1,804 research outputs found
Stainless steel in Sweden : antidumping attacks, good international citizenship
No full textThis report analyzes the economics, legal, and business logic of the United States, Sweden, and the European Community regarding the stainless steel industry. Trade policies and legal cases are analyzed and presented to support the author's conclusion that good economics, international competitiveness, private ownership, and limited support from a government that demonstrates good international citizenship are not enough to defend an industry against the application of antidumping or other import-restricting policy.Water and Industry,Roads&Highways,Primary Metals,Banks&Banking Reform,Mining&Extractive Industry (Non-Energy)
Turbulence, Inequality, and Cheap Steel
No full textIron and steel production grew dramatically in the U.S. when mass production technologies for steel were adopted in the 1860s. According to new measures presented in this study, earnings inequality rose within the iron and steel industries about 1870, perhaps because technological uncertainty led to gambles and turbulence. Firms made a variety of technological choices and began formal research and development. Professional associations and journals for mechanical engineers and chemists appeared. A national market replaced local markets for iron and steel. An industrial union replaced craft unions. As new ore sources and cheap water transportation were introduced, new plants along the Great Lakes outcompeted existing plants elsewhere. Because new iron and steel plants in the 1870s were larger than any U.S. plants had ever been, cost accounting appeared in the industry and grew in importance. Uncertainty explains the rise in inequality better than a skill bias account, according to which differences among individuals generate greater differences in wages. Analogous issues of inequality come up with respect to recent information technology.technological change, Bessemer steel, technological uncertainty, turbulence, inequality, innovation
"Learning by Doing, Export Subsidies, and Industry Growth: Japanese Steel in the 1950s and 1960s"
No full textThe paper examines the Japanese steel industry in the 1950s and 1960s to evaluate the role of export subsidy policies. Export subsidies can be instrumental in increasing an industry's cost competitiveness in the presence of learning by doing, a characteristic of production in the steel industry. The proposed approach addresses identification issues found in the literature. Using a dynamic estimation model, this paper identifies a significant learning rate of above 20%. It also finds little intra-industry knowledge spillover, an observation consistent with the nature of the Japanese employment system at that time. Simulations made with the model indicate that the subsidy policy had an insignificant impact on industry growth. The paper provides underlying economic reasons for the simulation results.
Full-Field Geometric Imperfection Measurement Using A Projection Speckle Correlation Method And Computational Modeling Of Cold Formed Steel Rack Uprights
No full textCopyright © 2022 by The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction and The Author(s). The objective of this study is to provide an innovative and efficient method to measure the geometric imperfections of complex sections such as steel rack uprights and to numerically study their behavior with imperfection sensitivity. Steel rack uprights are generally thin-walled cold-formed steel members, and their compressive capacity and stability are sensitive to initial geometric imperfections. Due to the complexity of the section, accurately measuring the imperfection of such sections could be challenging and labor-intensive. In this paper, the projection speckle correlation method and close-range photogrammetry technique are used to measure the full circumference morphology of the steel rack upright and obtain a 3D point cloud morphology of the member specimen. The initial geometric imperfection is then calculated from the point cloud database. Some characteristics of the imperfection field in the member are further analyzed. The proposed measurement method in this paper, as the first of its kind in the application of geometric imperfection measurement for cold-formed steel structures, has the advantages of low cost, high-speed, and high precision in 3D full-field geometric imperfections for complex sections, and can help further develop more reliable imperfection models for simulations. Moreover, the shell finite element (FE) model is established from the point cloud database along with the ideal member of the upright. Geometric imperfections are also incorporated into the ideal model of the upright in the FE nonlinear collapse analysis to study imperfection sensitivity and compare with the point-cloud model. The results highlight the sensitivity in selecting the imperfection mode shape and its magnitude using the traditional modal approach, which warrants more imperfection databases for the upright.Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20191268); Technology Development Fund for Local Regions from Central Government (XZ202201YD0032C)
Influence of Carbon in Iron on Characteristics of Surface Modification by EDM in Liquid Nitrogen
No full textMany surface modification technologies have been proposed and carried out practically by CVD, PVD et.al. Carbonized layer has been made using EDM method. In this paper, to make the nitride layer by EDM some new trials were carried out using a titanium electrode in liquid nitrogen. Experiments were carried out on carbon steel (S45C), pure iron and cast iron. TiN can be obtained on EDMed surface. Moreover, TiCN can be found on cast iron and steel (S45C) by XRD investigation. To confirm the fabrication mechanisms of modified layer on the steel, the following experimental factors were investigated by EDS
The Interpretation of Experimental Observation Data for the Development of Mechanisms based Creep Damage Constitutive Equations for High Chromium Steel
No full textIt is very important to design a safe factor or estimating the remain lifetime for electric power plant components of steam pipes which mostly manufacture by high chromium steels and work at high temperature and low stress level. The author will develop the mechanisms based on creep damage constitutive equations for high chromium steel under lows stress in initial stage: (1) Creep cavities mostly formed attaching with the precipitation of Laves phase or on grain boundary for high chromium steel under low stress. The Laves phase should play an active role in the nucleation of creep cavities and suggest to explore the function between cavity nucleation and the evolution of Laves phase; (2) The dominant cavity nucleation mechanism is adapted to high chromium steels under low stress level; (3) Brittle intergranluar model is appropriate for high chromium steels at high temperature under low stress level; (4) High density number of cavity of crept test high chromium steel at high temperature under low stress could be as fracture criterion
The final report for CCM.M-K7: key comparison of 5 kg, 100 g, 10 g, 5 g and 500 mg stainless steel mass standards
No full textIn order to show equivalence in mass standards calibration among National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) of member countries of the "Comité international des poids et mesures" (CIPM), key comparisons (KC) of mass standards have been carried out under the auspices of the "Comité Consultatif pour la Masse et les Grandeurs Apparentées" (CCM). This key comparison of 5 kg, 100 g, 10 g, 5 g and 500 mg stainless steel mass standards was based on the decision of the CCM during the 12th meeting held in 2010 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). KRISS (Republic of Korea) and PTB (Germany) acted as pilot laboratory and co-pilot laboratory, respectively. The results were evaluated with the Monte Carlo method using measurement values based on participants' reference standards calculated following the recent BIPM amendments in 2015. Regarding participant results, VNIIM (100 g and 5 g) were not consistent with the key comparison reference values within their expanded uncertainties with the coverage factor, k = 2
Feasibility of Bolted Connectors in Hybrid FRP-Steel Structures
No full textDue to the low weight and excellent durability of composite materials, Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) decks mounted on steel superstructures are becoming all the more common in engineering practice. Bolted joints are generally used to facilitate connections between an FRP deck and steel girders in road bridges. The connections are subjected to both high magnitude static forces as well as fatigue loading due to overpassing vehicles. With ever increasing traffic on both road and railway bridges, fatigue performance is of critical concern. Bolted FRP joints have been extensively researched in the past under static loading, but less is known about the fatigue and creep behaviour of such joints. Furthermore, little research exists on non-pultruded FRP profiles connected using bolted connections. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate connectors’ feasibility by means of static, fatigue and creep experiments on four different types of bolted joints comprising mechanical connectors and injection techniques. The study focuses on application in vacuum infused GFRP panels with integrated webs made of multi-directional laminates, connected to steel bridge superstructures. In addition, experimental results are validated by Finite Element Analyses (FEA). Based on the obtained results, the novel injected steel-reinforced resin (iSRR) connector developed at TU Delft shows promising potential in hybrid steel-FRP bridges where good fatigue endurance of the connection and local loads in FRP panel, are required.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Steel & Composite Structure
Development of frameworks for steel manufacturing planning capability improvement using discrete event simulation
No full textCustomers of a steel manufacturing company now order a large number of low volume
orders instead of a small number of high volume orders as they would have done just
a few decades ago. The change in customer expectations has complicated production
planning and scheduling within a steel manufacturing company.
The aim of this research is to improve production planning and scheduling capability
in steelmaking using one of the popular simulation techniques, called discrete event
simulation. In this research it is observed that there are three major areas that need
attention to improve production planning and scheduling capability. First, selection of
optimal schedules and plans based on throughput, production time, stock size, and other
production processing criteria. Next, incorporating cost into the criteria to select the
schedules and plans will make the planning more cost effective and realistic at the same
time. In addition, with the increased use of discrete event simulation modelling, there is
a need to improve the model development efficiency and make the process less reliant
on practitioners’ experience and capabilities, in order to improve the overall planning
and scheduling capability. This thesis presents frameworks to address the three major
areas for the capability improvement.
This research adapts a systematic approach to validation. Theoretical, realisation,
and empirical parts of the research were separately validated. Real life case studies
were used for validation of each proposed framework.
Discrete event simulation can improve the accuracy of production planning & scheduling
and cost estimation for complex production systems. GA-based multi-objective optimisation
can be successfully applied to optimisation of plans and schedules. Production
planning and scheduling optimisation for some production areas provides a challenging
problem to GAs. Cost estimation in the steel manufacturing company needs improvement
because of the current lack of accurate costs of product families that affects quality
of price management. The developed cost estimation technique is capable of providing
more realistic cost for product families. The cost estimation technique would be useful
for companies operating on volume-driven manufacturing processes rather than on
unit-driven. Conceptual modelling needs to be improved in order to achievein model
development efficiency and to make the process less reliant on practitioners’ experience
and capabilities. A formal information collection process can aid conceptual modelling
of production systems by further development of DES models for cost estimation
Application of a closed-form solution for simulating bond between concrete and steel in service conditions
No full textThis study presents the results of numerical simulations of a series of bond tests using the well-known Russo model, which is the closed-form solution of the fundamental bond equation, based on a power-law function relating the local bond stress to the slip between the bar and the surrounding concrete. Pull-out tests carried on different concrete specimens with a single reinforcing bar were considered and the fitting of the experimental data allowed to work out the values of the main parameters of the model for usual values of concrete compressive strength. The model was extended to the case of pull-out tests where the yielding of the steel bar occurred. A further extension of the model was carried out to simulate the experimental results of the push-pull tests. Comparisons with results of different experimental tests allowed to verify the validity of the proposed analytical approach
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