81 research outputs found
Cost benefit-analysis of a transport improvement in the case of search unemployment
No full textWe examine the implications of search unemployment for the evaluation of a transport in-vestment in a conventional cost benefit analysis (CBA) assuming perfect competition. Lower transport costs induces search over a larger area and longer commuting distances. The ex-pected duration of vacancies is reduced with ensuing benefits outweighing the loss to in-creased transport. The search imperfection drives a wedge between the marginal product of labour and the wage, such that the final benefits of a transport improvement exceed those of a conventional CBA. Using a simulation model we find these additional benefits may be sub-stantial.Cost-benefit; transport; search unemployment; welfare
Dame Ninette De Valois Adım Adım
No full textDame Ninette De Valois, one of the first names that comes to mind when it comes to ballet art, is a ballerina, instructor and choreographer who has contributed greatly to the development of ballet art not only in England but also in Turkey. Dame Ninette De Valois, founder of the Turkish State Ballet, in her book Step by Step; He discussed the institutional development of the Royal Ballet in three main parts: Period 1 - 1920s and 1930s, Period 2 - 1940s and 1950s, Period 3 - 1960s and 1970s. In the fourth and last chapter of the book, the author included impressions from the diary he wrote at that time under the title A Trip to Russia.Bale sanatı denince akla gelen ilk isimlerden biri olan Dame Ninette De Valois, sadece İngiltere’de değil, Türkiye’de de bale sanatının gelişmesine büyük katkı sağlamış bir balerin, eğitmen ve koreograftır. Türk Devlet Balesi’nin kurucusu Dame Ninette De Valois Adım Adım kitabında; Kraliyet Balesi’nin kurumsal gelişimini Dönem 1-1920’ler ve 1930’lar, Dönem 2-1940’lar ve 1950’ler, Dönem 3-1960’lar ve 1970’ler olarak üç ana bölüm halinde ele almıştır. Yazar, kitabın dördüncü ve son bölümü olarak Rusya’ya Bir Gezi başlığı adı altında o dönem kaleme aldığı günlüğünden izlenimlere yer vermiştir
Optimal taxation and congestion externalities in a model of household time allocation
No full textWhen wanting to solve the externality problem in the transport sector the tax system is an available instrument and the optimal tax system has been analyzed extensively. Unfortunately many of the approaches fail to take account of the insights pointed out in Becker (1965) that the allocation of household time is important for the characterization of household behavior. Since transports main characteristic is that it consumes time this insight should be applied to the transport sector. Recent papers have analyzed the optimal tax system in this setup (Kleven (2004), Nielsen and Pilegaard (2004)) in situations with and without atmospheric externalities. It was shown that the inclusion of household time changes the formulas for optimal taxation and these changes has direct policy implications. If the Becker setup is to be applied to the transport sector an analysis of the optimal tax system in the presence of congestion externalities is needed. This lack of insight is the focus of the present paper.
The purpose here is to implement congestion type externalities in a Becker-like setup which explicitly models the use of household time. The paper demonstrates the strength of the Becker approach since existing tax results emerge as special cases in the present setup. The formulas derived for the optimal tax is a valuable guidance when designing the tax system in the transport sector
Analysis and prediction of private car ownership and use in Denmark: Part of the ELISA Project
No full textThis report presents the main findings from econometric analyses of car ownership and use levels for Denmark using historical macro data for the period 1976-2018. We model car ownership and use levels as a function of other economic variables including GDP and official indices for car purchase prices and vehicle operating costs. The models are estimated using dynamic time series methods to obtain estimates of long run cointegration relations and coefficients reflecting short-run dynamics. The car ownership model is estimated using an Error Correction Model (ECM), a model that assumes the existence of an equilibrium relationship that determines both short and long run relationships. It is formulated as the 2004 ART model (Fosgerau, Holmblad & Pilegaard, 2004), keeping the ratio between long run and short run elasticities equal for all explanatory variables. The validity of this restriction was tested statistically, and the restriction was accepted as an appropriate description of the data. With the restriction, we obtained a higher precision of the estimated elasticities compared to the case without the restriction. The estimated long run elasticities of GDP and purchase price from this model are 0.83 and -0.57, respectively. The implied long run elasticity of operating cost is -0.34, but it is not significant at the conventional 5% level (its p-value is 0.29). Forecasts based on this model show that car ownership is predicted to increase from 0.49 cars per capita in 2018 to 0.62-0.71 in 2040 depending on alternative assumptions about the growth rate of purchase prices. Compared to estimates from the 2004 ART model (Fosgerau, Holmblad & Pilegaard, 2004), we now find higher long run income and purchase price elasticities while the operating cost elasticity is lower. For the car use model, we considered two different measures – mileage per car and mileage per capita. Mileage per car is the measure used in the original 2004 ART model, but this choice had to be reconsidered due to a change in the trend of mileage per car during the sample period. Mileage per car has shown an increasing trend until the early 1990s, after which it declined. This change could be explained by the general increase in the car fleet and especially the increase in the share of households with two or more cars. With other explanatory variables showing an overall upward or downward trend, it proved difficult to identify the effect of individual factors on this measure of car use. We therefore chose the model formulation with mileage per capita, which has a positive trend. We model mileage per capita in terms of its lagged values and contemporaneous and lagged values of GDP, purchase price and operating costs, using an Error Correction Model. Our analysis shows a significant and negative long run effect of operating costs and purchase price on the extent of car use. In particular, a percentage increase in operating costs (resp. purchase price) is associated with a decline in mileage per capita by 0.61% (resp. 0.64%) in the long run. GDP has a positive and significant long run effect on car use - the estimated long run elasticity is 0.80. Our analysis shows that mileage per capita is predicted to increase from 7,500km in 2018 to 9,900km - 11,600km in 2040 depending on the alternative assumptions regarding the growth rate of purchase price in this period
The Rule-of-a-Half and Interpreting the Consumer Surplus as Accessibility
No full textTransport infrastructure projects are typically appraised on the basis of travel costs and demand predictions from a traffic model—using the so-called rule-of-a-half to approximately measure the change in consumer surplus as an area under the demand curve. Alternatively, when the traffic model is a standard discrete choice model, the change in consumer surplus is equal to the change in the expected maximum utility of the discrete choice model, which in turn has an interpretation as a change in accessibility. When the traffic model has the nested logit form, the change in accessibility can be calculated in terms of so-called logsums
Efterspørgsel efter transportydelser i en generel ligevægtsmodel
No full textI forbindelse med samfundsøkonomiske analyser af transportpolitiske problemstillinger er interaktionen mellem transportsektoren og økonomiens øvrige sektorer traditionelt kun sporadisk behandlet. Et projekt under TEAM samarbejdet går ud på at undersøge denne interaktion med udgangspunkt i generel ligevægtsteori. Sådanne metoder er velegnede til at vise langsigtede strukturelle konsekvenser af forskellige politiktiltag. Til dette formål er en anvendt generel ligevægtsmodel under opbygning. Papiret præsenterer det foreløbige resultat at dette arbejde med hovedvægt på en beskrivelse af modellens teoretiske egenskaber. Desuden gives en præsentation af det arbejde, der foregår i forbindelse med kvantificering af modellen. Endelig præsenteres et første eksperiment i modellen, som dog alene tjener til formål at illustrere mulighederne i arbejdet
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