101,448 research outputs found
Molpadia liska Pawson 1977
No full textMolpadia liska Pawson, 1977 (Figs 9 B–G, 11) Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977: 115 –116, figs 6 (a–g, i), 7 (a–b, d) Material. M 48 / 1333: 1 specimen (ZSM 20043068), 1 specimen (ZSM 20043069). M 48 / 1349: 4 specimens (ZSM 20020025). M 48 / 1351: 5 specimens (ZSM 20020028). Description. The specimens range from 24 to 63 mm in length, and 6 to 13 mm in width (at calcareous ring). The body is approximately cylindrical, with a tapering posterior end, resulting in a very short tail (only few millimetres long). Preserved specimens are dirtywhite with a tinge of pink. Fifteen retracted tentacles encompass the terminal mouth. Likewise, the anus is terminal and in each radius there are few short anal papillae. The calcareous ring is solid, smooth and composed of five radial plates (Fig. 9 B: ldr, lvr), with prominent posterior projections and five much smaller interradial plates (Fig. 9 B: llir). The tentacle ampullae are short. Longitudinal muscle bands are undivided. There is one tubular polian vesicle in the left ventral radius. The single stone canal is long and embedded in the dorsal mesentery and has a large oval madreporite body close to the dorsal body wall. The gonad consists of tufts of branching, tubules on both sides of the dorsal mesentery. The intestine forms a large loop (as long as body) and the respiratory trees are conspicuous. The calcareous deposits of the body wall (Figs 9 C–D) and the tail (Figs 9 E–F) are exclusively tables with 3–9 holes and a large solid spire, derived from three fused pillars, with 4–6 terminal hooklets. The tables of the body wall in the current specimens on average range from 95 to 121 (Tab. 2) and usually have 4 or 5 holes, while the tables from the tail are smaller, on average 86 to 105 in diameter (Tab. 2) and have fewer holes (3 or 4). There are no phosphatic deposits, but anal teeth are present (Fig. 9 G). Remarks. The current specimens agree in all details with Molpadia liska as characterised by Pawson (1977): body wall and tail deposits similar, exclusively tables with solid spires composed of three fused pillars, with usually three perforations but often with more up to a maximum of eight. Table deposit diameters of the current specimens are also in accordance with the table sizes as presented by Pawson (Tab. 2). There is only one other species known to possess similar table deposits in the body wall and in the tail: Molpadia discors Pawson, 1977. This species differs from Molpadia liska by its invariable number of three holes per table, which in Molpadia liska may be up to eight or nine (Pawson 1977). Another closely related species, which may result in misidentifications, is Molpadia blakei (Théel, 1886), which with certainty is known from the northern Atlantic deepsea (Pawson et al. 2001). This species differs from M. liska by the presence of fusiform rods (mean length: 256) in the tail, which are perforated by large holes and have a low spire (Pawson et al. 2001). TABLE 2. Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977. Means, standard deviations (in parentheses) and range of diameter of tables from body wall (D bw,) and from tail (D t,) compared to range of mean values as presented by Pawson (1977) for the type specimens. n —number of measurements. This is the first record of this species for the Atlantic Ocean, and the known depth range is considerably increased from 4740 to more than 5420 m. Distribution. (Fig. 11) Southeastern Atlantic Ocean, southwestern Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean, 3111–5426 m (Pawson 1977; herein).Published as part of Bohn, Jens Michael, 2006, Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin — Results of the DIVA 1 expedition of FS " Meteor " (Cruise M 48 / 1), pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1276 on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17333
Shc proteins are phosphorylated and regulated by the v-Src and v-Fps protein-tyrosine kinases
No full textThe mammalian shc gene encodes two overlapping proteins of 46 and 52 kDa, each with a C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and an N-terminal glycine/proline-rich sequence, that induce malignant transformation when overexpressed in mouse fibroblasts. p46shc, p52shc, and an additional 66-kDa shc gene product become highly tyrosine phosphorylated in Rat-2 cells transformed by the v-src or v-fps oncogene. Experiments using temperature-sensitive v-src and v-fps mutants indicate that Shc tyrosine phosphorylation is rapidly induced upon activation of the v-Src or v-Fps tyrosine kinases. These results suggest that Shc proteins may be directly phosphorylated by the v-Src and v-Fps oncoproteins in vivo. In cells transformed by v-src or v-fps, or in normal cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor, Shc proteins complex with a poorly phosphorylated 23-kDa polypeptide (p23). Activated tyrosine kinases therefore regulate the association of Shc proteins with p23 and may thereby control the stimulation of an Shc-mediated signal transduction pathway. The efficient phosphorylation of Shc proteins and the apparent induction of their p23-binding activity in v-src- and v-fps-transformed cells are consistent with the proposition that the SH2-containing Shc polypeptides are biologically relevant substrates of the oncogenic v-Src and v-Fps tyrosine kinases
Discoidin domain receptor 1 tyrosine kinase has an essential role in mammary gland development
No full textVarious types of collagen have been identified as potential ligands for the two mammalian discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases, DDR1 and DDR2. Here, we used a recombinant fusion protein between the extracellular domain of DDR1 and alkaline phosphatase to detect specific receptor binding sites during mouse development, Major sites of DDR1-binding activity, indicative of ligand expression, were found in skeletal bones, the skin, and the urogenital tract. Ligand expression in the uterus during implantation and in the mammary gland during pregnancy colocalized with the expression of the DDR1 receptor, The generation of DDR1-null mice by gene targeting yielded homozygous mutant animals that were viable but smaller in size than control littermates, The majority of mutant females were unable to bear offspring due to a lack of proper blastocyst implantation into the uterine wall, When implantation did occur, the mutant females were unable to lactate. Histological analysis showed that the alveolar epithelium failed to secrete milk proteins into the lumen of the mammary gland. The lactational defect appears to be caused by hyperproliferation and abnormal branching of mammary ducts. These results suggest that DDR1 is a key mediator of the stromal-epithelial interaction during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland
Narcissia ahearnae Pawson, 2007, new species
No full text<i>Narcissia ahearnae,</i> new species <p>Figures 1–4</p> <p>Diagnosis: Conspicuous, thick, carinal ridge, undulating in horizontal and vertical planes, at least from center of disc to mid­point of arms. Color red to scarlet, lighter below. Western Atlantic.</p> <p> Material Examined: HOLOTYPE, Catalogue No. HBOM 073:00531, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Museum, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946. <i>R/V Seward Johnson, Johnson­Sea­Link I</i> Dive 2011, Off Cockburn Town, San Salvador, The Bahamas, 24°03.72’N, 74°32.91’W, 130 meters, 25 April 1987, 1 specimen, collected by M. Adams. PARATYPES: (1) Catalogue No. HBOM 073:00532, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Museum, <i>R/V Seward Johnson, Johnson­Sea­Link I</i> Dive 1984, Off Freeport, Grand Bahama Island, The Bahamas, 26°32.89’N, 78° 45.29’W, 87 meters, 8 April 1987, 1 specimen, collected by M. Adams. (2) USNM E12440, 1/ 3 mile NE of Goat Island, east Andros Island, The Bahamas, 26 February 1971, 54 meters, coral rubble, 1 specimen, collected by Sue Abbott. (3) USNM E09736, <i>R/V Silver Bay</i>, off Cape Canaveral, Florida, 27°26’N, 78°57’W, 135 meters, 25 October 1961. (4) UM Catalogue No. 40.487, Eleuthera Island, The Bahamas, top of ledge, 53 meters, 11 September 1972, 1 specimen.</p> <p>Description: Abactinal surface brick red to scarlet in life (figure 2), actinal surface lighter in color. Disk high, pyramidal, arms five, long, slender, more or less triangular in cross­section. At base, height of arm sometimes equals breadth of arm, but more commonly height is up to 1.5x arm breadth. Carinal ridge (Figure 1) in all specimens elevated, conspicuously undulating in horizontal and vertical planes from center of disk along arms approximately to mid­point of each arm. Ridge 3–4mm thick, composed of carinal plates along with several series of abactinal plates. Marginal plates conspicuous when specimen viewed from above, forming and defining ambitus; marginals covered with granules. Anus slightly off­center, protected by several spatulate spines. Madreporite typical of genus, placed approximately one­third of distance from apex to interradial margin.</p> <p>Abactinal plates vary greatly in size, not typically in any regular series; at about mid­point of arm about 17 plates traverse abactinal arm surface. Granules on abactinal plates evenly but closely spaced, discrete, not forming a mosaic; granules usually short, peg­shaped, about 330 μm high and 200 μm in diameter, tapering distally to a blunt to sharp point. Some granules rounded distally, but most are pointed. Papulae single or paired, extremely numerous abactinally in radii and interradii, about seven papulae per mm2 (Figure 3, Upper). Papulae also present in small numbers among actinolateral plates. No pedicellariae found.</p> <p>Actinal plates in six rows near arm base, rows disappearing rapidly along length of arm; a single row extends to distal extremity of arm. Granules on actinal plates similar to those on abactinals. Adambulacral furrow spines (Fig. 4, Upper) four, flattened, blade­like, not tapering, approximately 1.5 mm long and 0.3 mm wide; distal tips slightly thickened; oralmost spine in each group of four slightly wider than others. Towards mouth, furrow spines (Fig. 4, Lower) become broader, sometimes almost discoidal, with distal ends thicker. Subambulacral spines in two to three rows of four each, similar to adambulacral furrow spines in length, but slightly wider.</p> <p>Depth Range: In Florida and Bahama Islands 53–135 meters. At Grand Cayman, British Virgin Islands, observed but not collected at 113–126m (T. Engen, personal communication).</p> <p>Distribution: Known from off Cape Canaveral in Florida, The Bahamas, and Grand Cayman, British Virgin Islands.</p> <p>Ecology: All Florida and Bahamas specimens were found on hard substrates with a thin veneer of fine sediment. T. Engen (personal communication) found two specimens in the Grand Cayman Islands on a “steep slope with much sediment and sand”.</p> <p>Etymology: This species is named for Cynthia Ahearn, Museum Specialist and Collections Manager of Echinoderms at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, in recognition of her achievements in curation of the echinoderm collection, her research on echinoderms, and in facilitating the research of so many visitors over the years. In regard to visitors, Cynthia and her husband John have opened their home and hearts to numerous short­term and long­term visitors to the Museum, and provided them with substantial assistance in other ways. Without this unfailing generosity on the part of the Ahearns, most of these visitors would not have been able to travel to Washington and study the echinoderm collections. Reverend John E. Miller, who first recognized this beautiful new species, heartily concurs in the selection of this species­name.</p> <p> Remarks: <i>Narcissia ahearnae</i> differs markedly from its three congeners in possessing a prominent, elevated, undulating carinal ridge. The coterminously distributed western Atlantic species <i>N. trigonaria</i> has a perfectly straight carinal ridge, and the color is consistently “cream blotched with rust red” (Walenkamp, 1976; Clark and Downey, 1992). In addition, in <i>N. trigonaria,</i> the marginal plates are inconspicuous, pedicellariae are very common, the abactinal granules are flattened and angular, forming a mosaic pattern, and there are about three papular pores (Figure 3, Lower) per square mm, while in <i>N. ahearnae</i> marginal plates are conspicuous, pedicellariae are absent or rare, the abactinal granules are peg­like and pointed, not forming a mosaic, and there are about seven papular pores per square mm.</p> <p>This distinctive new species is an interesting addition to the shelf echinoderm fauna of the western Atlantic. It is expected that further investigations will greatly expand the known distribution range of this species.</p>Published as part of <i>Pawson, David L., 2007, Narcissia ahearnae, a new species of sea star from the Western Atlantic (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Valvatida), pp. 53-58 in Zootaxa 1386</i> on pages 54-58, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/175124">10.5281/zenodo.175124</a>
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Social housing strategies, financing mechanisms and outcomes
No full textThis review provides a brief update of developments in social housing policies and national strategies in a cross‐section of developed countries since 2007. The countries included in the review are: Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden (described collectively as European countries) and the United States of America. The time‐frame for this exercise is largely influenced by timing of the global economic downturn and credit crisis which has, in many countries, prompted fundamental policy shifts. With this in mind, the next part of this introductory chapter highlights some of the key features of the post‐2007 economic context for housing policy.
In selecting countries for inclusion in the review we have aimed to encompass a diversity of national social housing systems in countries with broadly similar economic and social profiles to Australia. Jurisdictions included are those where one or more of the contributing authors have direct knowledge of the social housing system and have recently conducted research on aspects of housing policy.
The review has been commissioned by Housing NSW to provide background information for the ongoing development of The Housing Strategy for New South Wales. It builds on and extends research funded by the City Futures Research Centre (UNSW), the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) and OTB TU Delft which is published in the following conference papers and reports: Lawson, Gilmour and Milligan (2010); Lawson (2009); Lawson and Milligan (2007); Milligan and Lawson (2008); Lawson and Nieboer (2009); Lawson, Berry, Yates and Milligan (2009); Milligan, Gurran, Lawson, Phibbs and Phillips (2009); and Hulse, Milligan and Easthope (2011). The report also draws on the UK Housing Review (Pawson & Wilcox, 2011 and forthcoming 2012) and on recently published material available online compiled by various research and sector organisations in a range of countries.
The report was prepared for Housing NSW, Department of Families and Communities, NSW Government in December 2011 and has been recently release
Thyone crassidisca Pawson & Miller 1981
No full textThyone crassidisca Pawson & Miller, 1981 (Figs. 1–2) Material examined. Brazil: Marataízes, Espírito Santo, Brazil, ii.1990, depth unknown, 1 spm, 35 mm (MZUSP 1353). Santos, São Paulo, 3.x.1967, 2 spms 45–60 mm (MZUSP 1519). Comparative material examined. United States: Off Georgia, 19.ii. 1981, 41 m, 1 spm, 40 mm (USNM 19573). Distribution. Western Atlantic: from Florida to Brazil (Espírito Santo and São Paulo, present paper). Bathymetric range: currently known to inhabit sand and crushed shell bottoms (Miller & Pawson 1984) mostly between 4 and 54 m. Description. Body U-shaped, slightly upturned at both ends (Fig. 1A), rough to touch. Color whitish or brownish in ethanol. Tube feet scattered throughout body. Ten tentacles, ventral pair reduced. Anal papillae present. Internal organs degraded, not observed. Calcareous ring tubular, mosaic-like, about 50% of total body length; radial plates notched anteriorly with long and subdivided posterior processes; interradial plate pointed anteriorly. Radial and interradial plates equal in length, united along entire length (Fig. 1B). Body wall and anal ossicles: tables two-pillared; handle present, disc oval, four-holed, margins knobbed. Spire terminating into single, blunt point (80–100 µm long, Fig. 2A–B). Introvert ossicles: tables two-pillared, disc oval, completely perforated; spire high, ending in three teeth (40–60 µm long, Fig. 2D–E) and rosettes (30–40 µm long, Fig. C). Tentacle ossicles: tables (also in introvert). Tube feet ossicles: supporting two-pillared tables; disc curved, 4 central holes, single perforated ends; spire tapering (100–120 µm long, Fig. 2F). Small end plate with large holes around margin, smaller ones medially (100 µm long). Remarks. The species of Thyone are separated into four groups according to their types of introvert ossicles: Itables only; II- rosettes only; III- tables and rosettes; IV- plates only (Panning, 1 949; Pawson & Miller, 1981; Thandar, 1990). Thyone crassidisca belongs to the third group, along with 24 other already known species, among which Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930. Thyone crassidisca and T. pseudofusus are unique in the group III in possessing tables with handles in the body wall (Fig. 2A). However, Thyone crassidisca differs from T. pseudofusus in having low spires terminating in a single blunt point (versus truncate spires ending in a crown of spines in T. pseudofusus). Thyone crassidisca was previously known only from North Carolina to Florida and is recorded herein for the first time from the southeastern Brazilian coast (Espírito Santo ~21° S and São Paulo ~24° S).Published as part of Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos, 2018, New species of the genera Havelockia and Thyone (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) and first record of T. crassidisca from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, pp. 533-542 in Zootaxa 4407 (4) on pages 534-535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/122109
Using realist methods to produce syntheses of evidence for use by managers and policy makers
No full textRay Pawson, Trish Greenhalgh, G. Harvey, K. Walsh
Formation of Shc-Grb2 complexes is necessary to induce neoplastic transformation by overexpression of Shc proteins
No full textThe mammalian SHC gene encodes three overlapping proteins which all contain a carboxy-terminal SH2 domain. Shc proteins are phosphorylated on tyrosine by a variety of receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Phosphorylated Shc proteins form a complex with the SH2-SH3 containing Grb2 protein which is implicated in the regulation of Ras, suggesting that Shc is involved in the intracellular transmission of growth signals from activated tyrosine kinases to Ras. Overexpression of Shc proteins in cultured fibroblasts induces a transformed phenotype. We now report that, in vitro, the high affinity binding of Grb2 to Shc proteins requires phosphorylation of Shc at Tyr317, which lies within the high affinity binding motif for the Grb2 SH2 domain, pYVNV, where Asn at the +2 position is crucial for complex formation. In vivo, Tyr317 is the major, but not the only, site for Shc phosphorylation, and is the sole Shc high affinity binding site for Grb2. Mutant Shc proteins with substitution of the Tyr317 by Phe lose the capacity to be highly phosphorylated on tyrosine upon growth factor receptor activation, to bind Grb2 and to induce neoplastic transformation. In contrast, Shc proteins that have an extensive aminoterminal deletion, but retain the Tyr317 site and the SH2 domain conserve the capacity to be phosphorylated, to bind to Grb2 and to induce cell transformation. These data indicate that the formation of the Shc-Grb2 complex is a crucial event in the transformation induced by overexpression of Shc and support the notion that Shc proteins can deliver activation signals to RAS
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