330 research outputs found
Windfall management for poverty reduction : improving public finance Management-the case of Chad
No full textThis paper aims at providing a guide to ensure efficiency in the management of Chad's windfall to support the development process and poverty reduction. The analysis is based on the lessons and experience of countries that have successfully used natural-resource-generated windfalls to launch their development process while avoiding the natural resource curse. The paper also discusses the petroleum management arrangements in place in Chad for poverty reduction. The author argues that the successful management of Chad's windfall for poverty reduction will depend on the effectiveness of oil revenue management arrangements in place in Chad and the government's willingness to improve public finance management (PFM).Public Sector Expenditure Analysis&Management,Debt Markets,,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform
Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations
No full textUnderstanding human genetic diversity in Africa is important for interpreting the evolution of all humans, yet vast regions in Africa, such as Chad, remain genetically poorly investigated. Here, we use genotype data from 480 samples from Chad, the Near East, and southern Europe, as well as whole-genome sequencing from 19 of them, to show that many populations today derive their genomes from ancient African-Eurasian admixtures. We found evidence of early Eurasian backflow to Africa in people speaking the unclassified isolate Laal language in southern Chad and estimate from linkage-disequilibrium decay that this occurred 4,750–7,200 years ago. It brought to Africa a Y chromosome lineage (R1b-V88) whose closest relatives are widespread in present-day Eurasia; we estimate from sequence data that the Chad R1b-V88 Y chromosomes coalesced 5,700–7,300 years ago. This migration could thus have originated among Near Eastern farmers during the African Humid Period. We also found that the previously documented Eurasian backflow into Africa, which occurred ∼3,000 years ago and was thought to be mostly limited to East Africa, had a more westward impact affecting populations in northern Chad, such as the Toubou, who have 20%–30% Eurasian ancestry today. We observed a decline in heterozygosity in admixed Africans and found that the Eurasian admixture can bias inferences on their coalescent history and confound genetic signals from adaptation and archaic introgression
Equity in unequal deductions : implications of income tax rules in Ghana and Nigeria
No full textIn many African countries, the amount of personal deduction for income tax purposes increases with the taxpayer's income. At first glance, this appears to give larger tax breaks to the rich than to the poor. On closer examination, this notion turns out to be false. As this paper shows, each tax system with"income dependent tax deductions"(IDTDs) is fully equivalent to a particular conventional progressive tax system with standard deductions. One implication for comparative tax research is that the tax schedule of a country that uses IDTDs should not be compared directly with a conventional tax schedule in another country. Existing cross-country work on tax deductions and marginal tax rates generally fails to recognize that IDTDs invalidate a straightforward comparison. To make the two systems comparable, a transformation like the one suggested in this paper is needed.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Tax Policy and Administration,Taxation&Subsidies,Governance Indicators
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Immersive Concert Design: How immersive and haptic experiences affect a dance audience's ability to co-author meaning
No full textThis thesis explores the use of immersive and haptic experiences within concert dance and how these experiences enable audiences to co-author the meaning of a work through physical participation. Immersive experiences are generated when audiences are empowered to share a performance space with performers. Haptic experiences engage with our sense of touch and are fore fronted when audiences are allowed to move around within a performance. These kinds of experiences encourage co-authorship by empowering audiences to participate in and affect the outcome of performances. They also encourage co-authorship by prioritizing interpretations based on somatic and self-referential forms of knowledge
More details on so-called corn diet
No full textThe question of holding diets came about when the flow of market-ready animals was disrupted by the novel coronavirus earlier this year. At that time, recommendations were made on what producers could do to slow the growth of their pigs until the opportunity arose to send them to harvest. Nick Gabler, an Iowa State University Animal Science professor, quickly initiated a study to evaluate various dietary options to reduce growth rates.This article is published as Norton, S., K. Betts, J. Jolliff, C. Pilcher, M. Ritter, J. Erickson, B. Ramer, C. Parson N. Gabler and J. Patience. More details on so-called corn diet. National Hog Farmer. Oct. 15, 2020. Posted with permission.</p
Trade remedies and World Trade Organization dispute settlement : Why are so few challenged?
No full textAntidumping and related trade remedies are the most popular policy instruments that many of the largest importing countries in the World Trade Organization (WTO) system use to restrict international trade. While such trade remedies are also frequent targets of dispute settlement activity under the WTO, given that Panel and Appellate Body rulings have almost invariably found that some aspect of each reviewed remedy was inconsistent with WTO obligations, an open research question is why aren't more remedies targeted by dispute settlement? The author provides a first empirical investigation of the trade remedy and WTO dispute settlement interaction by focusing on determinants of WTO members'decisions of whether to formally challenge U.S. trade remedies imposed between 1992 and 2003. He provides evidence that it is not only the size of the economic market at stake and the capacity to retaliate under potential DSU (dispute settlement understanding)-authorized sanctions that influence the litigation decision of whether to formally challenge a measure at the WTO. The author also finds that if the negatively affected foreign industry has the capacity to directly retaliate through a reciprocal antidumping investigation and measure of its own, its government is less likely to pursue the case on its behalf at the WTO. This is consistent with the theory that potential complainants may be avoiding WTO litigation in favor of pursuing reciprocal antidumping and hence"vigilante justice."TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Economic Theory&Research,Trade and Services,World Trade Organization,Trade Policy
Taking stock of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailingduties, 1990-2009
No full textThis paper examines the evolving, cross-country use of antidumping, safeguard, and countervailing duty policies -- temporary trade barriers (TTBs) -- over the period 1990-2009. The author constructs two new measures of imported products subject to the combined use of these TTBs before applying these measures to new data drawn from the World Bank's Temporary Trade Barriers Database. The research establishes a number of facts regarding trends in historical use to benchmark against policy activity during the global economic crisis of 2008-2009. The 2008-2009 economic shock mostly accentuates patterns and trends already visible in the pre-crisis data: e.g., while the major users of such policies overall combined to increase the product lines subject to TTBs by 25 percent during the crisis, this was driven almost entirely by developing economies which increased their product coverage by 40 percent. On the export side, a previously unidentified feature of the data is that a much larger share of China's exports to other developing economies is subject to foreign-imposed antidumping than its exports to developed economies. The evidence confirms this feature is shared by a number of other major developing economy exporters, deepening concern that these discriminatory trade barriers are increasingly a"South-South"phenomenon.Currencies and Exchange Rates,Free Trade,Economic Theory&Research,Markets and Market Access,Water and Industry
A Proposed Solution to the Scholarly Communication Crisis
No full textAfter reviewing the history and parameters of the scholarly communications crisis, particularly in regard to skyrocketing prices for journals in the natural sciences, the author reviews and rejects previously attempted solutions. He then employs the principles of game theory in proposing a new solution to the crisis
I. Total synthesis of sesquiterpene-tropolones II. Dearomative hydroamination and application to the synthesis of aminoglycosides
No full textThe student, Chad Ungarean, accepted the attached license on 2020-12-01 at 04:52.The student, Chad Ungarean, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2020-12-01 at 05:14.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2020-12-03 at 14:52.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #16005 on 2021-03-04 at 16:32:46Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:45:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 2020-12-03The first chapter discusses the development of a platform for the synthesis of a variety of bioactive sesquiterpene-tropolones. The synthetic strategy relies on the union of key fragments via an inverse electron demand hetero-Diels–Alder (HDA) reaction between either humulene or humulene derivatives and a tropolone ortho-quinone methide (o-QM). Tropolone construction utilizes [2+2] cycloaddition of a linear precursor followed by either de Mayo type or photochemical fragmentation approaches to arrive at the requisite o-QM precursor. The 10-hydroxy-–humulene component relies on a semi-synthetic route starting from caryophyllene oxide and utilizing a key HAT ring expansion to arrive at the 11-membered macrocycle. The culmination of these synthetic efforts has elucidated a reasonable biosynthesis of the pycnidione series along with the structural reassignment of several members of the class. Additionally, the synthesis of unnatural epi,epi- and epi,ent-pycnidione has been enabled. Current focus is on the construction of a library of analogs as well as the biological evaluation of these compounds.
The second chapter details the development of a dearomative hydroamination methodology of simple arenes. This novel reaction was extended to several mono- and polynuclear arenes and heteroarenes. Utilizing benzene as a starting material, a divergent synthetic strategy was executed to arrive as the 2-deoxystreptamine (2-DOS) and 2-deoxyfortamine (2-DOF) aminoglycoside cores; key synthetic steps in the 2-DOS and 2-DOF cores include a 5-exo-tet cyclization and bromonium induced rearrangement. Furthermore, from these scaffolds, the synthesis of ribostamycin and istamycin have been pursued and are in the final stages of construction. Current efforts involve the global deprotection of the penultimate intermediate for ribostamycin as well as glycosylation and global deprotection for istamycin. Additionally, the synthesis of unnatural analogs is underway.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2022-12-01Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 117318
Lift date: 2023-03-05T21:45:47Z
Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemEmbargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 117318
Lift date: 2023-03-05T21:47:41Z
Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemAuthor requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimite
An exploration into the use of online instruction in secondary physical education
No full textOnline and blended instruction have emerged as popular teaching methods within the K-12 environment. The asynchronous characteristics of these methods represent potential for overcoming traditional barriers to quality physical education. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to systematically review literature and commentary related to the use of online instruction in K-12 physical education, (2) to examine secondary physical education teachers’ acceptance and use of online instruction in their classes, and (3) to explore students’ habits of use and perceptions of using online instruction as part of their physical education experience.
The purpose of the systematic, scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of research, commentary, and practical articles related to the use of these methods in K-12 physical education. PRISMA-ScR guidelines directed the review, and five databases were searched for English-language articles. A total of 24 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 were research-based, and 10 were commentary or practical articles. Most related research has been conducted in secondary school environments. Minimal learning-related outcomes were reported across studies. Evidence provided in commentary and practical articles was largely anecdotal and based on research from other subject areas. Therefore, systematic research related to the design, adoption, and implementation of online and blended instruction in physical education is warranted.
A qualitative descriptive study was conducted to understand teachers’ acceptance and use of an online instructional system. Twenty-eight secondary physical education teachers participated in in-depth phone interviews. Main categories were identified following inductive and deductive analysis using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology as the guiding framework, which served to validate the use of the theory within the secondary physical education context. Teachers noted how the system provided value to their program and teaching by allowing the delivery of added, quality content outside the temporal confines of their classes (Performance Expectancy). They generally expressed efficient and successful implementation, despite limited related experience and professional development (Effort Expectancy). School technology infusion initiatives largely drove the adoption of online learning for most of the participants; however, the reliable support they received from the online system developer was a key influential factor associated with continued use (Facilitating Conditions). Ultimately, price determined sustained use, which was dictated by school administrators (Price Value).
A separate qualitative descriptive study was conducted to understand students’ usage habits and perceptions of the same online physical education instructional system. A total of 37 9th-grade students from one rural school district participated in face-to-face interviews during their physical education classes. Main categories were identified following inductive and deductive analysis, which also used the UTAUT as the guiding framework. Responses indicated students used district provided Chromebooks, likely due to a district policy that inhibits cell phone use during the school day. They completed the online physical education modules whenever and wherever they perceived to have time, which was usually prior to the beginning of the school-day or in study hall. The quality of engagement with the system was low and mostly due to students' viewing their achievement in physical education as a low priority compared to their performance in other classes. A key contributing factor to students' low perception of the system was a perceived disconnect between movement-based physical education and the required sedentary online learning experiences. It was clear students did not understand why they needed to engage with online learning as part of their physical education course. One possible explanation for students’ lack of clarity regarding the purpose and value of the supplementary instruction may be limited teacher involvement with the system, as expressed by students.
Overall findings of this research support the potential for physical education teacher acceptance and use of supplemental online instruction in combination with their traditional physical education curriculum. Student acceptance and use may be related to overall perceptions of the value of physical education and may be influenced by teacher implementation procedures or lack thereof. Further research into student and teacher acceptance and use of online learning in physical education within different contexts and with different online instructional systems is warranted.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2021-08-01The student, Chad Killian, accepted the attached license on 2019-07-08 at 12:00.The student, Chad Killian, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2019-07-08 at 12:10.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2019-07-09 at 15:45.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14195 on 2019-11-26 at 13:04:37Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-26T20:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4
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Previous issue date: 2019-07-09Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 112936
Lift date: 2021-11-26T20:49:41Z
Reason: Author requested U of Illinois access only (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemU of I Only Restriction Lifted for Item 112936 on 2021-11-27T10:15:23Z
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