1,021 research outputs found
The nomenclature of the lycophyte species Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (Huperziaceae)
No full textIn 1982, Ren Chang Ching twice described the same lycophyte species under the names Lycopodium mingcheense (published in April; the original "minchegense" spelling being a correctable error) and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (published in May). Phlegmariurus mingcheensis cannot be taken as a combination based on Lycopodium mingcheense because in the original publication a different holotype was indicated and the name Lycopodium mingcheense was not mentioned. The correct names for this species in Huperzia, Lycopodium, and Phlegmariurus are Huperzia mingcheensis (Ching) Holub (basionym: Phlegmariurus mingcheensis), Lycopodium mingcheense Ching, and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching, respectively. The recent lectotypification of the name Lycopodium mingcheense using P.S. Chiu 2069 (PE) was redundant since this specimen was clearly indicated as the holotype in Ching's original publication. The recent new name Phlegmariurus mingjoui X.C. Zhang is an illegitimate superfluous name
sj-docx-1-tai-10.1177_20499361221103877 – Supplemental material for Medication for opioid use disorder at hospital discharge is not associated with intravenous antibiotic completion in post-acute care facilities
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-tai-10.1177_20499361221103877 for Medication for opioid use disorder at hospital discharge is not associated with intravenous antibiotic completion in post-acute care facilities by Edward C. Traver, Patrick R. Ching and Shivakumar Narayanan in Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease</p
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
From user behaviours to collective semantics
No full textThe World Wide Web has developed into an important platform for social interactions with the rise of social networking applications of different kinds. Collaborative tagging systems, as prominent examples of these applications, allow users to share their resources and to interact with each other. By assigning tags to resources on the Web in a collaborative manner, users contribute to the emergence of complex networks now commonly known as folksonomies, in which users, documents and tags are interconnected with each other. To reveal the implicit semantics of entities involved in a folksonomy, one requires an understanding of the characteristics of the collective behaviours that create these interconnections. This thesis studies how user behaviours in collaborative tagging systems can be analysed to acquire a better understanding of the collective semantics of entities in folksonomies. We approach this problem from three different but closely related perspectives. Firstly, we study how tags are used by users and how their different intended meanings can be identified. Secondly, we develop a method for assessing the expertise of users and quality of documents in folksonomies by introducing the notion of implicit endorsement. Finally, we study the relations between documents induced from collaborative tagging and compare them with existing hyperlinks between Web documents. We show that, in each of these scenarios, it is crucial to consider the collective behaviours of the users and the social contexts in order to understand the characteristics of the entities. This project can be considered as a case study of the Social Web, the research outcomes of which can be easily generalised to many other social networking applications. It also fits into the larger framework for understanding the Web set out by the emerging interdisciplinary field of Web Science, as the work involves analyses of the interactions and behaviour of Web users in order to understand how we can improve existing systems and facilitate information sharing and retrieval on the Web
Calibration of a simple 1D model for the hydraulic response of regional dykes in the Netherlands
No full textA simple numerical model was set up to investigate the hydraulic behaviour of a regional dyke to improve understanding of the response under variable atmospheric conditions. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of the dyke body and the relevant foundation layers were calibrated either on the results of laboratory tests or on a national database, namely the Staringreeks, compiled for typical Dutch soils. The boundary conditions were imposed according to the weather history at the top, and to the pore pressures measured in the field at the bottom of the representative soil column. The results indicate that a simple 1D model is able to accurately reproduce the suction time history in the dyke core, provided the hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention properties are properly calibrated. The optimised hydraulic conductivities are typically two orders of magnitude higher than the saturated hydraulic conductivity from the laboratory tests, but comparable to the ones suggested in the database developed on field data. The work highlights that cautious evaluation of laboratory data is needed for field applications, and that direct information from the field should be used to validate numerical models in the presence of organic soils
The relationship between caregiving stress and child well-being among informal and formal kinship care families
No full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between caregiving stress and child well-being (i.e., child health and emotional/behavioral problems) among informal and formal kinship care families. This study also examines the role of kinship caregivers’ social engagement (i.e., weekly participation in volunteer activities and/or religious services) in the relationship with child well-being. A secondary aim of this study is to examine the variations across the two kinship care families: informal vs. formal kinship families.
Kinship families are presumed to be a less disruptive and the least restrictive family-like environment for children whose parent(s) are not able to provide caregiving. However, kinship families have been found to present a profile with difficulties and limited support which raises significant concerns regarding the well-being of children in the care of kinship caregivers. Children in kinship families can be particularly vulnerable and may require additional supports, especially under a policy context that limited financial aids are available for poor families and caregivers who are experiencing greater stress without reliable support from social relationships.
To examine the research questions, this study is based on a secondary data analysis using data from a national cross-sectional survey, the 1999 and 2002 National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF). The data include information on the health, economic, and social dimensions of well-being of U.S. children and families from a nationally representative probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. The current study sample includes 1,623 children who were cared for by relatives without a parent present in the household. Informal kinship families (n=1,293) were defined as non-foster kinship care, while formal kinship families (n=330) were defined as foster kinship care. Weighted stepwise multivariate linear regressions are conducted to examine the relationships among caregiving stress (measured by the Parenting Aggravation Scale), child well-being (measured by the child general health perception and the Child Behavior and Emotional Problems Scale), and social engagement (measured by weekly volunteer activity and/or religious service participation).
Findings from the study indicate that (1) Informal and formal kinship families present similarities in most demographic and well-being characteristics. Despite this, younger children (aged 6-11) in formal kinship families fared worse in behavioral outcomes than those in informal kinship families. Informal kinship families were more likely to live in poverty but less likely to receive public benefits (e.g., public assistance, food stamps), compared to formal kinship families. (2) Kinship caregiver caregiving stress was not significantly related to child health, but was found to be negatively associated with behavioral outcomes of both younger (aged 6-11) and older children (aged 12-17). (3) Kinship caregiver social engagement, specifically weekly participation in volunteer activities was only positively related to younger children’s behavior (aged 6-11). Weekly participation in volunteer activities also buffered the negative relationship between caregiving stress and children’s behavior. (4) Kinship family type was found to be a moderator of the relationship between caregiving stress and older children’s behavior (aged 12-17). That is, the negative association between caregiving stress and children’s behavioral outcome was stronger for formal kinship families and lessened for informal kinship families.
Findings from this study have implications for practice, policy, and research. Based on the findings, practical suggestions are made to increase opportunities for kinship caregivers and children to engage in social activities/relationships within the community. Policy implications regard revisiting the eligibility of public assistance and supportive services for kinship caregivers and families. Future research should also assess and target different factors that are associated with child well-being, stress, and social engagement among a diverse group of kinship families.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2019-08-01The student, Ching-Hsuan Lin, accepted the attached license on 2017-06-25 at 16:06.The student, Ching-Hsuan Lin, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2017-06-25 at 16:19.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2017-06-26 at 14:46.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #11263 on 2017-09-29 at 10:46:08Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T17:45:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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[[alternative]]The content-analysis and meta-analysis of the researches in gifted education of Taiwan, R. O. C.
No full text[[abstract]]The main purposes of this study are: (1) to investigate the outcomes of experimental variables of researches in gifted education from 1967 to 2001. The features of this analysis are included researchers’ background, related features, the traits of subjects, assessment materials, and the analysis methods of data; (2) to investigate the overall weighted mean- effect sizes of creativity, cognitive thinking abilities, the performance of achievement in creative thinking instruction with meta-analysis method, and to find out moderator variables that may influence the effects of creative thinking instruction.
After systematic searching for the literature from bibliography and electronic database, 441 researches were coded for content analysis, and the related data were calculated with frequency and percentage. Besides, 15 researches on creative thinking instruction were coded for meta-analysis, and the effect- sizes were calculated by Hedges and Olkin’s(1985) procedure. Furthermore, this study was tested all coded features by ‘Categorical Model’ to find out moderator variables. The followings are major results of this study:
1. In content analysis
A. Researchers’ background
a. One group of core researchers conducts studies frequently on gifted education.
b. The number of female researchers has been increasing during those years, and almost catches up with that of male researchers.
c. Most researches on the current gifted education are almost finished by only one author, except for the dissertations/ theses. The number of working-alone researcher nearly doubles than that of group-working ones.
d. Only few teachers engaged in research.
B. Related features
a. The quantity of journals that dominates the sources of empirical researches conducted by dissertations/theses has been increasing those years.
b. Few researches on gifted education are issued in the journals of special education.
c. Topics keep changing every year. Some popular topics are: “Emotion Characteristics and Social Adaptation”, “Cognitive Thinking Characteristics”, “Carrier and Tracking”, and “Policies and System of Gifted Education”.
d. Different sources focus on different topics.
e. Survey and correlational researches are the methods used by the researchers most frequently.
C. The traits of subjects
a. Sampling areas focus on cities, and decrease from north to south.
b. The majority of samples are general ability gifted, especially for high- grade students in the elementary schools.
c. The different topics are not in a normal distribution.
d. Lack of studies for pre-school gifted, handicapped gifted, culturally disadvantage gifted, and underachieving gifted students.
e. Purposeful- sampling is the major method of sampling.
D. Assessment materials
a. Many researchers are willing to collect data with paper-writing instead of related instructional methods. But, it’s good to see that the following researchers use one more methods afterwards.
b. The 70% return rate of questionnaire is pretty high satisfactory.
c. Standardized assessment instruments are not enough, and they only focus on some specific topics.
E. The analysis methods for data
a. Most data processing methods rely on quantitative analysis. And statistics methods are usually adopted by basic and intermediate skills.
b. Statistics methods adopted more frequently are: “descriptive statistics”, “t/z test”, “analysis of variance“.
c. Most research topics used “descriptive statistics” statistic methods frequently.
2. In meta-analysis
A. The overall weighted mean- effect size of creative thinking on instructional studies was between middle and small magnitude.
B. The Instruction for creative thinking promotes different creativities. The descending orders of the weighted mean- effect size of creativities were flexibility, originality, fluency, and elaboration.
C. Instruction for creative thinking promotes the performance of high-level cognitive thinking and achievements of gifted students.
D. The moderator variables of creative thinking studies were sources of teaching materials, and many kinds of assessment instrument.
Base on the results of study, the researchers also provided a discussion and made some recommendations to upgrade the reliability and efficiency of gifted education.
Keywords: empirical researches, content analysis, meta-analysis
Costly intermediation and the big push
No full textMany existing theories of financial intermediation have difficulty explaining why financial activity can generate large real effects. This paper argues that the large real effects may reflect a multiplicity of equilibria. The multiple equilibria in this paper are generated by the dynamic interactions between the savings decisions of workers and the monopolistically competitive behavior of banks. We characterize the equilibria by showing the comparative-static responses of key aggregates to changes in the pure rate of time preference, investment uncertainty, and bank costs. We find that the results depend crucially on the intertemporal elasticity of labor supply and the aggregate level of employment. Small changes in the financial system may cause the economy to shift between low- and high-employment equilibria. The high-employment, high real interest rate equilibrium is consistent with the development experience of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan with repressed financial systems.Economic development
Classify K[[■ ■,■ ■]] a Gorenstein or not
No full text[[abstract]]一個諾德局部環,若它的內射維度是有限,則我們稱這環是 Gorenstein
環.長久以來,Gorenstein 環的性質一直被廣泛的探討與研究, 特別是
作為奇異點的化解問題的代數工具.一個已知的事實是,佈於體 K 的任
何 n 變數多項式環和冪級數環都是 Gorenstein 環.
所以,很自然的一個問題,R=K[[▇ ▇,▇ ▇......,▇ ▇]] 是不是
Gorenstein 環?這裡 K 是體, x 是變數且▇,▇,......,▇ 的最大公
因數是 1.對於這個問題,在[4]中已經給了解答.那就是,此種環是
Gorenstein 環的充要條件是 ▇ = ▇ .
我們更證明了主要定理,即對於 r=2 時, R=K[[▇ ▇,▇ ▇]] 都是
Gorenstein 環.
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