2,049 research outputs found
Proto-Romance Morphology Comparative Romance Grammar, vol. III
No full textThis volume deals with the reconstructed morphology of Proto-Romance. It is the third in a series by this author. The first volume (1974, Elsevier) deals with the external history of the Romance languages: the conditions under which they developed, were used, and (in some instances) went out of use. The second volume (1976, Elsevier) treats the phonology of their common source, Proto-Romance. Together these three volumes aim to cast light, not only on Popular Latin speech by means of its surviving elements in the Romance languages, but also on the extent to which the comparative method can be regarded as valid and useful in instances where no attestations are available for a language as closely related to the reconstructed proto-language as high Classical Latin was to Proto-Romance.PROTO-ROMANCE MORPHOLOGY -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- PREFACE -- A NOTE ON TRANSCRIPTION -- Table of contents -- I. INTRODUCTION -- 1. MORPHOLOGY IN LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE -- 1.0. The Rôle of Morphology -- 1.1. Types of Morphological Variation -- 1.2. The Reconstruction of Morphology -- 1.3. Morphology and Syntax -- 1.4. Morphophonemic Alternations -- 1.5. Classical Latin and Romance Morphology -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 -- II. PROTO-ROMANCE INFLECTION -- 2. MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC CRITERIA -- 2.1. Categories of Inflection -- 2.11. GENDER. -- 2.12. CASE. -- 2.13. NUMBER. -- 2.14. PERSON. -- 2.15. TENSE. -- 2.2. Distinctive Syntactic Functions -- 2.21. PREDICATION -- 2.22. PROTAGONISM -- 2.23. ATTRIBUTION -- 2.24. COMPLEMENTATION -- 2.25. SUBSTITUTION. -- 2.26. INTRODUCTION. -- 2.27. CONNECTION. -- 2.28. MINOR-CLAUSE FUNCTION. -- 2.3. Classification of Forms -- 3. FORM-CLASSES: SUBSTANTIVES AND PRONOUNS -- 3.0. Structure of Inflected Forms -- 3.1. Substantives -- 3.11. SUB-CLASSES (DECLENSIONS) -- 3.12. NOUNS. -- 3.13. ADJECTIVES -- 3.131. DESCRIPTIVE adjectives -- 3.132. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES -- 3.14. MORPHOPHONEMIC ALTERNATIONS -- 3.2. PRONOUNS -- 3.21. PERSONAL-PRONOUNS -- 3.22. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS -- 3.23. RELATIVE-INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 -- 4. FORM-CLASSES: VERBS -- 4.1. The Structure of Finite Forms -- 4.11. STEMS AND STEM-FORMANTS. -- 4.12. CONJUGATIONS -- 4.13. TENSES. -- 4.14. TENSE-MARKERS -- 4.15. PERSONAL ENDINGS -- 4.16. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS -- 4.2. STEM A. -- 4.21. NON-PAST A -- 4.22. PAST A -- 4.23. TIMELESS A -- 4.24. IMPERATIVE -- 4.25. FUTURE -- 4.3. STEM B. -- 4.4. STEM C. -- 4.41. STEM-FORMANTS. -- 4.42. NON-PAST C. -- 4.43. PAST C. -- 4.44. PRE-PAST C. -- 4.45. TIMELESS C. -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 -- 5. FORM-CLASSES: INDECLINABLES -- 5.1. Morphophonemic Alternations5.2. Classes of Indeclinables -- 5.21. ADVERBS. -- 5.211. INTERROGATIVE-RELATIVE -- 5.212. NON-INTERROGATIVE-RELATIVE -- 5.22. ADVERBS HAVING OTHER FUNCTIONS -- 5.23. PREPOSITIONS. -- 5.24. SUBORDINATORS -- 5.25. COÖRDINATORS -- 5.26. MINOR-CLAUSE-FORMS -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 -- III. PROTO-ROMANCE DERIVATION -- 6. TYPES OF DERIVATION -- 6.1. Affixation -- 6.2. Compounding -- 6.3. Endocentric and Exocentric Formations -- 6.4. Practical Considerations -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 -- 7.SUFFIXATION -- 7.0.Automatic Replacement of Phonemes -- 7.1. Substantives (Adjectives and Nouns) -- 7.11. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.12. ON VERBS -- 7.2. Adjectives -- 7.21. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.22. ON ADJECTIVES, NOUNS, AND ADVERBS -- 7.23. ON NOUNS -- 7.24. ON NUMERALS -- 7.25. ON PRONOUNS -- 7.26. ON VERBS -- 7.261. PARTICIPLES -- 7.262. OTHER ADJECTIVES FORMED ON VERBS -- 7.3. Nouns -- 7.31. ON SUBSTANTIVES AND VERBS -- 7.32. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.33. ONADJECTIVES -- 7.34. ON NOUNS AND VERBS -- 7.35. ON NOUNS -- 7.36. ON VERBS -- 7.4. Numerals -- 7.5. Verbs -- 7.51. THE "SUPINE"-STEM -- 7.511. SPECIAL MORPHOPHONEMIC REPLACEMENTS -- 7.512. FORMATION OF "SUPINE"-STEMS. -- 7.52. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.53. ON ADJECTIVES -- 7.54. ON NOUNS -- 7.55. ON VERBS -- 7.56. ON ADVERBS -- 7.6. Adverbs -- 7.61. ON ADJECTIVES -- 7.62. ON ADVERBS -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 -- 8.PREFIXATION -- 8.1. Verbs -- 8.11. ON SUBSTANTIVES AND VERBS -- 8.12. ON VERBS -- 8.2. Adverbs -- 9. COMPOUNDING -- 9.1. Endocentric Compounds -- 9.11. ADJECTIVES -- 9.12. NOUNS. -- 9.13. NUMERALS. -- 9.14. VERBS. -- 9.15. ADVERBS -- 9.2. Exocentric Compounds -- 9.21. VERBS -- 9.22. ADVERBS -- IV. FROM LATIN TO PROTO-ROMANCE -- 10. INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES -- 10.1. Nouns -- 10.11. PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.12. LATIN -- 10.120. FROM PIE TO LATIN. -- 10.121. AUTOMATIC REPLACEMENTS -- 10.122. NOUN-CLASSES. -- 10.13. PROTO-ROMANCE.10.2. Adjectives -- 10.21. PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.22. LATIN -- 10.221. AUTOMATIC REPLACEMENTS -- 10.222. ADJECTIVE-CLASSES. -- 10.223. INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS -- 10.224. MORPHOPHONEMIC ALTERNATIONS -- 10.23. PROTO-ROMANCE ADJECTIVES -- 10.3. Numerals -- 10.4. Pronouns -- 10.5. Verbs -- 10.51. PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.52. LATIN -- 10.6. INDECLINABLES -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 -- 11. DERIVATIONAL CATEGORIES -- 11.1. Derivational Patterns -- 11.2. Derivational Processes -- 11.21. SUFFIXATION. -- 11.22. PREFIXATION -- 11.23. COMPOUNDING -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 11 -- V. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ROMANCE -- 12. INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES AND MORPHOPHONEMICS -- 12.1. Loss of Contrasts -- 12.2. Development of New Contrasts -- 12.21. INDEFINITE ARTICLE -- 12.22. DEFINITE ARTICLE -- 12.23. MORPHOPHONEMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 -- 13. INFLECTIONAL CLASSES -- 13.1. Nouns -- 13.2. Adjectives -- 13.3. Pronouns -- 13.4. Numerals -- 13.5. Verbs -- 13.6.Indeclinables -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 13 -- 14. DERIVATIONAL ELEMENTS -- 14.1.Suffixation -- 14.2. Prefixation -- 14.3. Patterns of Compounding -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 14 -- VI. APPENDICES -- 15. FURTHER COMPARATIVE TABLES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- LIST OF PROTO-ROMANCE WORDS -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- AUTHORS AND TITLES -- INDEXOF TOPICSThis volume deals with the reconstructed morphology of Proto-Romance. It is the third in a series by this author. The first volume (1974, Elsevier) deals with the external history of the Romance languages: the conditions under which they developed, were used, and (in some instances) went out of use. The second volume (1976, Elsevier) treats the phonology of their common source, Proto-Romance. Together these three volumes aim to cast light, not only on Popular Latin speech by means of its surviving elements in the Romance languages, but also on the extent to which the comparative method can be regarded as valid and useful in instances where no attestations are available for a language as closely related to the reconstructed proto-language as high Classical Latin was to Proto-Romance.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Del proto-zapotecano al proto-chatino
No full textA handout for a talk given at the Fifth Conference on the Indigenous Languages of Latin America on October 7, 2011 in Austin, Texas. In it, the author discusses several of the historical sound changes that Proto-Zapotecan (the immediate ancestor of the Zapotec and Chatino languages) must have undergone to arrive at the forms reconstructed for Proto-Chatino, based on data from the modern Chatino languages and reconstructions of Proto-Chatino and Proto-Zapotec
From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
No full textThis book describes the earliest reconstructable stages of the prehistory of English, focusing specifically on linguistic structure. It outlines the grammar of Proto-Indo-European, considers the changes by which one dialect of that prehistoric language developed into Proto-Germanic, and provides a detailed account of the grammar of Proto-Germanic. In the course of his exposition Don Ringe draws on a long tradition of work on many languages, including Hittite, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Slavic, Gothic, and Old Norse. This second edition has been significantly revised to provide a more in-depth account of Proto-Indo-European, with further exploration of disputed points; it has also been updated to include new developments in the field, particularly in the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European verb and nominal inflection. The author also reconsiders some of his original approaches to specific linguistic changes and their relative chronology based on his recent research.</p
Legal challenges to redistricting plans / by Jennifer Proto, principal analyst
No full text1 online resource (11 pages)"January 28, 2021."Summarizes court decisions concerning challenges to Connecticut redistricting plans. Updates a 2011 repor
Food insecurity in Connecticut / by Jennifer Proto, principal analyst
No full text1 online resource (5 pages)"December 18, 2020.
Verifying in-state businesses for the Supplier Diversity Program / by Jennifer Proto, principal analyst
No full text1 online resource (2 pages)"November 17, 2020."Discusses how a small business verifies that its principal place of business is maintained in Connecticut for purposes of eligibility for the state's Supplier Diversity Progra
Qualifying for Medicaid for Employees with Disabilities (MED-Connect) / by Jennifer Proto, principal analyst
No full text1 online resource (2 pages)"November 25, 2020."Discusses the eligibility criteria that an individual with a disability must meet to qualify for the MED-Connect progra
Revenue caps for minority-owned small business certification / by Jennifer Proto, principal analyst
No full text1 online resource (5 pages)"May 18, 2020."Discusses states with minority-owned business certifications independent from any revenue criteri
Sophistic Proto-Ethics
No full textU identificiranju nastanka moralno-etičkog fenomena, autor polazi od uvjerenja da je on povijesnog, a ne »vječnog« karaktera. Rudimentarni oblik autor nalazi u proto-moralnoj svijesti i proto-etičkom filozofskom stajalištu sofista. U osloncu na Aristotela i Hegela, rekonstruira helenski običajnosni sustav djelatnog života i pokazuje temeljni smisao povijesnog obrata što ga sofisti u tom sustavu provode svojom filozofskom i kulturnom misijom. U tome se obratu rađa moralno-etički fenomen kao učinak sofističkog konfrontiranja razumskog (razložnog) mišljenja tradicijskoj predodžbenoj svijesti.In order to identify genesis of moral-ethical phenomenon, author starts from certainty of its historical, and not “eternal”, character. Its rudimental form is found in proto-moral consciousness and proto-ethical philosophical standpoint of the Sophists. Resting upon Aristotle and Hegel, author reconstructs Hellenic system of ethical life (Sittlichkeit) and shows the meaning of historical turn the Sophists made within that system by their own philosophical and cultural mission. Within this turn, moral-ethical phenomenon was born as a product of sophistic confrontation of principle of reason (reasoning) with traditional representational consciousness
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Proto-Ersuic
No full textThis is a reconstruction of Proto-Ersuic, the ancestor language of Lizu, Tosu, and Ersu, three closely related languages spoken in southwestern Sichuan which are generally considered to be part of the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman. To date, no in-depth historical work has been carried out on these languages. Approximately 800 lexical items are reconstructed based primarily on data from six sources: Mianning Lizu (data collected by the author in Mianning County, Sichuan, in 2008 and 2010), two sources for Kala Lizu (Muli County, one modern and one older source), Naiqu Lizu (Jiulong County), and two varieties of Ersu (Zeluo and Qingshui, both in Ganluo County).Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to Lizu, Tosu, and Ersu, along with basic information for each source to help the reader properly interpret the phonetic transcriptions and parse the individual forms for each language.Chapter 2 presents the Proto-Ersuic syllable canon, providing the skeleton upon which the individual reconstructions are built.Chapters 3 and 4 lay out the complete inventory of Proto-Ersuic initials and rhymes. All reconstructed consonants and vowels are supported by comprehensive cognate sets demonstrating regular sound correspondences across the languages, with exceptions carefully noted.Chapter 5 offers a reconstruction of the lexical tones of Proto-Ersuic, with a general unmarked tone assigned to most words and a second, marked, tone of unclear origin specified on a minority of the lexicon.Chapter 6 presents an outline of shared morphosyntax that can be reconstructed to the Proto-Ersuic level, specifically morphosyntax related to nouns, verbs, and numerals/classifiers.Chapter 7 brings together all the sound changes that yielded the regular correspondences presented in Chapters 3 and 4, organizing them by language, and ordering them chronologically. From these sound changes emerges a picture of the internal structure (i.e. subgrouping) of Ersuic.Chapter 8 takes a top-down approach, examining the sound changes from Proto-Tibeto-Burman to Proto-Ersuic and attempting to find regular patterns in the development of Proto-Tibeto-Burman rhymes, initials, and prefixes. Comparisons with other languages and branches of Tibeto-Burman are made as well in an attempt to uncover new roots.The final chapter (Chapter 9) addresses the place of Proto-Ersuic in Tibeto-Burman, summarizing current views on the matter and offering some speculations on how the results of the present study might help us decide how Proto-Ersuic fits in the larger Tibeto-Burman family tree
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