6 research outputs found
The Quorum of Theft Limit in Islamic Jurisprudence
No full textThis article examines the views of the jurists of the four schools of thought about the value of the Islamic nisab in theft. The author reviewed Sharia texts and the views of jurists in a descriptive and analytical method. The reviews of jurists are different in determining the quorum that takes place in hand cutting. According to the majority of jurists, the completion of the nisab in hand cutting is a condition according to the indications of the Shariah texts and the consensus of the Companions. The amount of nisab in the Hanafi School is ten dirhams or one dinar. According to the Shafi\u27is, a quarter (1/4) of a dinar or what the price is a quarter of a dinar. Imam Malik considers the nisab to be a quarter of a dinar if the stolen property is gold and three dirhams, if it is silver, while most of the Hanbalis consider the nisab to be three dirhams or a quarter of a dinar and for some reasons. They refer to hadiths. Rajeh\u27s view is the view of the majority (Shafi\u27is, Malikis and Hanbalis) who consider the nisab to be a quarter of a dinar or three dirhams. What is obtained through this research is that the majority of jurists consider the existence of nisab of the stolen property as a condition, and they do not consider the amount of theft to be applicable if it is less than the nisab; However, they have two views in determining the nisab: the first view considers a quarter of a dinar or three dirhams as the nisab, and the second view considers the nisab to be one dinar or ten dirhams. The valid point of view, based on the validity and strength of the reasons, is the same point of view of the Republicans. Dinar and dirhams that are cut off must be multiplied
16 Years of US Presence in Afghanistan: Objectives, Strategies and Emerging Scenario
No full textThis write-up is based largely on a lecture given by the author at the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad on October 05, 2017
16 Years of US Presence in Afghanistan: Objectives, Strategies and Emerging Scenario
No full textThis write-up is based largely on a lecture given by the author at the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad on October 05, 2017.</jats:p
A Framework on Internet Banking Services for the Rationalized Generations
No full textThe augmented Internet Banking Service is increasingly popular both in Bangladesh and elsewhere. This paper explores a predicted framework for global Internet Banking that emphasizes the transformative interaction among the effective customers around the regional, national and global banking indicating advanced on backend models, instructional strategies, and transaction technologies in the context on upcoming generations. We have to develop the framework on global enhanced transaction systems especially individual global account, effective online banking systems to fulfill the required method, implementing design and appraising the feedback with standard technology according to network topology for disseminating of global banking technological arena. Despite decades of development, electronic payments still need practical examples of how to use electronic payment technology within a uniqueness and rationalized way including global electronic transaction, language tools, currency converter and electronic workstation. This research focuses the major issues responsible for Internet Banking based on respondents’ perception through various internet applications. The author presents a theoretical framework for our represented method, taking into account previous models and characteristics of an effective Internet Banking Security. In addition, we illustrate the global technology that we have to expand and execute among the customers’ satisfaction within the expected model. We follow this with an evaluation of achievement, both in the global banking implementation and the amplitude framework according to periodical requirements. Finally, we focus highly developed research trajectories of the model and recommendations for how to further avail the internet banking subscribers to design more secure alternatives.
JEL Classification Code: G2
The Consequences of Unlawful Coercion in the Contract of Sale from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
No full textIn Islamic jurisprudence, coercion (ikrah) refers to the act of threatening or forcing someone to perform an action, say something, abstain from doing something, or refrain from making a statement. Coercion is considered one of the acquired impairments of legal capacity and one of the most significant defects in consent and intention in transactions, particularly in the contract of sale. The contract of sale is one of the most frequent and essential social and economic transactions upon which individual and societal life depends. The principle is that a sale transaction should be conducted between the parties according to the appropriate legal and religious conditions and regulations, ensuring its validity and the fulfillment of their needs in the best possible manner. However, contrary to this ideal, such transactions are sometimes carried out by ignorant or oppressive individuals in society, leading to a loss of consent and a corruption of free will. Consequently, there is a need to conduct research on the religious rulings of coerced transactions—particularly in the case of sales—aimed at raising public awareness of the detrimental religious and social impacts of these transactions. This research seeks to contribute to the reduction of such challenges and to encourage members of society to engage in healthy financial and social relations. Although the esteemed jurists of Islamic schools of thought have extensively discussed the religious rulings related to contracts and other issues in their legal texts, the specific issue of "the consequences of coercion in the contract of sale" has not, to the author\u27s knowledge, been studied in a comparative manner across Islamic schools of thought. Thus, this research, recognizing this scholarly and jurisprudential gap, seeks to answer the question: "What are the consequences of unlawful coercion in the contract of sale from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence?" Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and a library-based, comparative approach, the study concludes that all schools of Islamic jurisprudence agree that unlawful coercion is impermissible and invalid. One specific manifestation of unlawful coercion in Islamic jurisprudence is the "coerced sale" (bay\u27 mukrah), on which Islamic jurists are divided into two camps regarding its effects. One group, advocating nullification, includes jurists from the Shafi\u27i, Hanbali, and some Maliki schools, as well as a few Imami jurists. In contrast, a large group of jurists from the Hanafi, prominent Maliki, and renowned Imami schools argue that coerced sales are voidable but not inherently invalid. They believe that the coerced party (mukrah) has the right to either confirm or rescind the sale, and their subsequent consent can validate the sale retroactively. The Hanafis, however, differentiate between contracts that are irrevocable, such as marriage, where coercion is ineffective, and revocable contracts, such as sales, where coercion is deemed effective. The remaining jurists from the four schools of thought, without distinguishing between revocable and irrevocable contracts, consider the effect of coercion to be equal across all types of contracts
A Framework on Internet Banking Services for the Rationalized Generations
No full textThe augmented Internet Banking Service is increasingly popular both in Bangladesh and elsewhere. This paper explores a predicted framework for global Internet Banking that emphasizes the transformative interaction among the effective customers around the regional, national and global banking indicating advanced on backend models, instructional strategies, and transaction technologies in the context on upcoming generations. We have to develop the framework on global enhanced transaction systems especially individual global account, effective online banking systems to fulfill the required method, implementing design and appraising the feedback with standard technology according to network topology for disseminating of global banking technological arena. Despite decades of development, electronic payments still need practical examples of how to use electronic payment technology within a uniqueness and rationalized way including global electronic transaction, language tools, currency converter and electronic workstation. This research focuses the major issues responsible for Internet Banking based on respondents’ perception through various internet applications. The author presents a theoretical framework for our represented method, taking into account previous models and characteristics of an effective Internet Banking Security. In addition, we illustrate the global technology that we have to expand and execute among the customers’ satisfaction within the expected model. We follow this with an evaluation of achievement, both in the global banking implementation and the amplitude framework according to periodical requirements. Finally, we focus highly developed research trajectories of the model and recommendations for how to further avail the internet banking subscribers to design more secure alternatives
