1,721,329 research outputs found
Gender gap in labor market outcomes: less explored aspects and dimensions
No full textintroduces some facts and summary statistics on gender gap in wages and employment for several countries. It systematically compares labor market outcomes across countries, across education groups, and age groups. It identifies some interesting regularities and differences. It then analyzes the gender gap in educational achievement and college major choice, documenting a growing advantage of women in graduating and attending college, but also a very different preference between genders in the choice of majo
More unexplored dimensions of gender gap and college choice: attitudes, choice of partner, and peer/teacher effects in school
No full textThis chapter analyzes the impact that social and cultural factors may have on the student's choice of college major and in particular on gender differences. The difference in choice between men and women does not seem driven by academic skill differentials that exist and are usually in favor or women. Nonacademic skill differentials and psychological attitudes towards competition and towards others may explain part of the choice. The impact of high school peers is found to be more relevant for women while the choice of a better partner (from the economic point of view) does not seem to drive the choice of college major as people seem to marry within major rather than across them
Gender gap in Italy: the role of college majors
No full textUsing a novel database on high school careers, college careers and labor market outcomes for a panel of young Italians, this chapter analyzes the role of choice of college major as a determinant of gender gap in income. It finds that the very large difference of choice of college major by females, in favor of Humanities and shunning Engineering and Business majors, explains one third of the gender gap in income. Those differences are very persistent
Gender of Siblings and Choice of College Major
Full text linkIn this study we analyze whether the gender composition of siblings within a family affects the choice of College Major. The question is whether a family environment that is more gender-homogeneous encourages academic choices that are less gender stereotyped. We use the last name and the exact family address contained in a unique dataset covering 30,000 Italian students graduated from high school between 1985 and 2005 to identify siblings. We follow the academic career of these individuals from high school to college graduation. We find that mixed gender siblings within a family tend to choose college majors following a stereotypical gender specialization. Namely, males have higher probability of choosing male dominated majors such as Engineering and women higher probability of choosing female dominated majors such as Humanities. Same-gender siblings, on the other hand, have higher probability of making non-gender stereotyped choices. This college major choice is not driven by the choice of high school academic curriculum, which appears to be mainly function of geographical proximity to schools
The effects of high school peers’ gender on college major, college performance and income
No full textUsing a newly-constructed longitudinal dataset of 30,000 Italian individuals, we analyse whether the gender composition of peers in high school affected their choice of college major and labor market outcomes. To identify causation, we exploit random assignment of classmates within school-cohort. We generally do not find significant effects of peer gender on college choice and following outcomes. Only male students graduating from classes with a very large majority of male peers were more likely to choose “prevalently male” (PM) college majors (Economics, Business and Engineering). This impact, however, was undone by major-attrition and did not affect labour market outcomes
Should they stay or should they go? Climate migrants and local conflicts
No full textThere is extensive evidence that higher temperatures increase the probability of local conflict. There is also evidence that emigration represents an important margin of adaptation to a warming climate. In this article, we analyse whether migration influences the link between warming and conflicts by either attenuating this connection in countries of origin and/or by exacerbating it in countries of destination. We find that in countries where the propensity to emigrate—as measured by past diaspora—is higher, increases in temperature have smaller effects on the probability of armed conflict, compared to countries with lower migration propensity. This is consistent with emigration functioning as ‘escape valve’ for local tensions. We find no evidence that climate-induced migration increased the probability of conflict in receiving countries
Unexplored dimensions of discrimination
No full textThis book is on both, unexplored mechanisms and unexplored outcomes of discrimination.
The first part of this volume is a major attempt to tackle issues of individual unobserved ability, self-selection into career paths and schooling choices and their role in assessing the gender wage gap.
The second part of the book is on these unexplored dimensions of discrimination, and a particular attention is placed on physical appearance, obesity, religion and sexual orientation. One of the reasons why these dimensions have been less considered by empirical research is that it is extremely hard to gather information on these characteristics
Does emigration delay political change? Evidence from Italy during the great recession
No full textInternational mobility of people brings great opportunities and large overall benefits. Economically stagnant areas, however, may be deprived of talent through emigration. This may harm dynamism and political and economic change. Between 2010 and 2014, Italy experienced a large wave of emigration and two deep recessions and significant political change. Combining administrative data on Italian expatriates and data on characteristics of municipal councils, mayors and on local elections, we analyse whether emigration affected political change. Economic pull factors from foreign countries, interacted with the pre-existing networks of emigration from Italian municipalities allow us to construct a proxy for emigration that is municipality-specific and, as we show, independent of pre-existing political and economic trends. Using this proxy as an instrument, we find that municipalities with larger emigration rates had slower growth in the share of young, college educated and women among local elected officials. They were also more likely to have their municipal council dismissed and experienced lower political participation and a lower share of votes to anti-status-quo parties
The cross-country determinants of potential and actual migration
Full text linkIn this study, we use cross-country bilateral data to quantify a two-step process of international migration and its aggregate determinants. We first analyze which country-specific factors affect the probability that individuals join the pool of potential (aspiring) migrants. Then, we consider the bilateral and destination country factors that affect the frequency at which potential migrants turn into actual migrants. Using information on potential migrants from World Gallup surveys and on actual migrants from national censuses for 138 origin countries and 30 major destinations between 2000 and 2010, we analyze economic, policy, cultural, and network determinants of each step. We find that the size of the network of previous migrants and the average income per person at destination are crucial determinants of the size of the pool of potential migrants. Economic growth in the destination country, on the other hand, is the main economic generator of migration opportunities for a given pool of potential migrants. We also find that college-educated exhibit greater actual emigration rates mainly because of better chances in realizing their immigration potentials, rather than because of higher willingness to migrate
Emigration and entrepreneurial drain
Full text linkEmigration of young, highly educated individuals may deprive origin countries of entrepreneurs. We identify exogenous variation in emigration from Italy by interacting past diaspora networks and current economic pull factors in destination countries. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the emigration rate generates a 4.8% decline in firms creation in the local labor market of origin. An accounting exercise decomposes the estimated effect into four components: subtraction of individuals with average entrepreneurial propensity, selection of young and college-educated among emigrants, negative spillovers on firm creation and selection on unobservable characteristics positively associated with entrepreneurship
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