263 research outputs found
The future of forensic science education
No full textThis chapter explores the impact and implications of the new teaching exercise framework (TEF) and the future of the research exercise framework (REF) for forensic science education. It also considers the current and future for wide-ranging discussions about, and dissemination of, good practice in teaching, learning and assessment in forensic science and related disciplines. A prediction of the next decade of education in light of falling student numbers, increasing university fees and reduced opportunities for funding coupled with a shrinking forensic jobs market is considered. One aspect that will define forensic practice and education over the next decade and beyond is accreditation of not only forensic sciences education but also of practitioners and forensic science providers. Accreditation is based upon a series of 'component standards'. The standards address specific areas of forensic practice and are intended to augment underlying scientific knowledge of the forensic components
Taphonomic Facilities as Teaching Aids
No full textThe establishment of the human taphonomic facility helped drive the interest in human decomposition and boosted the term taphonomy into the forensic science arena. Discussions of human taphonomy began to appear in the forensic literature based upon observations made at the University of Tennessee facility. Forensic taphonomic research within the United Kingdom and Europe has focused on the use of animal models, notably the domestic pig, Sus scrofa. Whether human cadavers or animal models are used to study decomposition and factors that influence the process, the goals of modern forensic taphonomy research remain the same. Understanding soft tissue and bone decomposition and distribution discriminating post‐ from peri‐mortem modification, and more accurate post‐mortem interval estimation are the key foci. From a pedagogical perspective, taphonomy facilities are extremely valuable learning and teaching tools. In order to create a facility for taphonomy research and teaching at a university site, a suitable piece of land has to be acquired
Coccidae Stephens 1829
No full textCOCCIDAE abietis Physokermes (Modeer) 4f, 5i, d. Physokermes piceae (Schrank). acaciae Ceronema Hall 1f, 1i, d. Ceronema africanum Macfie. acaciae Ceroplastodes Cockerell 1f, d. acericola Pulvinaria (Walsh & Riley) 1f, d. actiniformis Ceroplastes Green 11, d. acuminatum Lecanium Signoret 2f, d. Kilifia acuminata (Signoret). acutissimum Lecanium Green 7f, d. Coccus acutissimus (Green). adenostomae Lecanium Kuwana d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). adersi Lecanium Newstead 4f, d. Neoplatylecanium adersi (Newstead). aequale Lecanium Newstead 2f, d. Coccus aequalis (Newstead). africanum Ceronema Macfie 2f, d. africanum Lecanium Newstead 2f, d. Coccus africanus (Newstead). africanus Ceroplastes Green 5f, d. Waxiella africana (Green). africanus cristatus Green 1f. Waxiella egbarum (Cockerell). africanus senegalensis Ceroplastes Marchal 1f, d. Waxiella senegalensis (Marchal). albata Tectopulvinaria Hempel 3f, d. americanum Lecanium Targioni Tozzetti d. Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus). amygdali Pulvinaria Cockerell 1f, d. andersoni Akermes Newstead 1f, d. Pseudocribrolecanium andersoni (Newstead). antidesmae Lecanium Green 3f. Coccus antidesmae (Green). antigoni Pulvinaria Green 1f. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell. araucariae Ctenochiton Green 1f, d. arborescens Ctenochiton Laing 1f, d. Avricus arborescens (Laing). argentina Pulvinaria Leonardi d. Alichtensia argentina (Leonardi). argentina Saissetia Morrison 1f, d. Differococcus argentinus (Morrison). arion Lecanium Lindinger 1f, d. Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell). aristolochiae Pulvinaria Newstead 1f, d. Lagosinia aristolochiae (Newstead). armata Saissetia Takahashi 2f, d. Platysaissetia armata (Takahashi). armatus Pseudokermes (Cockerell) d. armeniacum Lecanium Craw 1f, d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). artemisiae Ctenochiton Hall 1f, d. Rhizopulvinaria halli Borchsenius. artemisiae Pulvinaria Signoret 1f. Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret). arundinariae Lecanium Green 1f. Maacoccus arundinariae (Green). asymmetricum Platylecanium Morrison 1f. attenuata Alichtensia (Hempel) 2f, d. aurantiacum Lecanium (Eulecanium) Hunter 1f, d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). aurantii Pulvinaria Cockerell 1f, d. australis Inglisia Hempel 1f, d. australis Luzulaspis (Maskell) 1f, d. Symonicoccus australis (Maskell). aztecus Ctenochiton Townsend & Cockerell d. baccatus Cryptes Maskell 4f, d. bambusicola Lecanium Green 2f, d. Megalocryptes bambusicola (Green). berliniae Ceroplastes Hall 2f, d. Waxiella subsphaerica (Newstead). bicruciatus Lecanium Green 12f, d. Maacoccus bicruciatus (Green). bigeloviae Pulvinaria Cockerell d. bituberculatum Lecanium Signoret 2f, d. Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret). bivalvatus Cardiococcus (Green) 1f, d. brachurus Ceroplastes Cockerell 1f, d. brasiliae Pseudalichtensia Hempel d. broadwayi Philephedra (Cockerell) 3f, d. bruneri Akermes Cockerell d. bruneri Ceroplastes Cockerell & Cockerell d. bunzlii Cryptostigma Green 1f, d. Cryptostigma urichi (Cockerell). burkilii Pulvinaria Green 1f. Megapulvinaria burkilii (Green). caesalpiniae Cyphococcus Laing 1f. cajani Ceroplastodes (Maskell) 6f, 2m, 3i. Drepanococcus cajani (Maskell). cajani Lecanium Newstead 1f. Coccus cajani (Newstead). calophylli Paralecanium (Green) 4f, d. campomanesiae Lecanium Hempel d. Magnococcus campomanesiae (Hempel). canadense Leanium Cockerell d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). capparidis Lecanium Green 3f, d. Coccus capparidis (Green). caryae Lecanium Fitch d. Eulecanium caryae (Fitch). cassiniae Lecanium Maskell 1f, d. Saissetia cassiniae (Maskell). castilloae Cardiococcus (Green) 2f, 3i, d. Dicyphococcus castilloae (Green). catori Lecanium Green 1f, d. Udinia catori (Green). caudatum Ceronema Froggatt 2f, 1i, d. caudatum Lecanium Green 9f, d. Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). caviramicolus Coccus Morrison 3f, d. cellulosa Pulvinaria Green 5f, d. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell. cerasifex Lecanium Fitch 3f, d. Parthenolecanium cerasifex (Fitch). cerasorum Lecanium Cockerell d. Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell). cerei Lecanium Green 1f. Saissetia cerei (Green). ceriferus Ceroplastes (Fabricius) 14f, d. ceylonica Lecanopsis Green 2f, d. Membranaria ceylonica (Green). chelonioides Inglisia Green 2f, 1i, d. chelonioides Lecanium Newstead 1f, d. Eucalymnatus chelonioides (Newstead). chiton Ceroplastodes Green 7f, d. Drepanococcus chiton (Green). ciliatum Lecanium Douglas 2f, d. Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas). cinnamomi Ctenochiton Green 2f, d. cinnamomi Neoplatylecanium Takahashi 1f. circularis Coccus Morrison 2f, d. circumdatus Ceroplastes Green 2f, d. cirripediformis Ceroplastes Comstock 4f, d. cistudiformis Ceroplastes Cockerell 1f, d. citricola Coccus Campbell 1f, d. Coccus magnoliarum (Kuwana). citricola Pulvinaria (Kuwana) 1f. cockerelli Lecanium Hunter d. Eulecanium caryae (Fitch). cocophyllae Paralecanium Banks 1f, d. cocotis Platylecanium Laing 1f. colemani Coccus Kannan 1f, d. coloradensis Eriopeltis Cockerell 2f, d. coloratus Ceroplastes Cockerell 1f, d. communis Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. Ceroplastes formicarius Hempel. conchiformis Cardiococcus (Newstead) 2f, d. Vitrococcus conchiformis (Newstead). confluens Ceroplates Cockerell &Tinsley 1f, d. coniformis Ceroplastes Newstead 1f, d. Ceroplastes theobromae Newstead. contexta Pulvinaria Froggatt 3f, d. Pulvinaria flavicans Maskell. convexa Protopulvinaria Hempel d. Stictolecanium convexum (Hempel). convexa Pulvinaria Hempel 1f, d. Stictolecanium convexum (Hempel). cooleyi Pseudokermes King 1f. coriaceum Hemilecanium Hall 1f. corni Lecanium Bouché 18f, 3i, d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). corni-crudum Lecanium Green 3f, 1m, d. Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki) (in part). cornuparvum Neolecanium (Thro) d. coryli Lecanium (Linnaeus) 16, d. Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus). craniumequinum Scythia Kiritchenko 2f, d. crassum Lecanium (Saissetia) Green 4f, d. Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). crawii Lecanium Ehrhorn 1f, d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). crescentiae Lichtensia Cockerell d. Philephedra crescentiae (Cockerell). cribrigerum Neolecanium Cockerell & Robinson d. Platylecanium cribrigerum (Cockerell & Robinson). crustuliforme Neolecanium Green 3f, d. Platysaissetia crustuliformis (Green). cuneatus Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock. cupaniae Pulvinaria Cockerell 1f, d. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell. cussoniae Pulvinaria Hall 1f, d. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell. dactylis Luzulaspis Green 6f, d. daleae Ceroplastodes Cockerell d. Ceroplastodes dugesii (Signoret). decemplex Lecanium Newstead 1f, d. Eucalymnatus decemplex (Newstead). deciduosus Ceroplastes Morrison 1f, d. denudatus Ceroplastes Cockerell 9f, d. Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus). depressa Pulvinaria Hempel d. depressum Lecanium Targioni Tozzetti 8f, d. Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). desolatum Lecanium Green 2f, d. Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green). destructor brevicauda Ceroplastes Hall 1f, d. Ceroplastes brevicauda Hall. destructor Ceroplastes Newstead d. diospyros Ceroplastes Hempel d. discoidalis Pulvinaria Hall 1f, d. Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov). discoides Lecanium Hempel 2f, d. Saissetia discoides (Hempel). discrepans Lecanium Green 17f, d. Coccus discrepans (Green). diversipes Coccus Cockerell 1f, d. Kilifia diversipes (Cockerell). dodonaeae Pulvinaria Maskell 2f, d. dorsociliatum Lecanium Green & Mamet 1f, d. Trijuba oculata (Brain). douglasi Lecanium Šulc 2f, d. Eulecanium douglasi (Šulc). dugesii Ceroplastes Townsend (wrong author) 1f, d. Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein. durantae Pulvinaria Takahashi 1f, d. durum Lecanium Hempel d. Saissetia dura (Hempel). egbarum Ceroplastes Cockerell 1f, d. Waxiella egbarum (Cockerell). elegans Lecanium (Leonardi) d. Eulecanium elegans Leonardi. elongata durbanensis Munro & Fouché nomen nudum 1f. Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret). elongata Pulvinaria Newstead 4f, d. elongatum Lecanium Signoret 22f, d. Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius). ephedrae Lichtensia Newstead 2f, d. Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead). erianthi Luzulaspis Green nomen nudum d. ericae Pulvinaria Löw 2f, d. Phyllostroma myrtilli (Kaltenbach). eucalypti Ctenochiton Maskell 1f, d. eugeniae Lecanium Hempel d. Eulecanium eugeniae (Hempel). eugeniae Pulvinaria Hempel d. expansum javanicum Paralecanium (Green) 4f, d. expansum metallicum Paralecanium (Green) 2f. expansum Paralecanium (Green) 15f, d. expansum quadratum Paralecanium (Green) 5f, d. Paralecanium quadratum (Green). expansum rotundum Paralecanium (Green) 2f, d. fagi Inglisia Maskell d. Crystallotesta fagi (Maskell). farinosus Exaeretopus Green 2f, d. Tectopulvinaria farinosa (Green). farquarsoni Lecanium (Saissetia) Newstead 1i, d. Udinia farquarsoni (Newstead). ferox Platysaissetia Newstead 1f, d. Hemilecanium ferox (Newstead). festucae Eriopeltis (Boyer de Fonscolombe) 19f, 1m, 3i. ficus Ceroplastes Newstead 1f, d. ficus Lecanium Maskell 1f, d. Coccus longulus (Douglas). ficus Pulvinaria Hempel 2f, d. filamentosum Lecanium Newstead 1f, d. Pulvinarisca filamentosa (Newstead). filicum Lecanium (Boisduval) 2f. Saissetia coffeae (Walker). fitchii Lecanium Signoret d. Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché). flaveolum Lecanium Cockerell 1f, d. Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus). flavus Ctenochiton Maskell 1f, d. Plumichiton flavus (Maskell). fletcheri Lecanium Cockerell d. Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell). floccifera Pulvinaria (Westwood) 5f, d. floridensis Ceroplastes Comstock 14f, d. floridensis japonicus Ceroplastes Green 1f. Ceroplastes japonicus Green. foraminifer Cardiococcus (Maskell) 2f, d. formicarii Lecanium Green 8f, d. Coccus formicarii (Green). formicarius Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. formicarum Cribrolecanium Green 3f, d. formicarum Lecanopsis Newstead 1f, d. formiceticola Exaeretopus Newstead 6f, d. formicophilus Ctenochiton Green 2f. formosae Eriochiton Takahashi 1f, d. Megapulvinaria maxima (Green). formosus Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. fossilis Cardiococcus (Maskell) 1f, d. fourcauldi Filippia Balachowsky 1f. Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead). franconicum Lecanium Lindinger 1f, d. Eulecanium franconicum (Lindinger). frenchii Paralecanium (Maskell) 2f, d. frontale Lecanium Green 5f, d. Coccus longulus (Douglas). frontalis Luzulaspis Green 4f, d. fryeri Ceronema Green 1f. fryeri Ctenochiton Green 1f, d. fulleri Cissococcus Cockerell d. fusiforme Lecanium 2f, d. Platylecanium fusiforme (Green). galeatus Ceroplastes Newstead 1f, d. geometricum Paralecanium (Green) 7f, d. geranii Inglisia Brain 1f, d. Cryptinglisia lounsburyi (Cockerell). ghesquierei Loemica Laing 1f. giganteus Ceroplastes Dozier 2f, d. glanulosum Lecanium Hempel d. Saissetia glanulosa (Hempel). grabhami Pulvinaria Cockerell 9f, d. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell. gracilis Parafairmairia Green 4f, d. grandis Alecanopsis Green 3f. grandis Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. grevilleae Neolecanochiton Hempel 2f, d. guilliemondi Ceroplastodes Mahdihassan nomen nudum d. gymnospori Lecanium Green 2f, d. Coccus gymnospori (Green). haloxyloni Ctenochiton Hall 3f, d. Acantholecanium haloxyloni (Hall). helichrysi Ceroplastes Hall d. hemisphaericum Lecanium Targioni Tozzetti 13f, 2m, 1i. Saissetia coffeae (Walker). herrerae Neolecanium Cockerell 1f, d. hesperidum lauri Lecanium (Boisduval) 2f, d. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. hesperidum Lecanium (Linnaeus) 46f, d. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. horii Pulvinaria Kuwana 1f, d. hurae Lecanium Newstead d. Saissetia hurae (Newstead). iceryoides Ceronema Green 1f. Marsipococcus iceryoides (Green). idesiae Pulvinaria Kuwana 3f, d. iheringi Ceroplastes Cockerell 1f, d. illuppalamae Lecanium Green 2f, d. Coccus illuppalamae (Green). imbricans Hemilecanium (Green) 8f, 1m, 1i, d. imbricatum Neolecanium (Cockerell) d. immanis Ceroplastes Green 2f, d. impar Lecanium Cockerell 3f, d. Mesolecanium impar (Cockerell). inclusus Ctenochiton Green 1f. inconspicua Inglisia Maskell d. Aphenochiton inconspicuus (Maskell). ingae Cryptostigma Ferris 2f. Cryptostigma inquilinum (Newstead). innumerabilis Pulvinaria (Rathvon) 1f, d. Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon). insignicola Physokermes (Cockerell) 1f, d. ixorae Lecanium Green 2f, d. Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green). ixorae Pulvinaria Green 1f. jacksoni Pulvinaria Newstead 4f, d. Pulvinarisca jacksoni (Newstead). jaculator Lecanium Green & Laing 1f. Coccus jaculator (Green & Laing). jahandiezi Luzulaspis Balachowsky 1f. Poaspis jahandiezi (Balachowsky). jamaicencis Cryptostigma Newstead nomen nudum 1f. Cryptostigma inquilinum (Newstead). Note: the specific name was originally a manuscript name by Newstead. janeirensis Ceroplastes Gray 2f, d. japonica Protopulvinaria Kuwana 1f, d. Protopulvinaria fukayai (Kuwana). japonica Takahashia Cockerell 1f, d. kellyi Saissetia Brain 1f, d. Hemilecanium kellyi (Brain). koebeli Ceronema Green 4f, 1m, d. kunoensis Lecanium Kuwana d. Eulecanium kunoense (Kuwana). latioperculatum Lecanium Green 4f, d. Coccus latioperculatus (Green). lepida Pulvinaria Brain 2f, d. Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret). leptospermi Inglisia Maskell 1f, d. Crystallotesta leptospermi (Maskell). lichenoides Lecanium Green 3f, d. Pulvinaria horii Kuwana. lichtensteini Eriopeltis Signoret 4f, d. limbatum Paralecanium (Green) 1f. liriodendri Lecanium (Gmelin) d. Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin). littoralis Lichtensia Bodkin nomen nudum d. Note: Bodkin (1922: 61) credited the name to Newstead. lomagundiae Toumeyella Hall 3f, 1i, d. Hallicoccus lomagundiae (Hall). longicauda Ceroplastes Brain 1f, d. longicauda sapii Ceroplastes Hall d. Ceroplastes longicauda Brain. longicornis Exaeretopus (Green) 6f, d. Vittacoccus longicornis (Green). longivalvata Protopulvinaria Green 4f, d. longulum Lecanium Douglas 16f, d. Coccus longulus (Douglas). loranthi Tectopulvinaria Froggatt 1f, d. lucidum Mesolecanium Hempel d. lucidus Ceroplastes Hempel 5f, d. lutea Lichtensia Cockerell d. Philephedra lutea (Cockerell). luzonicum Paralecanium Cockerell 1f, d. Podoparalecanium luzonicum (Cockerell). luzulae Luzulaspis ( Dufour) 10f, d. lycii Lichtensia Cockerell d. Metapulvinaria lycii (Cockerell). macarangae Coccus Morrison 3f, d. machili Paralecanium Takahashi 1f, d. Podoparalecanium machili (Takahashi). maclurae Pulvinaria (Fitch) d. Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus). maculatum Lecanium Signoret 1f. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. madagascariensis Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti 2f, d. Ceroplastes madagascariensis (Targioni Tozzetti). magnifica Vinsonia Green 2f, d. Ceroplastes magnificus (Green). magnoliarum Lecanium Cockerell d. Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius). malvacearum Inglisia Cockerell d. mancum Paralecanium (Green) 1f. mangiferae Lecanium Green 11f, d. Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green). marginatum Paralecanium (Green) 2f, 1i, d. maritimum Paralecanium (Green) 5f, 1m, d. marquesi Alecanochiton Hempel 1f, d. marsupiale Lecanium Green 4f, d. Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green). maskelli Pulvinaria Oliff 2f, d. Megapulvinaria maskelli (Oliff). maskelli spinosior Pulvinaria Maskell 1f, d. Megapulvinaria maskelli (Oliff). mauritiense Lecanium Mamet 2f, d. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. maxima Pulvinaria Green 15f, 1m, d. Megapulvinaria maxima (Green). mayteni Lecanium Hempel d. Mesolecanium mayteni (Hempel). melaleucae Ceroplastodes (Green) 2f, d. melaleucae Lecanium Maskell d. Coccus melaleucae (Maskell). mercarae Lecanium Ramakrishna Ayyar nomen nudum d. Note: this was originally a manuscript name by Green. mesembrianthemi Pulvinaria (Vallot) 3f, d. Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot). mimosae Ceroplastes Signoret 1f, d. Waxiella mimosae (Signoret). mimosae Lichtensia Townsend & Cockerell d. Philephedra mimosae (Townsend & Cockerell). minimum pinicola Lecanium Maskell d. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. minor Lecanochiton Maskell 2f, d. mirabile Lecanium Cockerell d. Toumeyella mirabilis (Cockerell). mirificum Lecanium Maskell d. Saissetia mirifica (Maskell). mirus Alecanopsis Green 3f, d. misiones Ceroplastodes Morrison d. Alichtensia argentina (Leonardi). monotes Saissetia Hall d. montrichardiae Platylecanium Newstead 1f, d. Hemilecanium montrichardiae (Newstead). moreirai Eutaxia Green 2f, d. msasae Lecanium Hall 1f. Eumashona msasae (Hall). muiri Coccus Kotinsky 1f. nectandrae Toumeyella Hempel d. nerii Ceroplastes Newstead 2f, d. Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus). nigrella Saissetia King d. nigrofasciatum Lecanium Pergande 1f, d. Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande). nigrum Lecanium Nietner 11f, 1m, d. Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). nitens Pseudokermes (Cockerell) 1f, d. nivea Ceroplastodes (Cockerell) 1f, d. Ceroplastodes dugesii (Signoret). noacki Platinglisia Cockerell 1f, d. notatum Lecanium Maskell d. Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell. novaesi Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. Ceroplastes lucidus Hempel. numismaticum Lecanium Petit & McDaniel 1f, d. Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell). oculata Lecanium (Brain) d. Trijuba oculata (Brain). oleae Filippia (Costa) as a misidentification, 4f, d. Filippia follicularis (Targioni Tozzetti). oleae Lecanium (Olivier) 17f, 1i, d. Saissetia oleae (Olivier). oleae rhusae Filippia Hall 1f, d. Lichtensia chilianthi (Brain). olivaceum Ctenochiton Green 1f, d. Ctenochiton olivaceus Green. ophiorrhizae Lecanium Green 3f, d. Coccus ophiorrhizae (Green). opimum Lecanium Green 3f, d. Coccus opimus (Green). ornata Inglisia Maskell d. Crystallotesta ornata (Maskell). ornatum Lecanium Hempel d. Stictolecanium ornatum (Hempel). paradelpha Pulvinaria Cockerell & Lidgett 1f, d. Pulvinaria thompsoni Maskell. paranaensis Pulvinaria Hempel d. parvus Ceroplastes Green 2f, d. patella Inglisia Maskell 2f, d. paulista Toumeyella Hempel d. pela Ericerus (Chavannes) 1f, 1m, d. penangensis Coccus Morrison 4d, d. pendens Pendularia Fonseca 1f. pendens Takahashia (Fonseca) d. Pendularia pendens Fonseca. peradeniyense Paralecanium (Green) 4f, 1i, d. perconvexum Lecanium Cockerell d. Octolecanium perconvexum (Cockerell). perforatum Lecanium Newstead d. Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret). perforatus Ctenochiton Maskell 1f, d. Kalasiris perforata (Maskell). perlatum Lecanium Cockerell 3f, d. Parthenolecanium perlatum (Cockerell). persicae Lecanium (Fabricius) 8f, d. Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius). phoradendri Lecanium Cockerell d. Mesolecanium phoradendri (Cockerell). pini Lecanium King d. Toumeyella pini (King). pinicola Toumeyella Ferris 1f, d. piperis Ctenochiton Maskell 3f, d. Epelidochiton piperis (Maskell). piperis Lecanium Green 4f, d. Maacoccus piperis piperis (Green). piperis namunakuli Lecanium Green 2f, d. Maacoccus piperis namunakuli (Green). pistaciae Pulvinaria Bodenheimer 2f, d. Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer). planum Paralecanium (Green) 4f, d. plucheae Pulvinaria Ehrhorn d. plumbaginis Ceroplastes Cockerell 1f, d. Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock. polygonata Pulvinaria Cockerell 3f, d. pruinosum Lecanium Coquillet d. Parthenolecanium pruinosum (Coquillet). prunastri Lecanium (Boyer de Fonscolombe) 4f, d. Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe). pruni Pulvinaria Hunter 1f, d. pseudexpansum Lecanium Green 2f, d. Paralecanium pseudexpansum (Green). pseudhesperidum Lecanium Cockerell 4f, d. Coccus pseudhesperidum (Cockerell). Note: the hyphen in the original spelling of the specific name Lecanium pseud-hesperidum as published in Cockerell (1895: 381) is at the end of a line and was probably inserted by the printer as a line break. Green’s material is missing the hyphen on the labels. Article 32.5.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nemenclatue (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) states that the hyphen must be removed. The correct spelling, therefore, is pseudhesperidum here amended. The spelling pseudohesperidum by Fernald (1903: 173), accepted by subsequent authors, was unjustified. It is not clear where Cockerell’s original slide is deposited. Although some dry material in the United States National Museum collection at Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A. (USNM) is labelled L. pseudhesperidum, slides marked “Type” in the USNM with original data are labelled Lecanium pseudohesperidum but not in Cockerell’s handwriting. It is probable that these slides were prepared after the original publication and labelled following the spelling in Fernald (1903). pseudoceriferus Ceroplastes Green 5f, d. pseudomagnoliarum Lecanium Kuwana 1f. Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana). pseudosemen Lecanium Cockerell d. Magnococcus peudosemen (Cockerell). pseudotessellatum Lecanium Newstead d. Eulecanium pseudotessellatum (Newstead). psidii Ceroplastes (Chavannes) 1f, d. Ceroplastes janeirensis Gray. psidii Lecanium Green 6f, d. Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green). psidii philippina Pulvinaria Cockerell 1f. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell. psidii Pulvinaria Maskell 34f, d. pulchella Pulvinella Hempel 1f, d. pulchrum Lecanium Reh (as King) 1f, d. Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cockerell). punctuliferum Lecanium Green 6f, d. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus. purpureus Ceroplastes Hempel 1f, d. pyri Lecanium (Schrank) d. Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus). pyriformis Protopulvinaria (Cockerell) 3f, d. quadratus Ceroplastes Green 2f, d. quadrifasciata Toumeyella Cockerell 1f, d. quadrilineatus Ceroplastes Newstead 1f, d. quadrilineatus royenae Hall 1f, d. Ceroplastes royenae Hall. quadrilineatus simplex Brain 3f, d. Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus). quaintancii Pseudophilippia Cockerell 2f, d. quercifex Lecanium Fitch d. Parthenolecanium quercifex
What qualifies as a cluster theory?
No full textThis paper investigates the theoretical backgrounds of the “cluster” and proposes a framework aiming at drawing the contour of cluster theory. The profundity of the notion of ‘clusters’ is arguably conditional on the coherence of three fundamental issues associated with the concept: 1) the economic and social benefits that may accrue to firms when clustering or co-locating (the existence argument); 2) the diseconomies encountered when clustering exceeds certain geographical and sectoral thresholds (the extension argument); and, finally, 3) the possible erosion of economies and onset of diseconomies over the lifecycle of the cluster (the exhaustion argument). Each of these three issues is examined in terms of three relevant major theoretical frameworks that can be brought to bear on the cluster concept. The paper considers approaches based on the idea of externalities (illustrated by the Marshall's work on ‘Industrial district’); on competitiveness issue (illustrated by Michael Porter’s theory of cluster growth); on a territorial perspective (illustrated by the GREMI approach). The paper acknowledges the general shift in explanatory emphasis from considerations of static cost efficiency towards more dynamic interpretations that highlight the creation and use of knowledge as their pivotal theoretical element. By placing these changes within a common conceptual framework the paper shows how different theoretical solutions provide distinct points of departure for subsequent policy recommendations. Three distinctive groups of solutions are identified focusing respectively on local spillovers, on competitiveness and on the region and its development. The paper concludes by identifying areas of particular ambiguity where further theoretical work is most urgently needed.Cluster, cluster theory, industrial district, innovative milieu, regional policy
The Cluster as Market Organization
No full textThe many competing schools of thought concerning themselves with industrial clusters have at least one thing in common: they all agree that clusters are real life phenomena characterized by the co-localization of separate economic entities, which are in some sense related, but not joined together by any common ownership or management. So hierarchies they are certainly not. Yet, it is usually taken for granted that clusters, almost regardless of how they are defined, all expatriate the 'swollen middle' of various hybrid 'forms of long-term contracting, reciprocal trading, regulation, franchising and the like' residing somewhere between hierarchies and markets. This fundamental (but usually implicit) assumption would, perhaps, be justified if markets could be reduced to events of exchange of property rights, between large numbers of price-taking anonymous buyers and sellers supplied with perfect information as they are commonly conceived in mainstream economics. One of the original attractions of Neoclassical price theory was precisely that it promised a way of analysing the economy in general and market exchange in particular independently of specific institutional settings. However, introducing transaction costs as more than fees paid to intermediaries leads inevitably to comparative institutional analysis and, not to be forgotten, to the perception of markets as institutions with specific characteristics of their own. Some sets of characteristics are so common that they represent a specific market organization or market form. The cluster is one such specific market organization that is structured along territorial lines because this enables the building of a set of institutions that are helpful in conducting certain kinds of economic activities. Supported by empirical illustrations the paper argues that clusters are markets where commodities, services and knowledge are traded in a notably efficient way among the insiders without restricting their abilities to build pipelines and to interact with suppliers and customers residing elsewhere. The institutions characterizing this market form help creating an environment among insiders that reduces the barriers to acquiring and utilising knowledge produced or used locally.Clusters, organisation, knowledge transfer, transaction costs
Volatile substance abuse:fatal overdose with dimethylether
No full textWith all of the recent publicity over novel psychoactive substances it is easy to forget that other easily available intoxicants can be found.
Dimethyl ether (DME), also known as methylether, is an extremely flammable volatile organic
compound with chemical structure CH3OCH3. This ether is a by-product of methanol production and
is a colourless gas or liquid with ether like odour. Dimethyl ether has been used as a fuel, an aerosol propellant, a refrigerant and in ‘freeze’ sprays. Dimethyl ether is an asphyxiant, but in liquid form it
can act as a refrigerant. When inhaled, it is recognised to produce symptoms of euphoria, agitation,
headache, and slurred speech (1,2).
Very little is known about the acute or chronic effects of dimethyl ether in humans. The UK shortterm
exposure limit is 500 ppm and the long-term exposure limit is 400 ppm (3).
Recently the presence of the volatile substance dimethyl ether was identified in brain tissue of a 38
year old man with history of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Due to the lipid
solubility of dimethylether they can easily cross lipid membranes and distribute to well perfused
organs such as the brain (4). The body was in a moderate state of decomposition surrounded with a
number of aerosol cans (Muscle “ freeze” spray). Dimethyl ether was found in combination with
ethanol in brain and other prescribed drugs (Gabapentin & Trazadone) in skeletal muscle. Due to the
extensive putrefaction seen in the specimen, some if not all the ethanol detected could be a product
of this process.
Dimethyl ether, as a refrigerant and if sprayed into the mouth/throat, could stimulate the branch of
the vagus nerve at the back of the throat. Stimulation of the vagus nerve causes the heart to slow.
Over stimulation could cause the heart to stop. Myocardial ischemia caused by coronary
vasospasm has also been hypothesised as a mechanism of death (4). As an asphyxiant its effects would
include depression of the breathing and conscious levels.
Taking into consideration of the history, circumstances surrounding the death and the toxicological
findings, death was attributed to volatile substance abuse. The medical community should be aware
of the availability of volatile abuse of Muscle “freeze” spray containing dimethyl within the U
Clusters and Knowledge Local Buzz, Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation
No full textThe paper is concerned with spatial clustering of economic activity and its relation to the spatiality of knowledge creation in various sorts of interactive learning processes. It questions the merit of the prevailing explanatory model where the realm of tacit knowledge transfer is confined to local milieus whereas codified knowledge may roam the globe almost frictionless. When doing so the paper highlights the conditions under which both tacit and codified knowledge can be exchanged locally and globally. A distinction is made between, on the one hand, the learning processes taking place among actors embedded in a community by just being there - dubbed buzz - and, on the other, the knowledge attained by investing in building channels of communication - called pipelines - to selected providers located outside the local milieu. It is argued, that the co-existence of high levels of buzz and many pipelines may provide firms located in outward looking and lively clusters with a string of particular advantages not available to outsiders. Finally, some prescriptive elements, stemming from the argument, are identified.knowledge creation, clusters, buzz, pipelines, absorptive capacity
The Design and Implementation of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) in Forensic Science Assessment
No full textThis chapter introduces some of the literature surrounding multiple choice questions (MCQs) and their design and implementation. Designing a collection of questions for MCQ formative and summative assessments is the first step towards implementation. The next stage is to identify where, when and how to use them. The variety of uses and design features that are offered by MCQ assessments means that they are very useful in forensic science education and can be robustly utilised to assess the skills desired from an individual required to work in the criminal justice system. The effect of chance and answer guessing in MCQ tests and test reliability has been explored by Burton (2001). Burton shows methods for quantifying the effects of chance so that appropriate test length and number of answer options can be more reliably designed
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