349,697 research outputs found
Labor Market Transitions in Peru
No full textTraditional labor market analysis based solely on the net unemployment rate fails to explain the apparent paradox between a relatively moderate unemployment rate in Peru (around 10%, with a weak sensibility to wide macroeconomic fluctuations), and the fact that unemployment is one of the major issues in Peru. One possible explanation is that this static indicator of cross section net unemployment balance is compatible with high flows in and out of employment states. To address these issues we needed to conduct a dynamic analysis using panel data. Using the Peruvian national household survey (ENAHO), we constructed a panel of working age individuals at the national level for the period 1997-1999. Like previous work in developing countries, we found that there is an important degree of job mobility in Peru. We also found that most of the transitions occur between employment and inactivity instead of between employment and unemployment. We also showed that the rate of permanent unemployment is very low so that unemployment would be essentially a frictional phenomenon. Further, considering the different transition states, we elaborated an unconditional transition profile, including individual and household characteristics, like gender, age and education levels for example, associated with each transition status. Finally, after examining these labor market transitions and the possible sample selection bias, we estimated a multinomial logit model. This model allowed us to appreciate the (conditional) incidence of individual and household characteristics as well as the effects of different shocks on the labor transition states.
How does public information on central bank intervention strategies affect exchange rate volatility ? the case of Peru
No full textIntervention operations in the foreign exchange market are used by the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru to manage both the level and volatility of their exchange rates. The Banco Central de Reserva del Peru provides information to the market about the specific hours of the day interventions would take place and the total amount of intervention. It consistently buys and sells on the foreign exchange market to avoid large appreciations and depreciations of the Peruvian nuevo sol against the U.S. dollar (Sol/USD), respectively. The estimates in this paper indicate that past information on interventions has moved the sol in the intended direction but only during the time the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru has announced it would be active in the foreign exchange market. The authors also find that the expectation of future interventions by the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru decreases the volatility of the sol when it intervenes to avoid an appreciation of the sol; however, the opposite occurs when the intervention takes place to defend the sol from depreciation. Indeed, the sol has been less volatile during periods when the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru has intervened than otherwise.Debt Markets,Emerging Markets,Economic Stabilization,Currencies and Exchange Rates,Macroeconomic Management
Union caucus! The electors of the Town of Peru, … to meet … in Peru Village, On Saturday, Sept. 12, at 7 p.m. for the purpose of sending five delegates to the county convention …[Peru, IL, s. n.., 1863]
No full textIllinois 1863.; Announcement of a political meeting in Peru [Ill.] on Sept. 12, 1863.; 1. United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865
Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market: Peru 1986 - 2001
No full textPeru has one of the highest informality rates in Latin America, with almost 60 percent of the urban labor force working at the margins of labor market legislation or in microenterprises that lack basic labor market standards (Marcouiller, Ruiz de Castilla, and Woodruff, 1997). This paper identifies two factors that can explain the variation in informality rates in the 1990s. First, Peru experienced a steady increase in employment allocation in traditionally “informal” sectors—in particular, retail trade and transport. Second, there was a sharp increase in nonwage labor costs, despite a reduction in the average productivity of the economy. In addition, the paper illustrates the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the PROJOVEN youth training program.
The effect of rural-to-urban migration on social capital and common mental disorders: PERU MIGRANT study.
No full textOBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate whether there are differences in the prevalence of common mental disorders and social capital between migrant and non-migrant groups in Peru. METHODOLOGY: The PERU MIGRANT study is a cross-sectional study comprising three groups: an urban group from a shanty town in Lima; a rural group from a community in Ayacucho-Peru; and a migrant group originally from Ayacucho currently living in the same urban shanty town. Common mental disorders were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and social capital was assessed using the Short Social Capital Assessment Tool (SASCAT). Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to estimate prevalence ratios. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of common mental disorders was 39.4%; the highest prevalence was observed in the rural group. Similar patterns were observed for cognitive social capital and structural social capital. However after adjustment for sex, age, family income and education, all but one of the significant relationships was attenuated, suggesting that in this population migration per se does not impact on common mental health disorders or social capital. CONCLUSIONS: In the PERU MIGRANT study, we did not observe a difference in the prevalence of common mental disorders, cognitive and structural social capital between migrant and urban groups. This pattern of associations was also similar in rural and urban groups, except that a higher prevalence ratio of structural social capital was observed in the rural group
APRA, 1968-1988: from evolution to government : the elusive search for political integration in Peru
No full textPeru has long had to contend with a lack of national and political integration. Yet its APRA party is the oldest mass-based reformist party in the region, and its mission has historically been to integrate the nation. The APRA, since its inception, aroused more political hostility than any other force in Peru, and consequently was repressed, even outlawed, for decades. Years of repression and clandestinity contributed to a lack of doctrinal clarity and undemocratic tendencies within the party, which were to affect its capacity to govern. The nature of the party, and the difficulty of its task, are the subject of this thesis. Despite the existence of democratic institutions, large sectors of the population exist outside of formal legal, political, and economic systems; there is a gap between state and society. Successful democratic reform would incorporate these marginalized sectors. When the APRA came to power in 1985, it proposed to do so by focusing on the needs of the poorest. Expectations were high for the new government, in part because of its popular young leader, Alan Garcia, and in part because a decade of economic and social crisis had discredited both the military and the right as alternatives, resulting in unprecedented consensus for reform. Once it attained power, the APRA managed, for the first two years, to maintain support that was unique to reformist efforts in Peru. A sudden shift in strategy to confrontational rhetoric and authoritarian tactics destroyed the fragile consensus necessary for democratic reform. The politics of reform became the politics of polarization: a "winner take all" style debate in which cooperation and compromise were impossible. The outcome was policy stagnation, a surge of reaction from extremes of the left and the right, and severe strain on the political system. The APRA party, rather than playing the role of the strong centre acted as a catalyst to the polarization process. In large part due to decades of sectarian and authoritarian strains that the party's 1980's renovation had not eliminated, it was virtually powerless in the face of increasingly erratic behaviour on the part of its leader. This thesis examines the evolution of the APRA from the time of the 1968 military "revolution" through the party's first three years in power. It explores the formulation and initial success of the consensus it built, the reasons for its breakdown, and the fate of the poor during that process. The difficult context in which the party had to operate will also be addressed. Finally, it attempts to contribute to the understanding of the challenges faced by reformers in Peru in particular and more generally by developing democracies
Telecommunications Technologies, Agricultural Profitability, and Child Labor in Rural Peru
No full textThis paper provides evidence on the effects of access to telecommunications technologies on agricultural profitability and human capital investment decisions among highly isolated villages in rural Peru. I exploit a quasi-natural experiment, in which the Peruvian government through the Fund for Investments in Telecommunications (FITEL) provided at least one public (satellite) payphone to 6,509 rural villages that did not previously have any kind of communication services (either landlines or cell phones). The intervention provided these phones mainly between years 2001 and 2004. I show that the timing of the intervention was uncorrelated with baseline outcomes and exploit differences in timing using a uniquely constructed (unbalanced) panel of treated villages spanning the years 1997 through 2007. The main findings suggest that phone access generated increases of 16 percent in the value per kilogram received by farmers for their agricultural production, and a 23.7 percent reduction in agricultural costs. Moreover, this income shock translated into a reduction in child (6 – 13 years old) market work of 13.7 percentage points and a reduction in child agricultural work of 9.2 percentage points. Overall, the evidence suggests a dominant income effect in the utilization of child labor.Telecommunications Technologies, Peru, Child Labor
Translation and Interpreting in the Indigenous Languages of Peru
No full textThis chapter presents an overview of translation and interpreting between Spanish and the estimated 48 indigenous languages spoken in 21st-century Peru. After contextualizing the Peruvian case in a framework that outlines contemporary translation policies for indigenous languages in Latin America, it discusses the state-sponsored training for self-identified indigenous people in Peru as well as the regulated language service provision in the public sector, including justice, health, and prior consultation processes. In addition, it acknowledges the agency of untrained, mostly female, indigenous people who routinely facilitate exchanges between members of their communities, on the one hand, and monolingual Spanish civil servants and other members of society, on the other
Peru and the British naval station (1808-1839)
No full textThe
protection of
British interests in the Pacific
was the basic
reason to
detach
a number of
Royal Navy's
vessels to that Ocean during the Nineteenth
Century. There
were several British interests in the area, and an assorted number of
Britons
established
in Spanish America
since the beginning
of the struggle
for
Independence. Amongst them, merchants was perhaps the most
important
and
influential
group, pressing on their government
for
protection to their trade. As
soon as
independence
reached the western coast of
America,
a new space was
created
for British
presence.
First Valparaiso
and afterwards
Callao, British
merchants were soon
firmly
established
in that part of
South America. As had
happened in the Atlantic
coast, their claims
for
protection were attended
by
the
British
government through the Pacific Squadron,
under the flag
of the
Commander-in-Chief
of the South American Station,
until
1837,
when
it
was
raised to a separate Station.
During the period covered
by this research
(1808-1839), Peru
came
through three crucial moments: the Wars
of
Independence, the initial
years as a
republic, and
its
confederation with
Bolivia
under the rule of
Santa Cruz.
Accordingly, the country shifted
from being
ruled
by
a strong authority, as the
viceroy; to became
a
highly
unstable republic,
first because the War
of
Independence itself,
and afterwards
by
reason of
internal disputes
amongst the
military.
British
merchants already established in Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires
and
Valparaiso,
considered
Peruvian
as a very profitable market, and consequently
tried by
every possible way to open
it to foreign trade. Following the
independence, in 1821, this market was officially opened,
but it did
not matched
what
British
merchants expected.
Potential buyers
were too small
in
number and a
reaction
from local
merchants proved efficient enough to maintain a
high taxation
on
foreign
goods.
Even
when
British
merchants reacted against these official
policy, namely
Protectionism, they were unable to obtain a more aggressive
support
from their government.
Other British interests in Peru
were
built
around a
loan
granted
by
a number of
British investors in 1822,
and some
further
investments
on mining.
Even
when this time was a period
in
which
Great Britain
had
achieved a paramount position
in industry,
commerce, naval and several other
fields, its
government maintained
its
policy of
"free hands" towards the new
republics
in America. Consequently, British
consular agents, as well as
British
Captains, devoted their mains efforts to
kept British trade as safe as possible, and
to protect their national
from
abuses committed
by local
authorities.
This thesis aims to study
how
well the Royal Navy, through the Pacific
Squadron
and afterwards the Pacific Station,
protected
British
subjects and
interests in Peru, between 1808
and
1839. The
research
focused in the
effectiveness of that naval presence,
discussing how it
was affected
by local
circumstances, the number of vessels available, the urgencies of transport of
treasure and the limitations
associated to operate without a shore
base
Determining a cost effective intervention response to HIV/AIDS in Peru.
No full textBACKGROUND: The HIV epidemic in Peru is still regarded as concentrated -- sentinel surveillance data shows greatest rates of infection in men who have sex with men, while much lower rates are found in female sex workers and still lower in the general population. Without an appropriate set of preventive interventions, continuing infections could present a challenge to the sustainability of the present programme of universal access to treatment. Determining how specific prevention and care strategies would impact on the health of Peruvians should be key in reshaping the national response. METHODS: HIV/AIDS prevalence levels for risk groups with sufficient sentinel survey data were estimated. Unit costs were calculated for a series of interventions against HIV/AIDS which were subsequently inputted into a model to assess their ability to reduce infection transmission rates. Interventions included: mass media, voluntary counselling and testing; peer counselling for female sex workers; peer counselling for men who have sex with men; peer education of youth in-school; condom provision; STI treatment; prevention of mother to child transmission; and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Impact was assessed by the ability to reduce rates of transmission and quantified in terms of cost per DALY averted. RESULTS: Results of the analysis show that in Peru, the highest levels of HIV prevalence are found in men who have sex with men. Cost effectiveness varied greatly between interventions ranging from peer education of female commercial sex workers at US 5,928 (per DALY averted) for prevention of mother to child transmission. CONCLUSION: The results of this work add evidence-based clarity as to which interventions warrant greatest consideration when planning an intervention response to HIV in Peru. Cost effectiveness analysis provides a necessary element of transparency when facing choices about priority setting, particularly when the country plans to amplify its response through new interventions partly funded by the GFATM
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