178,430 research outputs found
Antioxidant properties of fresh and frozen peels of citrus species
Full text linkCitrus peel is a functional food. It is rich in antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant properties of selected fresh and frozen peels of Citrus species. Frozen and fresh peels of lemon (Citrus limon), key lime (C. aurantifolia) and musk lime (C. microcarpa) were screened for their antioxidant properties such as total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were also determined. Among the three citrus peels, musk lime peel had the significantly highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Frozen citrus peels showed significantly higher antioxidant content than the fresh peels. The frozen peels also showed promising antioxidant activity as
indicated by their significantly higher FRAP value compared with fresh citrus peels. Moreover, frozen citrus peel possessed higher antioxidant activity as indicated by its lower EC50 values which ranged between 0.823 ± 0.1 and 3.16 ± 0.92 mg mL-1. A moderately high correlation was determined between FRAP value and total phenolic content (r=0.783), and between FRAP value and total flavonoid content. This study shows that frozen peels of citrus are functional foods and sources of potent antioxidants
The Epistemic Authority of Common Sense
Full text linkThis chapter explores why we should think common sense has epistemic authority. First, it lays out exactly what common sense and the supposed epistemic authority of common sense amount to. It then assesses seven proposals that we find in the literature as to why common sense has epistemic authority. They say, respectively, that common-sense beliefs are irresistible; that there are no serious epistemic alternatives to thinking that common-sense beliefs have epistemic authority; that common-sense beliefs are certain, or at least more certain than any alternatives; that common-sense beliefs are instances of knowledge; that common-sense beliefs are vague and ambiguous and, therefore, likely to be true; that common-sense beliefs are the product of a reliable process of cultural evolution; and, finally, that God would not deceive us on such a large scale. The chapter argues that the first five answers are not convincing, not even jointly, but that the sixth answer is and that the seventh reply may well be combined with it
Introduction: The Conceptual Foundations of Studying Extreme Belief and Behavior
No full textThis book explores challenging conceptual issues in defining, analyzing, conceptualizing, and operationalizing notions such as extremism, radicalization, fanaticism, and terrorism. The focus is theoretical, but the work is empirically embedded. Rather than adding yet further definitions of phenomena like extremism, it seeks to make progress by addressing underlying conceptual issues. Specifically, it explores four crucial questions about extremism, fundamentalism, fanaticism, conspiracy theorizing, and terrorism. First, how should each of these extreme phenomena be defined in a fruitful manner, and what are the desiderata in seeking definitions of each of them? Second, how should the project of defining and conceptualizing these phenomena be undertaken: in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, or family resemblances, or insufficient but necessary parts of unnecessary but sufficient conditions, and based on datasets, or intuitions about particular cases, or common understandings in the public debate, or yet something else? Third, what is the role of normativity in defining these extreme phenomena, that is, the proper place of normative or even pejorative concepts and the normative framework of the researcher? Fourth and finally, how do the phenomena of extremism, fanaticism, fundamentalism, terrorism, and conspiracism relate to one another and to things such as apocalypticism, nationalism, cults, charisma, and state terror? This second volume in the Extreme Belief and Behavior Series lays the conceptual groundwork that the other volumes in the series will build on
[Op-ed Article in Dutch] Pro-Palestina protest moet zichzelf veel meer disciplineren
No full textRik Peels. (2024). “Pro-Palestina protest moet zichzelf veel meer disciplineren”, Trouw, 29 Ma
Introduction: Why Common Sense Matters
Full text linkThis Introduction describes the role, function, and relevance of common sense beliefs in our doxastic lives.This introduction shows why and how common sense matters to philosophy, thus lighting up the terrain that subsequent chapters explore in much greater detail. First, it explains briefly what common sense is, and next, what common-sense philosophy is. Then it considers whether, and if so, how, common sense should matter to philosophy; can we not do without common sense? Subsequently, it turns to criticisms of the idea that common sense matters to philosophy, and of the very idea of common-sense philosophy. It concludes with a short note on the organization of the book
Effect of fermentation on the chemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica R) peels
Full text linkRipe mango peels (Mangifera indica R) was naturally fermented for 96 h at room temperature (30oC). The quality of the fermented mango peels were accessed by determing the microbiological quality, proximate composition as well as the anti-nutritional content. Mixed flora of fungi and bacteria were isolated from the fermenting mango peels. Three species of fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae) and five bacteria (Aerobacter clocae, Leuconostoc Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans and staphylococcus aureus) were identified. The result of the proximate analysis revealed that there was an increase in the protein content of the ripe mango peels fermented. There was no considerable difference in the fat and carbohydrate content while there was a decrease in fibre content. Antinutrients such as tannin and phytate decreased in the fermented sample. A decrease in pH was also recorded
Effect of fermentation on the chemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica R) peels
Full text linkRipe mango peels (Mangifera indica R) was naturally fermented for 96 h at room temperature (30 o C). The quality of the fermented mango peels were accessed by determing the microbiological quality, proximate composition as well as the anti-nutritional content. Mixed flora of fungi and bacteria were isolated from the fermenting mango peels. Three species of fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae) and five bacteria (Aerobacter clocae, Leuconostoc Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans and staphylococcus aureus) were identified. The result of the proximate analysis revealed that there was an increase in the protein content of the ripe mango peels fermented. There was no considerable difference in the fat and carbohydrate content while there was a decrease in fibre content. Antinutrients such as tannin and phytate decreased in the fermented sample. A decrease in pH was also recorded
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Fundamentalism Matrix: A Tool for Defining, Mapping, and Operationalizing Fundamentalism
No full textFundamentalism as a social phenomenon is complex and multilayered, and its definition is politically contested. Neither in academic nor in ordinary language use is there much agreement on how one should employ and define the term fundamentalism. In this chapter, on the basis of a scoping review of definitions of fundamentalism in the literature between 1996 and 2020, the authors introduce the fundamentalism matrix, a tool to map the complexity and many layers of the notion of fundamentalism and, potentially, related notions such as extremism. The fundamentalism matrix consists of six domains—historical, social, political, normative, metaphysical, and epistemic—and five dimensions—belief, behavioral, emotional, goal, and structural—each of which is explained in detail. The fundamentalism matrix is helpful in comparing rival definitions of fundamentalism, instrumental in controversies over what the scope of the term fundamentalism should be, and pivotal in operationalizing the notion of fundamentalism and evaluating existing operationalizations.</p
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