136,347 research outputs found
Intraspecific variation in the metabolism of juvenile Atlantic salmon salmo salar and northern pike esox lucius
No full textBasal metabolic rate (BMR), the sum of maintenance energy costs, represents a major component of the energy budgets of ectothermic vertebrates and varies between individuals within a species. Individual ectotherms are generally assumed to have a constant BMR at any given temperature. A strategy of flexibility in BMR might have evolved to cope with differing environmental conditions. Within-individual variation in BMR was examined in two fishes, juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and juvenile northern pike Esox lucius, whilst the effects of exercise and ration on BMR, maximum metabolic rate (MMR), enzyme levels and body composition were studied in detail for pike. In the first part of the study, measurements of BMR were made for first-summer Atlantic salmon parr at rest by respirometry. In 1996, initial measurements of BMR were made for 25 fish held in a stock tank. Fish were then allocated in small groups to channels to represent a change in environment and BMR re-measured after a period of several weeks. The procedure was repeated for 30 fish in the summer of 1997, when fish were given a reduced food ration. Variation in BMR in each experiment was analysed for individual fish, and for all fish using a linear mixed model. There were statistically significant differences in BMR values between the two times, the within-individual, between-time variation representing approximately ± 21% of BMR in 1996 and ± 28% of BMR in 1997. Reduced-rafion fish (1997) displayed a significant decrease in the mean elevation of the allometric scaling relationship between body mass and BMR between time periods. To further explore possible mechanisms for flexibility in BMR and relationships with MMR, juvenile pike were used. Initial measurements of BMR and MMR (following exhaustive exercise) were made and factorial metabolic scope calculated (MMR/BMR). Fish were then split into a high ration no-exercise group (n = 10), low ration no-exercise group (n = 10) and sustained exercise group (n = 13). Initial measurements were termed time 1, with subsequent measurements made after approximately 3 weeks (time 2) and 11 weeks (time 3). Exercised fish had a significantly larger MMR and scope following 3 weeks of sustained swimming. For all fish there were significant correlations between BMR and MMR at times 1 and 3 but not at time 2.After the oxygen measurements made at time 3 all fish were humanely killed. Maximal enzyme assays were performed on six tissues for each remaining fish (n = 30). Levels of each of two enzymes (citrate synthase, CS, and lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, measured in the direction of lactate oxidation) were found to be similar between treatment groups for respective tissues. Total CS activity levels and LDH levels were highest in the heart and red muscle. In general there was little difference in the relative organ masses of fish exposed to different treatments. It is concluded that in these two fish species with very different life styles, between- and within- individual variation in BMR (salmon & pike) and MMR (pike only) is apparent and that differences in ration and exercise influence individual physiology
Destination marketing: An integrated marketing communication approach
No full textTravellers are spoilt by choice of available holiday destinations. In today’s fiercely competitive tourism markets, destination competitiveness demands an effective marketing organisation. Two themes underpin Destination Marketing. The first is the challenges associated with promoting multi-attributed destinations in dynamic and heterogeneous markets, and the second is the divide between tourism ‘practitioners’ and academics. Written by a former ‘practitioner’, Destination Marketing bridges industry and academia by synthesising a wealth of academic literature of practical value to DMOs. \ud
\ud
Key learning outcomes are to enhance students’ understanding of the fundamental issues relating to:\ud
\ud
• the multi-dimensional nature of destination competitiveness\ud
• rationale for the establishment of DMOs\ud
• structure, roles, goals and functions of DMOs\ud
• the shift in thinking towards destination management\ud
• key opportunities, challenges and constraints facing DMOs\ud
• complexities of marketing multi-attributed destinations as tourism brands\ud
• philosophy of integrated marketing communications \ud
• design, implementation and monitoring of effective destination marketing communication strategies\ud
• the potential for visitor relationship management\ud
• necessity of disaster response planning\ud
• destination marketing performance metrics\ud
\ud
About the Author\ud
Dr Steven Pike (PhD) spent 17 years in the tourism industry, working in destination marketing organisations. He is currently Senior Lecturer in the School of Advertising, Marketing and Public relations at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia
Receipt for proportional dividend of the Ohio Company's residuary funds - Nicholas Pike
No full textNicholas Pike, assignee of Issaih Thoms, received from Rufus Putnam, superintendent of the Ohio Company, $100, being the proportional dividend for one share in the agency of Rufus Putnam. The dividend was received ""by the hand of Dan. Clap."" Witnessed by D. W. B. Peters
Destination image literature: 2001 – 2007
No full textThe topic of destination image has become one of the most popular in the tourism literature. A review of 120 destination image articles published in the literature between 2001 and 2007 was undertaken to provide researchers with a reference guide to the context, method and focus of previous studies. The analysis follows a previous study by Pike (2002), which reviewed 142 destination image papers published during the period 1973 –2000. Collectively, the two analyses categorize over 260 papers from the first 35 years of published destination image research. Key issues to emerge from the current review include: the exponential increase in studies related to destination image, a continued lack of qualitative methods, lack of an explicit travel situation, and the risk of uninformed responses
Robinson D. Pike, approximately 1917
No full textSecretary, Lowry & Pike, Inc.
PH Coll 512.4.10Robinson Drake Pike, 1889-1970To order a reproduction, inquire about permissions, or for information about prices see: http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/services/reproduction/reproduction Please cite the Order Numbe
Behavioural syndrome in a solitary predator is independent of body size and growth rate.
No full textModels explaining behavioural syndromes often focus on state-dependency, linking behavioural variation to individual differences in other phenotypic features. Empirical studies are, however, rare. Here, we tested for a size and growth-dependent stable behavioural syndrome in the juvenile-stages of a solitary apex predator (pike, Esox lucius), shown as repeatable foraging behaviour across risk. Pike swimming activity, latency to prey attack, number of successful and unsuccessful prey attacks was measured during the presence/absence of visual contact with a competitor or predator. Foraging behaviour across risks was considered an appropriate indicator of boldness in this solitary predator where a trade-off between foraging behaviour and threat avoidance has been reported. Support was found for a behavioural syndrome, where the rank order differences in the foraging behaviour between individuals were maintained across time and risk situation. However, individual behaviour was independent of body size and growth in conditions of high food availability, showing no evidence to support the state-dependent personality hypothesis. The importance of a combination of spatial and temporal environmental variation for generating growth differences is highlighted
Conservation genomics of Esox flaviae (Italian pike)
No full textThe recent discovery of a novel pike species naturally distributed in the Alpine region, Esox flaviae (“Italian pike”), has fuelled debate on the conservation status of this prized game fish and apex predator. For decades, allochtonous Northern pike (E. lucius, here “European pike”) have been widely used in stocking practices to sustain angling activities. Although the two species differ phenotypically, hybrids are often indistinguishable, and patterns of introgression are becoming increasingly complex to unravel with traditional genetic markers, namely microsatellites. We aim to bypass this obstacle by using Whole Genome Sequence data (WGS) to study population structure and genomic adaptation in the Italian pike, and, ultimately, develop a genotyping tool to aid its conservation. Samples were previously categorized as either Italian (n = 16), European (n = 6) or hybrid (n = 6) based on microsatellites. In this study, the European pike genome was used as reference to align reads, yielding 7.3 million quality-filtered SNPs. Our SNP dataset allowed for successful clustering of individuals at species and subpopulation levels using Principal Component Analysis, as well as a more thorough analysis of hybridization as opposed to microsatellites, using FastSTRUCTURE. Genome- wide selection scans (GWSS) were carried out, which involved calculation of per-locus statistics such as FST, π and α (the rate of adaptive molecular evolution as described by the McDonald-Kreitman test). Several chromosomic regions were identified as candidates for selection. Ongoing analyses will shed further light on the patterns of adaptive variation and the functional consequences of introgressive hybridization
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
No full textLetter from D. W. Kempner to Albert Pike Hotel reserving air-conditioned rooms for Mrs. Kempner and Miss Kempne
Techniques for Evaluating the Spatial Behaviour of River-Fish
No full textRadio-tagging is widely used for studies of movements, resource use and demography of land vertebrates, with potential to combine such data for predictive modelling of populations from individuals. Such modelling requires standard measures of individual space use, for combination with data on resources, survival, dispersal and breeding. This paper describes how protocols for efficient collection of space-use data can be developed during a pilot study, and reviews the ways in which such data can be used for space-use indices that help answer biological questions, with examples from a study of riverine pike (Esox lucius). Analyses of diurnal activity and spatio-temporal correlation were used to assess when to record locations, and analyses of home range increments were used to define the number of location records necessary to assess seasonal ranges. We stress the importance of developing protocols that use minimal numbers of locations from each individual, so that analyses can be based on samples of many individuals. The efficacy of link-distance (e.g. cluster analysis) and location density (e.g. contouring) techniques for spatial analysis for river fish were compared, and the utility of clipping off areas to river banks was assessed. In addition, a new automated analysis was used to estimate distances along river mid-lines. These techniques made it possible to quantify interactions between individuals and their habitat: including a significant increase in core range size during floods, significant preference for deep pools, and a lack of exclusive territories
Letter. Late cretaceous seasonal ocean variability from the arctic
No full textThe modern Arctic Ocean is regarded as barometer of global change and amplifier of global warming1 and therefore records of past Arctic change are of a premium for palaeoclimate reconstruction. Little is known of the state of the Arctic Ocean in the greenhouse period of the late Cretaceous, yet records from such times may yield important clues to its future behaviour given current global warming trends. Here we present the first seasonally resolved sedimentary record from the Cretaceous from the Alpha Ridge of the Arctic Ocean. This “paleo-sediment trap” provides new insights into the workings of the Cretaceous marine biological carbon pump. Seasonal primary production was dominated by diatom algae but was not related to upwelling as previously hypothesised. Rather, production occurred within a stratified water column, involving specially adapted species in blooms resembling those of the modern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, or those indicated for the Mediterranean sapropels. With increased CO2 levels and warming currently driving increased stratification in the global ocean, this style of production that is adapted to stratification may become more widespread. Our evidence for seasonal diatom production and flux testify to an ice-free summer, but thin accumulations of terrigenous sediment within the diatom ooze are consistent with the presence of intermittent sea ice in the winter, supporting a wide body of evidence for low temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean, rather than recent suggestions of a 15 °C mean annual temperature at this time
- …
