval that sounded as if it had three tone bursts in it when the proximal level was higher than the pedestal level, and to pick the interval that sounded as if it had two tone bursts in it when the proximal level was lower than the pedestal level. A model of temporal resolution is presented that can explain certain aspects of the results in terms of the detection of "bumps" in the temporal excitation patterns produced by the stimuli. In conditions of backward masking, these relative features seem to provide a superior cue for intensity discrimination than absolute intensity, which is actively rejected as a cue
The effect of stimulus context on pitch representations in the human auditory cortex
Get PDFNeuroimaging studies of pitch coding seek to identify pitch-related responses separate from responses to other properties of the stimulus, such as its energy onset, and other general aspects of the listening context. The current study reports the first attempt to evaluate these modulatory influences using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures of cortical pitch representations. Stimulus context was manipulated using a 'classical stimulation paradigm' (whereby successive pitch stimuli were separated by gaps of silence) and a 'continuous stimulation paradigm' (whereby successive pitch stimuli were interspersed with noise to maintain a stable envelope). Pitch responses were measured for two types of pitch-evoking stimuli; a harmonic-complex tone and a complex Huggins pitch. Results for a group of 15 normally hearing listeners revealed that context effects were mostly observed in primary auditory regions, while the most significant pitch responses were localized to posterior nonprimary auditory cortex, specifically planum temporale. Sensitivity to pitch was greater for the continuous stimulation conditions perhaps because they better controlled for concurrent responses to the noise energy onset and reduced the potential problem of a non-linear fMRI response becoming saturated. These results provide support for hierarchical processing within human auditory cortex, with some parts of primary auditory cortex engaged by general auditory energy, some parts of planum temporale specifically responsible for representing pitch information and adjacent regions that are responsible for complex higher-level auditory processing such as representing pitch information as a function of listening context
Temporal factors in referential intensity coding.
No full textThree experiments investigated the finding [Plack et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 1141-1149 (1995)] that intensity discrimination under backward masking can be improved by presenting an additional, "proximal," tone burst shortly before or after the pedestal. All the stimuli used in the experiments were 30-ms, 1-kHz sinusoids. In the first experiment, intensity discrimination was measured for a 50-dB SPL pedestal presented 100 ms before an 80 dB SPL masker. A proximal tone burst was presented either before or after the pedestal, separated from the pedestal by a brief silent gap. For the conditions in which the proximal burst was before the pedestal, adding a proximal burst with a higher level than the pedestal produced an improvement in intensity discrimination. The most effective level of the proximal burst increased as the gap was increased. For the conditions in which the proximal burst was after the pedestal, two listeners showed an improvement when the proximal burst was lower in level than the pedestal, and one listener showed an improvement when the proximal burst was higher in level than the pedestal. In a second experiment, detection threshold measurements showed that good performance was not dependent on the proximal burst making the pedestal in one of the two observation intervals. The final experiment used a selective training procedure to demonstrate that listeners were basing performance on two conflicting strategies, namely, to pick the interval that sounded as if it had three tone bursts in it when the proximal level was higher than the pedestal level, and to pick the interval that sounded as if it had two tone bursts in it when the proximal level was lower than the pedestal level. A model of temporal resolution is presented that can explain certain aspects of the results in terms of the detection of "bumps" in the temporal excitation patterns produced by the stimuli. In conditions of backward masking, these relative features seem to provide a superior cue for intensity discrimination than absolute intensity, which is actively rejected as a cue
Asymptotic Stability of a Plane CJ Detonation Wave
No full text. We study the asymptotic stability of a plane CJ detonation wave under the assumption of small resolved heat release (SRHR). We prove that the solution exists globally and that the solution converges uniformly to a shifted CJ detonation wave as t!+ 1 for initial data which are small perturbations of the CJ detonation wave. The weighted energy method is used to overcome the difficulty arising from the sonic property at the end of the reaction. The SRHR model allows us to treat the non-monotone spike in the profile of the CJ detonation wave by the characteristic energy estimate. Key words. CJ detonation, shock wave, traveling wave, sonic point, asymptotic behavior, weighted energy estimate, characteristic energy estimate. AMS(MOS) subject classifications. 35L65, 35B40, 35B50, 76L05, 76J10. Acknowledgments. The author is grateful to Prof. T.-P. Liu for pointing out the reference of Matsumura and Nishihara to her. This work was partially supported by ONR N00014-92-J-1890. 1 Introduc..
Observation of chi(cJ) -> 4K(S)(0)
No full textKolcu, Onur Buğra (Arel Author)By analyzing (448.1 +/- 2.9) x 10(6) psi(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the decays of chi(c)(J) -> 4K(S)(0) (J = 0, 1, 2) are observed for the first time with statistical significances of 26.5 sigma, 5.9 sigma and 11.4 sigma, respectively. The product branching fractions of psi(3686) -> gamma chi(cJ), chi(cJ) -> 4K(S)(0 )are presented, and the branching fractions of chi(cJ) -> 4K(S)(0) decays are determined to be B-chi c0 -> 4KS0 = (5.76 +/- 0.34 +/- 0.38) x 10(-4), B-chi c1 -> 4KS0 = (0.35 +/- 0.09 +/- 0.03) x 10(-4) and B-chi c2 -> 4KS0( )= (1.14 +/- 0.15 +/- 0.08) x 10(-4), where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic, respectively
- …
