237 research outputs found
Holes and Islands in Random Point Sets
No full textFor d ∈ ℕ, let S be a finite set of points in ℝ^d in general position. A set H of k points from S is a k-hole in S if all points from H lie on the boundary of the convex hull conv(H) of H and the interior of conv(H) does not contain any point from S. A set I of k points from S is a k-island in S if conv(I) ∩ S = I. Note that each k-hole in S is a k-island in S.
For fixed positive integers d, k and a convex body K in ℝ^d with d-dimensional Lebesgue measure 1, let S be a set of n points chosen uniformly and independently at random from K. We show that the expected number of k-islands in S is in O(n^d). In the case k=d+1, we prove that the expected number of empty simplices (that is, (d+1)-holes) in S is at most 2^(d-1) ⋅ d! ⋅ binom(n,d). Our results improve and generalize previous bounds by Bárány and Füredi [I. Bárány and Z. Füredi, 1987], Valtr [P. Valtr, 1995], Fabila-Monroy and Huemer [Fabila-Monroy and Huemer, 2012], and Fabila-Monroy, Huemer, and Mitsche [Fabila-Monroy et al., 2015]
Orientation Preserving Maps of the Square Grid
No full textFor a finite set A ⊂ ℝ², a map φ: A → ℝ² is orientation preserving if for every non-collinear triple u,v,w ∈ A the orientation of the triangle u,v,w is the same as that of the triangle φ(u),φ(v),φ(w). We prove that for every n ∈ ℕ and for every ε > 0 there is N = N(n,ε) ∈ ℕ such that the following holds. Assume that φ:G(N) → ℝ² is an orientation preserving map where G(N) is the grid {(i,j) ∈ ℤ²: -N ≤ i,j ≤ N}. Then there is an affine transformation ψ :ℝ² → ℝ² and a ∈ ℤ² such that a+G(n) ⊂ G(N) and ‖ψ∘φ (z)-z‖ < ε for every z ∈ a+G(n). This result was previously proved in a completely different way by Nešetřil and Valtr, without obtaining any bound on N. Our proof gives N(n,ε) = O(n⁴ε^{-2})
Extremal Polyominoes
No full textTitle: Extremal Polyominoes Author: Veronika Steffanová Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr. Abstract: The thesis is focused on polyominoes and other planar figures consisting of regular polygons, namely polyiamonds and polyhexes. We study the basic geometrical properties: the perimeter, the convex hull and the bounding rectangle/hexagon. We maximise and minimise these parameters and for the fixed size of the polyomino, denoted by n. We compute the extremal values of a chosen parameter and then we try to enumerate all polyominoes of the size n, which has the extremal property. Some of the problems were solved by other authors. We summarise their results. Some of the problems were solved by us, namely the maximal bounding rectan- gle/hexagon and maximal convex hull of polyiamonds. There are still sev- eral topics which remain open. We summarise the literature and offer our observations for the following scientists. Keywords: Polyomino, convex hull, extremal questions, plane
Grid representations of graphs and the chromatic number
No full textGrid Representations and the Chromatic Number Martin Balko August 2, 2012 Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr Dr. Supervisor's email address: [email protected] Abstract In the thesis we study grid drawings of graphs and their connections with graph colorings. A grid drawing of a graph maps vertices to distinct points of the grid Zd and edges to line segments that avoid grid points representing other vertices. We show that a graph G is qd -colorable, d, q ≥ 2, if and only if there is a grid drawing of G in Zd in which no line segment intersects more than q grid points. Second, we study grid drawings with bounded number of columns, introducing some new NP- complete problems. We also show a sharp lower bound on the area of plane grid drawings of balanced complete k-partite graphs, proving a conjecture of David R. Wood. Finally, we show that any planar graph has a planar grid drawing where every line segment contains exactly two grid points. This result proves conjectures of D. Flores Pe˝naloza and F. J. Zaragoza Martinez. Keywords: graph representations, grid, chromatic number, plan
Long Alternating Paths Exist
No full textLet P be a set of 2n points in convex position, such that n points are colored red and n points are colored blue. A non-crossing alternating path on P of length is a sequence p₁, … , p_ of points from P so that (i) all points are pairwise distinct; (ii) any two consecutive points p_i, p_{i+1} have different colors; and (iii) any two segments p_i p_{i+1} and p_j p_{j+1} have disjoint relative interiors, for i ≠ j.
We show that there is an absolute constant ε > 0, independent of n and of the coloring, such that P always admits a non-crossing alternating path of length at least (1 + ε)n. The result is obtained through a slightly stronger statement: there always exists a non-crossing bichromatic separated matching on at least (1 + ε)n points of P. This is a properly colored matching whose segments are pairwise disjoint and intersected by common line. For both versions, this is the first improvement of the easily obtained lower bound of n by an additive term linear in n. The best known published upper bounds are asymptotically of order 4n/3+o(n)
Grid representations of graphs and the chromatic number
No full textGrid Representations and the Chromatic Number Martin Balko August 2, 2012 Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr Dr. Supervisor's email address: [email protected] Abstract In the thesis we study grid drawings of graphs and their connections with graph colorings. A grid drawing of a graph maps vertices to distinct points of the grid Zd and edges to line segments that avoid grid points representing other vertices. We show that a graph G is qd -colorable, d, q ≥ 2, if and only if there is a grid drawing of G in Zd in which no line segment intersects more than q grid points. Second, we study grid drawings with bounded number of columns, introducing some new NP- complete problems. We also show a sharp lower bound on the area of plane grid drawings of balanced complete k-partite graphs, proving a conjecture of David R. Wood. Finally, we show that any planar graph has a planar grid drawing where every line segment contains exactly two grid points. This result proves conjectures of D. Flores Pe˝naloza and F. J. Zaragoza Martinez. Keywords: graph representations, grid, chromatic number, plan
Extremální kombinatorika matic, posloupností a množin permutací
No full textTitle: Extremal combinatorics of matrices, sequences and sets of permutations Author: Josef Cibulka Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr., Department of Applied Mathematics Abstract: This thesis studies questions from the areas of the extremal theory of {0, 1}-matrices, sequences and sets of permutations, which found many ap- plications in combinatorial and computational geometry. The VC-dimension of a set P of n-element permutations is the largest integer k such that the set of restrictions of the permutations in P on some k-tuple of positions is the set of all k! permutation patterns. We show lower and upper bounds quasiexponential in n on the maximum size of a set of n-element permutations with VC-dimension bounded by a constant. This is used in a paper of Jan Kynčl to considerably improve the upper bound on the number of weak isomorphism classes of com- plete topological graphs on n vertices. For some, mostly permutation, matrices M, we give new bounds on the number of 1-entries an n × n M-avoiding matrix can have. For example, for every even k, we give a construction of a matrix with k2 n/2 1-entries that avoids one specific k-permutation matrix. We also give almost tight bounds on the maximum number of 1-entries in matrices avoiding a fixed layered...Název práce: Extremální kombinatorika matic, posloupností a množin permutací Autor: Josef Cibulka Katedra: Katedra aplikované matematiky Vedoucí disertační práce: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr., Katedra aplikované ma- tematiky Abstrakt: V této práci se zabýváme oblastmi extremální teorie {0, 1}-matic, posloupností a množin permutací, které mají četná využití v oblasti kombina- torické a výpočetní geometrie. VC-dimenze množiny n-prvkových permutací P je největší celé číslo k takové, že množina zúžení permutací z P na některou k-tici pozic je množina všech k-prvkových permutací. Projdeme všemi třemi zmíněnými oblastmi extremální kombinatoriky, abychom dokázali horní a dolní meze, rostoucí kvaziexponenciálně v n, na maximální možnou velikost množiny n- permutací s VC-dimenzí shora omezenou konstantou. Tento výsledek využívá ve svém článku Jan Kynčl k výraznému snížení horního odhadu na počet tříd slabého izomorfismu úplného topologického grafu na n vrcholech. Dále pro některé, ze- jména permutační, matice M dokážeme nové meze na počet jedniček v M-prosté {0, 1}-matici velikosti n × n. Například pro každé k zkonstruujeme matici s k2 n/2 jedničkami prostou jedné konkrétní permutační matice velikosti k ×...Katedra aplikované matematikyDepartment of Applied MathematicsFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult
Extremal combinatorics of matrices, sequences and sets of permutations
No full textTitle: Extremal combinatorics of matrices, sequences and sets of permutations Author: Josef Cibulka Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr., Department of Applied Mathematics Abstract: This thesis studies questions from the areas of the extremal theory of {0, 1}-matrices, sequences and sets of permutations, which found many ap- plications in combinatorial and computational geometry. The VC-dimension of a set P of n-element permutations is the largest integer k such that the set of restrictions of the permutations in P on some k-tuple of positions is the set of all k! permutation patterns. We show lower and upper bounds quasiexponential in n on the maximum size of a set of n-element permutations with VC-dimension bounded by a constant. This is used in a paper of Jan Kynčl to considerably improve the upper bound on the number of weak isomorphism classes of com- plete topological graphs on n vertices. For some, mostly permutation, matrices M, we give new bounds on the number of 1-entries an n × n M-avoiding matrix can have. For example, for every even k, we give a construction of a matrix with k2 n/2 1-entries that avoids one specific k-permutation matrix. We also give almost tight bounds on the maximum number of 1-entries in matrices avoiding a fixed layered..
Convex polygons in density-restricted point sets
No full textFor A, a finite set of points in Rd , let ∆(A) denote the spread of A and be equal to the ratio of the maximum and the minimum distance of two points from A. Valtr (1992) proved that for sets of points in the plane with spread equal to Θ(n 1 2 ), the cardinality of the largest subset in convex position is Θ(n 1 3 ) in the worst case. The same article also contains an expanded upper bound on the guaranteed cardinality of subsets in convex position for sets with spread asymptotically higher than n 1 2 , and a brief construction for the proof. This thesis looks at this construction in detail. Furthermore it builds on the recent results for sets in higher dimensions, specifically discusses, whether it is possible to expand the upper bound in three-dimensional space for higher spreads with a similar technique as in the planar case. 1 Seznam použité literatury Valtr, P. (1992). Convex independent sets and 7-holes in restricted planar point sets. Discrete & Computational Geometry, 7(2), 135-152. 2Pro A, konečnou množinu bodů v Rd , nechť ∆(A) značí rozpětí A a je rovno poměru mezi maximální a minimální vzdáleností mezi dvěma body z A. Valtr (1992) dokázal, že pro množiny bodů v rovině a rozpětím rovným Θ(n 1 2 ) je veli- kost jejich největší podmnožiny v konvexní pozici Θ(n 1 3 ) v nejhorším případě. Ve stejném článku také uvádí rozšířený horní odhad na zaručenou velikost podmno- žiny v konvexní pozici pro množiny s asymptoticky vyšším rozpětím než n 1 2 , a stručnou konstrukci důkazu. Tato práce se věnuje konstrukci této detailně. Dále navazuje na nedávné výsledky pro množiny ve vyšších dimenzích, specificky pro- bírá, jestli by bylo možné rozšířit horní odhad v trojrozměrném prostoru pro vyšší rozpětí podobnou technikou, jako v rovinném případě. 1 Seznam použité literatury Valtr, P. (1992). Convex independent sets and 7-holes in restricted planar point sets. Discrete & Computational Geometry, 7(2), 135-152. 2Department of Applied MathematicsKatedra aplikované matematikyMatematicko-fyzikální fakultaFaculty of Mathematics and Physic
Erdős-Szekeres-Type Problems in the Real Projective Plane
No full textWe consider point sets in the real projective plane ℝ² and explore variants of classical extremal problems about planar point sets in this setting, with a main focus on Erdős-Szekeres-type problems.
We provide asymptotically tight bounds for a variant of the Erdős-Szekeres theorem about point sets in convex position in ℝ², which was initiated by Harborth and Möller in 1994. The notion of convex position in ℝ² agrees with the definition of convex sets introduced by Steinitz in 1913.
For k ≥ 3, an (affine) k-hole in a finite set S ⊆ ℝ² is a set of k points from S in convex position with no point of S in the interior of their convex hull. After introducing a new notion of k-holes for points sets from ℝ², called projective k-holes, we find arbitrarily large finite sets of points from ℝ² with no projective 8-holes, providing an analogue of a classical result by Horton from 1983. We also prove that they contain only quadratically many projective k-holes for k ≤ 7. On the other hand, we show that the number of k-holes can be substantially larger in ℝ² than in ℝ² by constructing, for every k ∈ {3,… ,6}, sets of n points from ℝ² ⊂ ℝ² with Ω(n^{3-3/5k}) projective k-holes and only O(n²) affine k-holes. Last but not least, we prove several other results, for example about projective holes in random point sets in ℝ² and about some algorithmic aspects.
The study of extremal problems about point sets in ℝ² opens a new area of research, which we support by posing several open problems
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