633 research outputs found
Young women's use of a microbicide surrogate: The complex influence of relationship characteristics and perceived male partners' evaluations
No full textThis is the post-print version of the article. The official published version can be found at the link below.Currently in clinical trials, vaginal microbicides are proposed as a female-initiated method of sexually transmitted infection prevention. Much of microbicide acceptability research has been conducted outside of the United States and frequently without consideration of the social interaction between sex partners, ignoring the complex gender and power structures often inherent in young women’s (heterosexual) relationships. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to build on existing microbicide research by exploring the role of male partners and relationship characteristics on young women’s use of a microbicide surrogate, an inert vaginal moisturizer (VM), in a large city in the United States. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 young women (18–23 years old; 85% African American; 47.5% mothers) following use of the VM during coital events for a 4 week period. Overall, the results indicated that relationship dynamics and perceptions of male partners influenced VM evaluation. These two factors suggest that relationship context will need to be considered in the promotion of vaginal microbicides. The findings offer insights into how future acceptability and use of microbicides will be influenced by gendered power dynamics. The results also underscore the importance of incorporating men into microbicide promotion efforts while encouraging a dialogue that focuses attention on power inequities that can exist in heterosexual relationships. Detailed understanding of these issues is essential for successful microbicide acceptability, social marketing, education, and use.This study was funded by a grant from National Institutes of Health (NIHU19AI 31494) as well as research awards to the first author: Friends of the Kinsey Institute Research Grant Award, Indiana University’s School of HPER Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid of Research Award, William L. Yarber Sexual Health Fellowship, and the Indiana University Graduate and Professional Student Organization Research Grant
The Old English Bede: Transmission and Textual History in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts
No full textAn unknown author translated the Old English version of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History (OEB) around the ninth century. Previous research focused on the text’s authorship, specifically on Mercian linguistic features in its earliest manuscript, rather than the reception and transmission of its manuscripts (Miller, 1890; Whitelock, 1962; Kuhn, 1972). This thesis considers the OEB’s reception and transmission as evident in its copyists’ scribal performances. Conservative and innovative textual variants are identified for the OEB, and scribal behaviour categorised according to the framework devised by Benskin and Laing (1981) in their study of Middle English scribes. A detailed linguistic comparison of OEB witnesses combined with a close examination of the physical manuscripts reveals the working methods of scribes involved in their production. The manuscripts examined are:
Oxford, Bodleian Library Tanner 10 (T)
Oxford, Corpus Christi College 279B (O)
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 41 (B)
Cambridge, University Library Kk.3.18 (Ca)
Each chapter analyses a particular scribal performance. O’s scribe created a Mischsprache text, combining Mercian and West-Saxon forms, yet conflicting views of what constituted a good text are revealed by O’s producers’ extensive textual corrections. Relict forms in B demonstrate that its exemplar was illegible in places and that the scribe was forced to make several textual repairs. Ca has long been considered a direct copy of O, however my detailed comparison of the two manuscripts reveals that this cannot be the case. Finally, some previously unnoticed and unpublished drypoint annotations to O’s text are presented and explored in the context of other Anglo-Saxon scratched material.
This thesis shows the benefits of examining the OEB from a scribal viewpoint, identifying common modes of scribal behaviour across the medieval period. It proposes a set of features belonging to the original translation, some of which hint at an earlier date of composition than previously supposed
The Dynamics of a Modified Holling-Tanner Prey-Predator Model with Wind Effect
No full textCopyright © 2021 The Author(s). Wind flow is one of the components in the biosphere that could alter the predation type of any species. In this paper, a prey-predator model incorporating wind in the predation task is suggested and analysed. The Holling-Tanner functional response has been proposed to illustrate the overall dynamics of the proposed system, considering the change in wind intensity. The persistence conditions are provided to reveal a threshold that will allow the coexistence of all species. Numerical simulations are provided to back up the theoretical analysis. The system’s coexistence can be achieved in abundance as long as the wind flow increases
Ecology and Epidemiology of Integrated Malaria Vector Management in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
No full textMalaria remains one of the major contributors to the global burden of disease with approximately 70% of the clinical malaria attacks occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub- Saharan Africa has the highest risk as ideal climatic conditions for transmission coincide with occurrence of some of the most efficient malaria vectors, namely Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus.. Even though it is estimated that by the year 2030 more than 50% of the African population will live in towns and cities, relatively little is known about urban malaria epidemiology, larval ecology and adult mosquito behaviour. Although integrated malaria control programs including environmental management and larviciding have proven successful before the Global Eradication Campaign started in 1955, they were neglected after the invention of DDT. Lately interest into these control measures has revived but it remains to be determined whether they are feasible and cost-effective in urban Africa. The overall goal of the research presented in this thesis was to enhance current understanding of urban malaria epidemiology and ecology and to take an in-depth look at the effectiveness of larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) in the context of the Urban Malaria Control Program (UMCP) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Our findings are based on data derived from the first 3 years of the UMCP, where data collection started in March 2004. The project area includes 5 wards in each of the 3 municipalities which consist of 67 mitaa covering an area of 55 km2 in which 611,871 people lived during the population census of 2002. Achieving the UMCPs objectives fundamentally relies on three component activities: 1) Mapping and surveillance of potential Anopheles breeding sites, 2) Monitoring of adult mosquito densities, and 3) Household surveys with questionnaires and blood smears testing for malaria parasite infection. In the third year of the UMCP, beginning in March 2006, the routine application of the microbial larvicides Bti in open habitats and Bs in closed habitats was initiated in 3 of the 15 wards in the study area, adding to existing interventions such as bednets, house screening, ceiling boards, repellents, spray and coils. At the same time a detailed survey of mosquito biting behaviour, human behaviour and domestic protection measures was conducted in 12 Ten Cell Units (TCU), the smallest subunit of local government in Tanzania, which presented the highest An. gambiae s.l. densities during the early period of the UMCP surveillance system. Human landing catch (HLC) was conducted in 216 houses on an hourly basis indoors and outdoors from 6 pm till 7 am and residents were interviewed about their sleeping behaviour, where they spend their evenings and what kind of preventive measures against malaria they use. Personal protection of an insecticide treated net (ITN) was evaluated using an extension of a recently developed mathematical model. Overall An. gambiae s.l. exhibited a classical hourly biting pattern. In contrast one of the complex’s component sibling species, namely An. arabiensis, had an early biting peak before 10 pm. Both sibling species, namely An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis, as well as An. funestus and An. coustani were highly exophagic. This behaviour led to a reduced personal protection against exposure to An. gambiae s.s. by ITNs which conferred 59% reduction of exposure in Dar es Salaam compared to 70% in rural Tanzania. An. arabiensis is a vector of only modest importance in Dar es Salaam which is fortunate because ITNs only conferred 38% protection against exposure to this species of mosquito. ITNs conferred slightly less protection against exposure to malaria vectors in good quality houses. This is mainly because people living in good houses tend to spend more time indoors before they go to bed. An. gambiae s.l. is the most important vector in Dar es Salaam , responsible for an EIR (entomological inoculation rate) of 1.00 infectious bites per person per year whereas An. funestus has an EIR of 0.13. Surprisingly, An. coustani also acts as a notable vector in Dar es Salaam with an EIR of 0.20 infectious bites per person per year. Malaria transmission is seasonal with two peaks of malaria prevalence during and after the two rainy seasons. Malaria prevalence was only related to EIR in children under 5 years of age, with a classical ageprevalence distribution similar to most of rural Africa. Malaria prevalence steadily declined from 2004 onwards as the use of window screenings, ceiling boards and more effective drugs like amodiaquine and artemisin-based drugs increased. ITNs (prevalence reduction estimate 20%, 95% CI 0%-36%; P=0.060; year 1) and ceiling boards (prevalence reduction estimate 22%, 95% CI 3%-38%; P=0.026; year 2) conferred modest personal protection and reduced malaria prevalence by approximately one fifth. By comparison, a much greater reduction (prevalence reduction estimate 50%, 95% CI 20%-64%; P=0.002) of malaria prevalence was achieved by larviciding with Bti. This was mainly achieved through major reductions of An. gambiae during July and August when most of the sporozoite infected mosquitoes were caught, combined with all-year-round suppression of the secondary vectors, namely An. funestus and An. coustani. This major achievement was only possible through the novel surveillance and staff management procedures developed by the UMCP to enable effective community based implementation in a decentralized manner. Standards of the surveillance improved greatly after the onset of the program with realized reaction times to vector surveillance at observations being one day, week and month at ward, municipality and city level, respectively. These results of changing biting behaviour of the main malaria vectors in urban settings and the therefore lower but still useful personal protection offered by ITNs call for additional complementary vector control methods such as environmental management or larviciding. The UMCP demonstrated that major reductions in malaria prevalence can be achieved through routine application of microbial larvicides with its new practical management and surveillance system. As these represent the early results of the program, we expect substantial improvement with time and investment. Here we demonstrated for the first time since before the Global Eradication Campaign era, a success story of a malaria control program integrating larviciding, which could be easily adapted by other African cities as a cost-effective option for malaria prevention
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The Literary Theory of Ayn Rand
No full textThe author believes that Ayn Rand presents a systematic approach to aesthetics and that her work presents an interesting and significant approach to aesthetic problems. The author will attempt to present Ayn Rand's basic aesthetic concepts that throw light on her literary theory. The author will also present her views on literary schools and of individual authors
The health of pregnant women in rural Tanzania with specific emphasis on anaemia and the impact of socially marketed insecticide treated bednets
No full textAnaemia in pregnancy is one of the main maternal health problems globally,
affecting over 50% of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Although not
always shown to have a causal link, severe anaemia contributes to maternal
morbidity and mortality and to poor pregnancy outcomes and infant survival. The
work encompassed in this thesis describes fertility and health in pregnancy with a
specific emphasis on anaemia. In addition, the applicability of ITNs for the
prevention of malaria and anaemia in pregnancy is examined in more detail. In Part II of the thesis, achieved fertility and the family building preferences of
women are described. A high fertility setting is described in which there is also a
high incidence of late pregnancy loss, which increases the exposure of women to
poor maternal health outcomes. There were indications of an increasing desire
for fertility regulation methods, especially amongst teenagers. This was
evidenced principally by high levels of unmet need amongst teenagers for family
planning methods, and through focus group discussions which highlighted
induced abortion as a pressing concern for the health of young women. In Part III of the thesis the magnitude of anaemia as a health problem in
pregnancy is discussed. In Kilombero over three-quarters of pregnant women
were anaemic, 11% severely so, which defines the area as high risk. Multiple
risk factors for anaemia were present and there was a sharp seasonal peak. In
this study malaria and iron deficiency were both important contributors.
Unmarried women, both primigravidae and multigravidae, were at increased risk
of being severely anaemic suggesting that socio-economic vulnerability also
plays an important role. The relevance of pregnancy anaemia as a public health
issue was underlined by our findings that, independent of other factors, anaemia
in pregnancy was associated with a three-fold increase in infant mortality risk. In Part IV the impact of socially-marketed insecticide treated nets on pregnancy
and child morbidity was reported. Social marketing proved to be a highly
successful tool for delivering ITNs with a rapid increase in uptake of the product.
At the time of these impact surveys 61% of under two year olds and 53% of
pregnant women were ITN users. This was the first evaluation of the impact of
ITNs on morbidity under programme conditions. ITN use was associated with a
reduction of 38% of all cases of severe anaemia in pregnancy and 63% of all
cases in children under two years of age. It is recommended that ITNs be
promoted at every level for use by pregnant women and children. Women in the Kilombero Valley have a high life-time risk of dying due to
pregnancy related causes, typical of the sub-Saharan Region as a whole. They
are exposed to the three biggest contributors to ill health: poverty, malnutrition
and infectious disease, especially malaria. Approaches for tackling these
problems using complimentary strategies are discussed. However, due to the
multi-level benefits of ITN use in pregnancy – through protection of the pregnant
woman, her growing foetus, and subsequently impacting on infant health -
insecticide-treated bednets, together with improved campaigns for highlighting
the needs of pregnant women, are indicated as the principal way forward to
better health
A TDMA Algorithm for Dual-Hop Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks
No full textIn this paper, we propose a time division multiple access (TDMA) algorithm and system for a dual-hop energy harvesting wireless sensor network. We assume that the network is divided into clusters, where each cluster has a cluster head and cluster members. A cluster head collects data from its respective cluster members and then transmits the data in one packet to the base station. The proposed algorithm first synchronizes the network and then enables each node to transmit over its designated time slot. The proposed algorithm allows each node to synchronize not only based on a synchronization packet from the base station, but also based on a data packet from another node that is within its communication range. Moreover, the proposed algorithm synchronizes clusters individually, i.e., if a cluster becomes out-of-sync, the algorithm only synchronizes that cluster while allowing the remaining clusters to continue normal operation. The proposed algorithm works also for single-hop networks, and achieves network synchronization without the need for acknowledgment packets, which reduces the average energy consumption and average delay by approximately 1.36 and 1.46 times, respectively, compared to the most recent single-hop algorithm
Relationships' sustainability: the case of German wheat-to-bread chain
No full textIn recent years there has been a shift in emphasis from transaction-based to more co-operative relationships, as chain members have recognised the need to invest in their supply chain relationships in order to protect their businesses. These non-arm’s-length relationships are capable of generating relational rents for chain partners. The main aim of this paper is to investigate why, in spite of the advantages of the non-arm’s-length relationships, some relationships do not continue. To enhance the understanding of the termination process, we identify and analyse the factors inducing relationship sustainability (continuation) as well as termination in the case of the German wheat-to-bread chain. The study built on the findings of relationship marketing approach that stresses the importance of building longer-term relationships with customers rather than carrying out individual transactions. In addition, the findings of modern microeconomic theories including transaction costs theory and industrial theory are taken into consideration. The empirical analysis is based on two data sets: First, a quantitative questionnaire survey and second, interviews with stakeholders of the wheat-to-bread chain were conducted, aiming at identifying the role of economic and behavioral dimensions of relationships for their termination. The questionnaire survey provides that businesses assess the relationships in the wheat-to-bread chain, being of high quality and long term duration. The results show that trust, satisfaction and commitment - the behavioural dimensions of relationships quality - are very high in the considered chain. Competitive price, competitive quality and supply continuity were identified as determinants mostly important for buyers’ satisfaction as directly influencing relationships’ performance. In addition, the results demonstrate that lack of trust is the reason why relationships do not develop or are terminated in the early phases of the relationship. In the long lasting relationships on the other hand, the reasons for termination are mostly of economic nature. The paper shows why sustainable relationships may enhance business’ competitiveness and analyses why in spite of it the relationships terminate. As the result of the research we understand the sustainable relationships as those relationships in that the costs for starting the relationship are exceeded by returns gained from the cooperation in time.economic relationships, sustainability, termination, Agribusiness,
Reading acts of narrative appropriation: four instances of fraudulent memoir
No full textPhDThis thesis examines acts of narrative appropriation, the telling of purportedly‘authentic’ life stories by those for whom the stories are not theirs to tell. This
misuse or subversion of genre - the discipline of historical writing and the category
of autobiography - becomes a means for cultural, social and political dissimulation,
and the analysis focuses both on the act: the event, trespass, or ‘theft’ of another’s
life story, and on the cultural meaning that this event reveals. These narrative acts
are approached theoretically through discussions of what it means to be an author, a
reader, and through the consideration of literary and social genre, category and form.
In exploring identities at particular risk of appropriation, this thesis shows how
fraudulent appropriated narratives affect our reading of the world, and in turn
influence our perception of already marginalized social groups. My primary
examples include prostitution ‘narratives’, Native North American ‘memoir,’ and
fraudulent Holocaust survivor ‘testimony,’ with each text providing decoded
evidence of ‘genre-bending’ exhibiting a social and political intent. These works
seek to be read as authentic personal narratives, as autobiography, and that is how
they have been presented to the reader. However, they are imposters – fictional tales
desiring the elevated status of historical authenticity and willing to bend the rules
and contracts of genre to achieve their end. Here the appearance of authenticity is
achieved through the use of cultural and social ‘myth,’ or perceptions of cultural
identity, and as such its fraudulent construction is first and foremost a social act,
with a social and economic motivation. As this thesis concludes, these texts are
most successful when their own political and social ideologies echo and confirm that
of the readership; when their subjects, the fraudulent ‘I’ at the center of the text is
also a performative elaboration of cultural belief
Epidemiology and diagnosis of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children in Azaguié, south Côte d'Ivoire
No full textBackground: Classified among the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis remains one of the most important parasitic diseases in the tropics and subtropics, and constitutes a major public health problem. Following World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution 54.19, put forth in May 2001, several control programmes have emerged in schistosomiasis-endemic countries with the objective to reduce morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis by regularly treating at least 75% and up to 100% of all school-aged children who are at risk by 2010. By focusing treatment upon the school-aged population, WHA resolution 54.19 neglects preschool-aged children, thus preventing them from benefiting from preventive chemotherapy targeted to their older peers, and hence creating a potential health inequity. Root causes include the belief that very young children would not yet be exposed to infected freshwater bodies, thus an insufficient understanding and documentation of the extent and severity of schistosomiasis in this age class, and a paucity of pharmacokinetic safety data of praziquantel among young children. However, in endemic zones, women are frequently accompanied by their children, even at young age, when they go to ponds, rivers or irrigation canals, all of which may be contaminated with cercariae, the infective stage to humans. Recent studies carried out in East and West Africa showed that intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis can indeed occur in very early childhood. Pathology due to chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni includes hepatic perisinusoidal egg granulomas, Symmers’ pipe-stem periportal fibrosis, portal hypertension and, occasionally, embolic egg granulomas in the brain or spinal cord. Schistosoma haematobium infection may cause haematuria, scarring, calcification, squamous cell carcinoma and, occasionally, embolic egg granulomas in the brain or spinal cord.
Goal and specific objectives: The overarching goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to deepen our understanding of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children. The thesis pursued five specific objectives in Azaguié district, south Côte d’Ivoire. First, to characterize intestinal parasitic infections at the Azaguié district level. Second, to assess the accuracy of a commercially available urine circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) cassette test (CCA-A) and an experimental formulation (CCA-B) for the diagnosis of S. mansoni among school-aged children in different endemicity settings. Third, to assess the accuracy of CCA-A for the diagnosis of S. mansoni in preschool-aged children before and after praziquantel administration. Fourth, to study the epidemiology and risk factors for schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children. Fifth, to assess the efficacy and safety of crushed praziquantel tablets in preschool-aged children in a co-endemic setting of S. mansoni and S. haematobium.
Methods: The fieldwork for this Ph.D. thesis was split into two parts. In order to address the first two objectives, in mid-2010, a cross-sectional study was carried out in seven schools from four locations of Azaguié district, including more than 600 schoolchildren. Multiple stool and urine samples were collected from each schoolchild over three consecutive days. Stool samples were examined with the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of S. mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm). Stool samples from the first day of collection were preserved in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF) and examined one month later using an ether-concentration method for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa. Urine samples were examined with CCA tests (CCA-A on three days and CCA-B once) for the diagnosis of S. mansoni. In addition, urine samples were analysed with the urine filtration technique and reagent strips for the diagnosis of S. haematobium.
In order to address objectives 3-5, a cross-sectional study was implemented as a baseline survey in 2011 in two villages of Azaguié district, namely Azaguié Makouguié and Azaguié M’Bromé, where S. mansoni and S. haematobium coexist. About 300 preschool-aged children (<6 years) were involved in this study. Multiple stool and urine samples were collected over two consecutive days and subjected to the same laboratory procedures as the samples of the schoolchildren in 2010. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and arm circumference) and clinical features (temperature, haemoglobin level) from each preschool-aged child were recorded. Focus group discussions were performed with the mothers of the preschool-aged children and questionnaires administered for a risk factor assessment. Subsequently, preschool-aged children were treated with crushed praziquantel tablets and three weeks posttreatment, drug efficacy was determined following the same field and laboratory procedures as during the baseline study. Adverse events (within 3 and 24 hours posttreatment were recorded by interviewing the mothers of the preschoolers.
Results: The results of this PhD thesis can be structured as follows:
Intestinal parasitic infections in Azaguié: We showed that the selection of intervention settings by control programmes based on a single stool sample examined with duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears or a single urine sample subjected to a standard urine filtration method considerably underestimate the prevalence of Schistosoma infection. This led to a misclassification of intervention settings as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Hence, in such a context, more sensitive diagnostic tools are needed to select the intervention settings with high accuracy. In addition, we found a small-scale heterogeneity in the distribution of helminth and intestinal protozoa infections. We also confirmed that polyparasitism is common in the Azaguié district.
Accuracy of urine CCA tests in different endemicity settings in schoolchildren: The prevalence of S. mansoni in the three different endemicity settings was 32.9%, 53.1% and 91.8%, respectively. In all three settings, the sensitivity of a single CCA-A test was similar to triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and was 56.3% and 47.9% in setting A (S. mansoni prevalence, 32.9%), 69.6% and 73.9% in setting B (S. mansoni prevalence, 53.1%), and 89.6% and 94.2% in setting C (S. mansoni prevalence, 91.8%). The specificity of the CCA-A test was moderate (76.9–84.2%). The likelihood of a CCA-A test color reaction increased with higher S. mansoni faecal egg counts (odds ratio = 1.07, p <0.001). A concurrent S. haematobium infection or the presence of microhaematuria did not influence the CCA test results for S. mansoni diagnosis.
Accuracy of the urine CCA test in preschool-aged children: Before treatment, the prevalence of S. mansoni, as determined by quadruplicate Kato-Katz thick smears, duplicate CCA(t-) test considering “trace” as negative results, and CCA(t+) test with “trace” as positive, was 23.1%, 45.0% and 76.5%, respectively. Irrespectiv of the ‘gold’ standard, a single CCA test (CCA(t+) or CCA(t-)) was more sensitive than quadruplicate Kato-Katz thick smears before and after treatment. The specificity of a single CCA test ranged between 59.3% and 100% before and after treatment. The intensity of the CCA test band reaction was correlated with S. mansoni egg burden (odds ratio = 1.2, p = 0.04).
Epidemiology and risk factors of schistosomiasis in preschoolers: The prevalence of S. mansoni in preschool-aged children was 25.5% in Azaguié Makouguié and 21.6% in Azaguié M’Bromé and the prevalence of S. haematobium 17.3% and 5.9%, respectively. Most infections were of light intensity. Mothers’ occupation and older siblings played important roles in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children.
Efficacy and safety of crushed praziquantel in preschoolers: According to the Kato-Katz and urine filtration results, we found high efficacy of crushed praziquantel against S. mansoni (cure rate (CR) = 88.6%, egg reduction rate (ERR) = 96.7%) and S. haematobium (CR = 88.9%, ERR = 98.0%). Treatment was generally well tolerated, but moderate adverse events (i.e. body and face inflammation), which required close supervision by the study physician, were observed in four non-infected children.
Conclusions: More sensitive diagnostic tools and rigorous sampling approaches are needed to select schistosomiasis-endemicity settings with high accuracy. The observed small-scale heterogeneity of helminth and intestinal protozoa infections should be carefully considered by control programmes. A single urine CCA test is more sensitive than multiple Kato-Katz thick smears in school-aged as well as in preschool-aged children. The urine CCA test can be recommended for rapid identification of high risk communities. However, its application for monitoring the impact of control interventions needs further investigation. In our study settings, preschool-aged children are at risk of schistosomiasis and can be infected very early in childhood. Integrated control approaches including improvement of safe water supply, sanitation, health facilities, and health education are needed in our study communities. Crushed praziquantel is efficacious against S. mansoni and S. haematobium and can be recommended for the treatment of infected children at young age, but only if they are unambiguously diagnosed. Nevertheless, further research is needed to deepen our understanding on the safety of praziquantel in this age group
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