8,239 research outputs found
Vliv stárnutí populace na ekonomický růst zemí Evropské unie
No full textCHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Economic Studies Abstract - English 2025 Maximilián Demko CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Economic Studies Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth in countries of the European Union Bachelor's Thesis Author of the Thesis: Maximilián Demko Study programme: Economics and Finance Supervisor: Mgr. Barbara Pertold-Gebicka, M.A., Ph.D. Year of the defence: 2025 8 Abstract The thesis examines the impact of aging on economic growth in countries of the European Union, by examining the relationship between the changes in the old-age dependency ratio, defined as the proportion of individuals aged 65 and over to those aged 20 to 64, and economic growth in all current 27 countries of the European Union in the period from 1980 to 2020. By utilising econometric methods, this thesis presents conclusive evidence, that an increase in this ratio has a negative impact on economic growth in the countries of the Union. According to the main estimate, a one percentage point increase in the old-age dependency ratio is associated with a 0,95% decrease in GDP per capita growth over a 5-year period. Subsample analysis revealed that effect of changes in old-age dependency is more pronounced in the core member countries of the European union,...CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Economic Studies Abstrakt - Česky 2025 Maximilián Demko CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Economic Studies Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth in countries of the European Union Bachelor's Thesis Author of the Thesis: Maximilián Demko Study programme: Economics and Finance Supervisor: Mgr. Barbara Pertold-Gebicka, M.A., Ph.D. Year of the defence: 2025 Abstrakt Tato práce zkoumá dopad stárnutí populace na ekonomický růst v zemích Evropské unie, a to prostřednictvím analýzy vztahu mezi změnami v ukazateli závislosti starší populace, definovaném jako podíl osob ve věku 65 a více let na populaci ve věku 20 až 64 let, a ekonomickým růstem ve všech současných 27 členských státech Evropské unie v období let 1980 až 2020. Pomocí ekonometrických metod tato práce přináší přesvědčivé důkazy, že nárůst tohoto ukazatele má negativní dopad na ekonomický růst v zemích Unie. Podle hlavního odhadu vede zvýšení ukazatele závislosti starší populace o jeden procentní bod ke snížení růstu HDP na obyvatele o 0,95 % v pětiletém horizontu. Analýza podsouborů ukázala, že dopad změn v závislosti starší populace je výraznější v klíčových členských státech Evropské unie než v zemích, které přistoupily po roce 1980. Zjištěné výsledky mají...Institute of Economic StudiesInstitut ekonomických studiíFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science
Skill-Intensity of Occupations, Labor Market Polarization, and Occupational Allocation of College Graduates
No full textSkill-intensity of occupations, labor market polarization, and occupational allocation of college graduates. Barbara Pertold-Gebicka Abstract The first chapter is motivated by a rapid expansion of higher education systems in Central European countries, where universities are largely state-funded and provision of higher education is a public policy decision. In this paper, I investigate an indicator of college skills usage - the fraction of college graduates employed in "college" occupations. Gottschalk and Hansen (2003) propose to identify "college" occupations based on within-occupation college wage premia; I build on their strategy to study the local-labor-market relationship between the share of college graduates in the population and the use of college skills. Empirical results based on worker-level data from Czech NUTS-4 districts suggest a positive relationship, thus supporting the presence of an endogenous influence of the number of skilled workers on the demand for them. Thus, the findings of this paper suggest that, in the long run, districts should be able to positively stimulate their labor markets by providing higher education to a larger fraction of their population. In the second chapter, I propose a model-based measure of occupational skill-intensity -- a measure allowing to consistently..
Jazykové schopnosti a hledání zaměstnání: Případ ukrajinských uprchlíků v České republice
No full textThis thesis investigates the relationship between the Czech language proficiency of Ukrainian refugees who arrived in the Czech Republic after the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and their chances of finding em- ployment. The study utilizes a correspondence experiment, where curricula vitae of fictitious applicants are submitted in response to online job postings. The applicants are categorized into three groups: Ukrainian refugees with poor Czech language skills, Ukrainian refugees with a good command of the lan- guage, and native Czech citizens. The results indicate no significant differences in callback probabilities among Ukrainian refugees with varying levels of Czech proficiency, suggesting that, in this particular context, improved knowledge of the host country's language may not necessarily enhance refugees' labor market prospects. JEL Classification J24, J61 Keywords language skills, employability, refugees, correspondence experiment Title Language Skills and Employability: The Case of Ukrainian Refugees in the Czech Republic Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected] práce zkoumá vztah mezi úrovní znalosti českého jazyka ukrajinských uprchlíků, kteří přišli do České republiky po začátku ruské invaze na Ukrajinu v únoru 2022, a jejich šancí najít si zaměstnání. Studie je koncipována jako korespondenční experiment, v rámci něhož jsou životopisy fiktivních uchazečů zasílány v reakci na nabídky práce zveřejněné na internetu. Analýza odpovědí náborářů nenaznačuje významné rozdíly v pravděpodobnosti obdržení pozi- tivního signálu ze strany náboráře (zejména pozvání na pohovor) při porovnání ukrajinských uprchlíků s různou úrovní znalosti češtiny. Z tohoto zjištění lze vyvodit, že v tomto konkrétním kontextu nemusí pokročilejší znalost jazyka hostitelské země nutně zlepšovat vyhlídky uprchlíků na trhu práce daného státu. Klasifikace JEL J24, J61 Klíčová slova jazykové dovednosti, zaměstnatelnost, uprchlíci, korespondenční experiment Název práce Jazykové schopnosti a hledání zaměstnání: Případ ukrajinských uprchlíků v České re- publice E-mail autora [email protected] E-mail vedoucího práce [email protected] ekonomických studiíInstitute of Economic StudiesFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě
Vplyv veľkosti rodiny na šťastie mužov a žien
No full textTato práca využíva dáta z národného prieskumu životných podmienok domácností (SILC) pre rok 2013, aby sme odhadli vplyv veľkosti rodiny na šťastie mužov a žien. Endogenitu, ktorá je zachytená v počte detí v rodine, riešime pomocou tzv. "viacpočetných pôrodov". Prvé zistenie ukazuje nevýznamný vplyv počtu detí na šťastie rodičov. Ak skúmame odlišný efekt na ženy a mužov, dostávame významné výsledky. Počet detí pozitívne ovplyvňuje šťastie žien, ale u mužov sa efekt nedá jednoznačne potvrdiť. Nakoniec skúmame či veľká rodina je chudobná rodina a zistenie odhaľuje, že počet detí pozitívne zvyšuje príjem domácností. Klasifikace D31, I31, J13 Klíčová slova šťastie, veľkosť rodiny, inštrumentálna premenná, príjem E-mail autora [email protected] E-mail vedoucího práce [email protected] 2This paper uses data from The Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for year 2013 to estimate the effect of family size on parent's wellbeing. To address the possible endogeneity in family size we use "multiple births" as exogenous origin of variation in family size. First finding shows insignificant effect of the additional child on parent's wellbeing. However, when we examine if the effect of number of children is significantly different for men and for women, we receive significant results. The number of children positively influences mother's wellbeing, but for fathers, there do not exist clear result. Finally, we examine if big family is poor family and our finding reveals, that number of children positively increases income of household. JEL Classification D31, I31, J13 Keywords wellbeing, family size, instrumental variable, income Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected] of Economic StudiesInstitut ekonomických studiíFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science
Language Skills and Employability: The Case of Ukrainian Refugees in the Czech Republic
No full textThis thesis investigates the relationship between the Czech language proficiency of Ukrainian refugees who arrived in the Czech Republic after the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and their chances of finding em- ployment. The study utilizes a correspondence experiment, where curricula vitae of fictitious applicants are submitted in response to online job postings. The applicants are categorized into three groups: Ukrainian refugees with poor Czech language skills, Ukrainian refugees with a good command of the lan- guage, and native Czech citizens. The results indicate no significant differences in callback probabilities among Ukrainian refugees with varying levels of Czech proficiency, suggesting that, in this particular context, improved knowledge of the host country's language may not necessarily enhance refugees' labor market prospects. JEL Classification J24, J61 Keywords language skills, employability, refugees, correspondence experiment Title Language Skills and Employability: The Case of Ukrainian Refugees in the Czech Republic Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected]
Má rodinná politika opravdu vliv na porodnost?
No full textOne of the main objectives of family policies in countries with low fertility levels is to stimulate birth rates and incentivize the citizens to have more children. Nevertheless, the research on whether this objective is being met remains inconclusive. In this thesis, we analyze two reforms which took place in the Czech Republic in 1995 and 2008, which adjusted the period of reception of the parental allowance. We use data from selected European OECD countries along with the synthetic control approach to construct a synthetic counterpart to the Czech Republic which gives us an idea about how fertility levels would have developed if the interventions did not take place. In both cases, 1995 reform and 2008 reform, we do not find any conclusive evidence that the interventions affected fertility levels in the Czech Republic. Moreover, we observe a change in the trend of total fertility rate about 2 years before each reform which suggests that these reforms were more likely reactions to changing fertility rates rather than remedies. JEL Classification J13, J17, J11, J12, E61, E65, F68 Keywords fertility, family policy, synthetic control estimator, parental allowance, parental leave Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected]ím z hlavních cílů rodinné politiky v zemích s nízkou porodností je motivovat obyvatele k tomu, aby měli více dětí. Dosavadní vyzkum ale neprokázal, zda jsou tyto reformy opravdu efektivní. V této práci analyzujeme dvě reformy, které proběhly v České republice v letech 1995 a 2008, které upravily délku pobírání rodičovského příspěvku. S pomocí dat z vybraných evropských zemí OECD a za užití metody syntetické kontroly sestavíme syntetickou reprezentaci České republiky, která nám poskytuje představu o tom, jak by se porodnost vyvíjela, kdyby k intervencím nedošlo. U ani jedné z reform jsme nenalezli dostatečně velký efekt, který by indikoval, že intervence ovlivnily úroveň porodnosti v České republice. Navíc pozorujeme změnu trendu porodnosti asi 2 roky před reformou, což naznačuje, že tyto reformy byly spíše reakcí na změny míry porodnosti než jejich důvodem. Klasifikace J13, J17, J11, J12, E61, E65, F68 Klíčová slova porodnost, rodinná politika, metoda syntetické kontroly, rodičovský příspěvek, rodičovská dovolená E-mail autora [email protected] E-mail vedoucího práce [email protected] ekonomických studiíInstitute of Economic StudiesFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science
Vliv systému daní a dávek na pracovní trh
No full textTato práce hodnotí vliv daní a dávek v nezaměstnanosti na míru nezaměstnanosti. Cílem práce je najít determinanty systému daní a dávek, které mají vliv na nezaměst- nanost a jak velký tento vliv je. Problematika je studována teoreticky i empiricky, kde empirická část analyzuje dataset 28 států od roku 2005 do roku 2012. Hlavní vliv na nezaměstnanost je připisován zdanění práce, které zvětšuje rozdíl mezi nák- lady zaměstnavatele a čistou mzdou pracovníka. Na druhé straně zdanění spotřeby nemá vliv na nezaměstnanost. Vliv dávek v nezaměstnanosti závisí na jejich zdanění a podmínkách, které musí jejich příjemci splňovat. Celkově systém daní a dávek v nezaměstnanosti ovlivňuje více míru dlouhodobé nezaměstnanosti než tu celkovou nezaměstnanost. JEL klasifikace E24, H20, J08, J30 Klíčová slova trh práce, systém daní a dávek, dávky, daně, nezaměstnanost Email autora [email protected] Email vedoucího práce [email protected] thesis assesses the impact of taxes and unemployment benefits on the unem- ployment rates. The aim of the thesis is to find determinants of tax-benefit system which influence the unemployment rate and how much they do so. This issue is studied both theoretically and empirically. The empirical part is built on the panel dataset of 28 OECD countries which covers the period between 2005 and 2012. The main influence on unemployment is ascribed to the labour taxes which drives the wedge between the labour costs and the net income of the worker. On the other hand, the consumption tax seems to be neutral in determining the unemployment rates and the impact of benefit levels crucially depends on the way they are taxed and on the eligibility criteria. Whole tax-benefit system impacts rather the long- term unemployment rates than the overall unemployment. JEL Classificiation E24, H20, J08, J30 Keywords labour market, tax-benefit system, benefits, taxes, unemployment Author's email [email protected] Supervisor's email [email protected] of Economic StudiesInstitut ekonomických studiíFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science
The Effect of Family Size on Men and Women Wellbeing
No full textThis paper uses data from The Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for year 2013 to estimate the effect of family size on parent's wellbeing. To address the possible endogeneity in family size we use "multiple births" as exogenous origin of variation in family size. First finding shows insignificant effect of the additional child on parent's wellbeing. However, when we examine if the effect of number of children is significantly different for men and for women, we receive significant results. The number of children positively influences mother's wellbeing, but for fathers, there do not exist clear result. Finally, we examine if big family is poor family and our finding reveals, that number of children positively increases income of household. JEL Classification D31, I31, J13 Keywords wellbeing, family size, instrumental variable, income Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected]
Do family policies really affect fertility levels?
No full textOne of the main objectives of family policies in countries with low fertility levels is to stimulate birth rates and incentivize the citizens to have more children. Nevertheless, the research on whether this objective is being met remains inconclusive. In this thesis, we analyze two reforms which took place in the Czech Republic in 1995 and 2008, which adjusted the period of reception of the parental allowance. We use data from selected European OECD countries along with the synthetic control approach to construct a synthetic counterpart to the Czech Republic which gives us an idea about how fertility levels would have developed if the interventions did not take place. In both cases, 1995 reform and 2008 reform, we do not find any conclusive evidence that the interventions affected fertility levels in the Czech Republic. Moreover, we observe a change in the trend of total fertility rate about 2 years before each reform which suggests that these reforms were more likely reactions to changing fertility rates rather than remedies. JEL Classification J13, J17, J11, J12, E61, E65, F68 Keywords fertility, family policy, synthetic control estimator, parental allowance, parental leave Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected]
Geografia hlasov pre populistické strany na Slovensku
No full textThe success of populist political parties depends on a complex system of fac- tors that influence the voters. Researchers connect the phenomenon to several socio-demographic characteristics such as age, income, or education. It is in- sufficient to only study individuals and predict their decisions based on the metrics we know about them and the place they live in. It is also beneficial to examine the regions' influence on each other. This is why we turn not only to OLS, but also to multiple spatial models with various demographic and eco- nomic variables at the county and municipality levels to explain support for populist parties in Slovakia. Data from the two most recent parliamentary elections, in years 2016 and 2020, are analyzed and we zoom on local election results of two Slovak populist parties: SMER and ĽSNS. Analysis results point towards existence of significant spillover effects among Slovak regions - directly in support for both parties, as well as coming from observed and unobserved vote share determinants. Keywords populism, populist political parties, spatial anal- ysis, spatial models, vote share, Slovakia Title The geography of the populist vote in Slovakia Author's e-mail [email protected] Supervisor's e-mail [email protected]Úspech populistických politických strán závisí od zložitého systému faktorov, ktoré ovplyvňujú voličov. Výskumníci spájajú fenomén s niekoľkými sociode- mografickými charakteristikami, ako je vek, príjem alebo vzdelanie. Nestačí len skúmať jednotlivcov a predpovedať ich rozhodnutia na základe metrík, ktoré o nich a o mieste ich žitia vieme. Je tiež dôležité skúmať vzájomné pôsobenie regiónov. Preto sa obraciame nielen na OLS, ale aj na viaceré priestorové mod- ely s rôznymi demografickými a ekonomickými premennými na úrovni krajov a obcí, aby sme vysvetlili podporu populistickým stranám na Slovensku. Ana- lyzujeme dáta z posledných dvoch parlamentných volieb v rokoch 2016 a 2020 a priblížime výsledky komunálnych volieb dvoch slovenských populistických strán: SMER a ĽSNS. Výsledky analýzy poukazujú na existenciu významných prelievacích efektov medzi slovenskými regiónmi - priamo na podporu oboch strán, ako aj z pozorovaných a nepozorovaných determinantov podielu hlasov. Klíčová slova populizmus, populistické politické strany, priestorová analýza, priestorové modely, volebný podiel, Slovensko Název práce Geografia populistickej voľby na Slovensku E-mail autora [email protected] E-mail vedoucího práce [email protected] ekonomických studiíInstitute of Economic StudiesFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě
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